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War Study Guide What War? • WWI • WWII • Russian Revolution WWI • • • • • Causes Events of War US involvement Results Historiography Causes • • • • • Militarism Alliance System Imperialism Nationalism Staggering Empires WWI Militarism • • • • Naval Race Reserve System Staff Colleges Claussewitz Causes Naval Race • 1906 Kaiser (Germany) reads Mahan’s Influence of Sea Power Upon History • England’s power comes from its navy (and a little about imperialism) • England keeps its fleet 2 times larger than the next nation – Fleet made obsolete when Fischer (Englishmen) makes the Dreadnaught (10-12 inch guns, shells are riffled go farther, faster ship, targets) • Germany and England compete in a naval race • One of the reasons why England becomes involved in the war-because Germany is threatening their naval superiority Militarism Reserve System • A pool of people to call on emergency to fight • Any country that started to call their reserves would cause all the other countries to call their reserves-mobilization Militarism Staff Colleges • War Plans for nations-each nation was ready to fight in the event of war • Examples – Schlieffen Plan: Germany plan-how to fight their 2 front war. First attack France , then attack Russia because they will take longer to mobilize – French Plan: Plan 17 Militarism Claussewitz • • • • Forms theories for modern warfare Says you need war colleges “War is simply politics” Need to always be prepared for war Militarism Alliance System – Because of fear of war each nation felt like it needed allies for protection – Germany-fear of a dual front war-started alliances with the 3 Emperors League, but when the Reassurance Treaty wasn’t resigned France allied with Russia (Franco-Russian Alliance)So Germany allied with Austria/Hungary. Germany feels “encircled” by France and Russia – France-afraid/angry at Germany since the Franco-Prussian and since they had taken Alsace Loraine . Doesn’t want to have to face a Germany alone, so needs allies. France and Britain have a entente cordial and Britain and Russia work out their differences in the interest of France – Britain-boasts “splendid isolationism” but when Germany becomes a threat to them in the Anglo-Saxon Naval Race and insults them in the South African Boar Telegram-Britain finds reason to at least be slightly allied with France Continue Alliance System • Sarajevo Crisis-Direct cause of the war – – – – – – Alliance system is the direct cause of the war Francis Ferdinand assassinated by Black hand Austria takes Serbians Sovereignty Russians defend the Serbs Germany gives blank check and mobilizes France responds as Russia’s ally-France and England mobilize Alliance System Imperialism – Markets + Colonies • World economy dependent on getting raw goods-in order to be a world power, you had to get these goods • Mahan gave the Germans the idea that in order to be a world power you need to have colonies all over the world. In order to have colonies all over the world you need to have naval bases to cover fleets to protect those colonies and merchant ships and protective ships for them • Germany wanted its “Place in the Sun”-England and France have carved up all of Africa, it wants some too – National Security • Some nations couldn’t afford to lose a colony and so to maintain their strong image of imperialism was very important • Russia wanted Serb land-couldn’t let Serbs down when they asked for aid – Social Darwinism • The idea that once society is better than another • Europeans felt that that was threatened when the Japanese beat the Russians in the Russo-Japanese War Nationalism • German unification in 1870 disrupted the distribution of power in Europe • Germany growing-its industry was better than England and France • Italian unification upset it more • France wants Revenge – Lost the Franco-Prussian War – Wants Alsace Loraine • Serbs wanting independence makes the Russians and Austrian/Hungarians ally for and against them Staggering Empires • Russia-starting to fall apart. Couldn’t lose or else the countries within it will rebel. Drew France in as an ally • Austria Hungary-weak, and for the same reasons as Russia, it couldn’t turn down a challenge or else it would look weak-Drew Germany in Events of War • • • • • • Schlieffen Plan Miracle of the Mar 2nd Battle of Yipris Verdun Somme War at Sea WWI Schlieffen Plan • Germany attacks France then Russia • Germany marches all the way into Francetroops get tired • Russia mobilizes much faster then expected-now dealing with a dual front war (exactly what they were trying to avoid) • Tired troops have to move back through France to fight in Russia Events of War Miracle of the Mar • German advance through France stopped at the Miracle of the Mar • Race to the Sea-each side trying to flank the other-results in trench warfare • Stalemate Events of War nd 2 Battle of Yipris • First battle chlorine poison gas is used • Germans didn’t use it to its full potential because they didn’t know that it was going to be that effective Events of War Battle of Verdun • Legend of French resistance “they shall not pass” • German causalities- 300,000-350,000 Events of War Battle of Somme • • • • Battle where the tank is first used Germany 500,000 soldiers British 400,000 soldiers French 200,000 soldiers Events of War War at Sea • Land armies helpless-turn to sea • Britain – Strict naval blockade – No distinction between noncontraband (food supplies cotton) and contraband (used in war) – Flying false colors • Submarines – German unrestricted sub warfare brought US into war – Can sink ships, but were unreliable because you couldn’t be positive of what you were shooting Continue… War at Sea • Germany – Declared the area around Britain a war zone (had subs there that would sink ships) – US angered because their neutrality was being affected • Jutland – German offensive turned into a loss – 151 British ships cross the T with a German fleet – Germany is unable to beat Britain at sea Events of War US involvement • • • • The Lusitania The Zimmerman Telegram “Keeping America safe for democracy” War at home WWI The Lusitania • Germans warned Americans not to go on the Lusitania-they did anyway • Germany sunk the Lusitania • 120 Americans killed • President Wilson warned that if it happened again the US would consider it to be “deliberately unfriendly” • Germany stops their unrestricted warfare • 2 years before they would use their subs again US involvement The Zimmerman Telegram • Message sent from Germany to Mexico, but Britain intercepted and sent to America • Said that if the US got involved in the war, Germany would ally with Mexico • If they won Mexico would regain the territory it lost from the Spanish American War (Texas, New Mexico, Arizona) US involvement Keeping the World Safe for Democracy • US joins 1917 • Entered after Germany continued their unrestricted submarine warfare and sunk some American merchant ships • Also, Russia pulled out of the war through Brest Litovsk-Russia needed our help US involvement War at home • • • • • Patriotic crusade 4 minute men-rally people up Movie stars sold war bonds Everything that was German was bad Sedition Act-made talking about the war negatively illegal • American Protective league-private organization of informers that would tattle tale if you said anything against the good • Women filled in spots in factories US involvement Results • Wilson's 14 points • Treaty of Versailles WWI Wilson’s 14 Points • Free trade-each country does its best, leads to specialization but also dependency • Redistribute colonies • Shrink armies • Self Determination-countries decide to be free or who they belong to • League of Nations Created Treaty of Versailles – Shrink Armies-standing army sizes shrunk, more peaceful, less spending, don’t have to worry about being free – Territory Changes • Russia loses Baltic and Balkans (they are already angry because they weren’t part of the Big 4 who decided stuff) • Poland reappears on map (Germans are now Polish) • Ottomans and Austria/Hungary disappear • Germany loses large amounts of land – Rhineland • Demilitarized – Reparations • France wants reparations • Billions of dollars-would have taken until 1986 to pay back • Dawes Plan – – – – US gives Germany money (to industrialize) Germany gives that money to France Frances gives that money to US Works for reparations until Great Depression Historiography • German expansionist • Unable to “curb its militarism” • The war was inevitable because of bellicose Germany compared to weak Russia • Russia’s actions were defensive-Germany pressured them to mobilize when faced with the Austria issue • The German drive for power threatened British interest • Britain went to war in defense too • Germany disturbed the balance of power after it industrialized WWI WWII • Atlantic War • Pacific War Atlantic War • • • • • Causes Events of War US involvement Results Historiography WWII Causes • • • • Economic Instability Dictators claiming Power Treaty of Versailles Appeasement Atlantic War Economic Instability • Dawes Plan – Cycling the money for reparations – Great Depression hits- US cannot supply money to Germany • Roosevelt forgets about war debts • Still, Europe is in shambles Causes Dictators Claiming Power • Rise of Totalitarianism – Claims absolute control over all aspects of life – Exaggerated nationalism-better, superior (Aryan) – State is a living thing-you are a cell, you work for society, only group ideas are accepted – Nazi science-Jews are inferior, scientist try to prove it, Science of the State – Subjective state: not worried about facts, truth is flexible – Propaganda – Control press – Racism-blame people not from body – Class conflict-if you are an outsider then the problems are put on you Continue… – Violence-fight to gain, war is glorified Dictators claiming power • Hitler – Pan Germanism-all Germans become German again – End Treaty of Versailles – Living Space-area for Germany to expand • Mussolini – Want to spread Italy around the Mediterranean Causes Treaty of Versailles • No one got what they wanted-leaves everyone wanting more – Status Quo: US, Britain, France-fine with the treaty, not happy-unwilling to enforce it – Revisionist: Russia, Germany, Italy-want to change or get rid of the Treaty • Hitler: Get rid of the Treaty of Versailles – Treaty crushed Germany economically-hurt national pride-made them angry • No one enforces it-leads to appeasement Causes Appeasement • Roots – US: unhappy, little confidence in the treaty, don’t enforce it – France: lost practically a generation, terrified of Germany, made the Maginet line to protect themselves – British: philosophical opinion, another war is going to end the world – USSR-want to prep for a socialist revolution Continue… Appeasement • Germany keeps asking for more-allies don’t stop him • Czech land – Munic Conference: Chamberlain gives Hitler half of Czechoslovakia or POLAND and then Hitler over runs the other half • Re-armed-against the treaty of Versailles • Nazis have nothing to lose-allies afraid to go to war Causes US Involvement • Isolationism • Neutrality? • War at Home Atlantic War Isolationism • Post WWI – Disillusioned-returning to harmony – Ignore Europe • • • • Washington Conference Five Power Treaty Kellogg-Briand Pact Nye Commissions US involvement Five Power Treaty • Made at the Washington Naval Conference • Said that for every 5 US ships Japan can have 3 ships • Japan is upset because they are being looked down upon • Causes Japan to leave the League of Nations • Strains the US Japanese relationship US involvement Kellogg-Briand Pact • Makes war illegal • You have to use diplomacy • Japan invades Manchuria-Italy invades Ethiopia-pointless US involvement Nye Commissions • Investigations about US involvement in WWI- investigated “war profiteers” • Said that the US got involved for big business “blood merchants” • Leads the US to become more isolationist US involvement Neutrality? • • • • • Neutrality Laws Destroyers for Bases Cash and Cary Selective Service Atlantic Charter US involvement Neutrality Laws • Did this because dictators start to gain power and it makes us nervous • 1935-no arms to belligerents, can’t travel on belligerent ships • 1936-no loans or credits, trying to avoid war profiteers • 1937-no arms to Spain US involvement Destroyers for Bases • US traded 50 destroyers for British bases in Caribbean • Violates 1935 Law • Great Britain needed destroyers to fight submarines US involvement Cash and Carry • Can buy materials from the US as long as you pay cash and carry them back on your ship • Biased towards Allies • Allies can port in America • If German boat ports in America odds are Americans will reveal its location and it would be sunk US involvement Selective Service • • • • Still in place today Young men start registering for a draft We need 12 million people to fight This makes anti-war people (doves) in America very nervous US involvement Atlantic Charter • Signed between the US and Britain • Post war world without Germany • A list of war aims-what we plan to do after the Germans lose • THE US ISN’T AT WAR YET! US involvement War at Home • Totalitarian regimes-the war was home • US – – – – – Economy Propaganda Industry Social Draft Atlantic War Economy • Economy transformed into a war economy – Less free enterprise, more government control – Transformation from coming out of the New Deal • Price wage controls to reduce inflation • Government rationed sales of essential products – Rubber, oil, meat, sugar, coffee War at Home Propaganda • Thousands of posters to keep morale up • Dehumanize enemy • Get people to support the war in spirit and financially • Hollywood made war movies • People encouraged recycling • Celebrities helped with war bond drives War at Home Industry • Government worked with industry to produce equipment-out produced all the Axis Powers combined • Mass production, big factories-everyone is getting jobs (despite race) • More people working-Unions got strongerless strikes War at Home Social • More jobs for every race • Japanese Americans were deterred to interment camps (100,000) • More women were getting jobs – Nazi Germany they were being prevented to get jobs War at Home Draft • First peace time legislation draft War at Home Historiography • Atlantic War • Eastern Front Atlantic War • Traditional • Revisionist • Critics Historiography Traditional • Ideological War-Democracy vs. Fascism • Hitler had a blue print for conquest-Hossbach memo • Chamberlain-sign of appeasement and was a bad leader • France won’t fight • US isolationist • USSR scared-don’t want to be isolated • Treaty of Versailles doesn’t work • War wasn’t inevitable – Allies thought that through appeasement they could turn fascism on communism – Then they would kill each other AW Historiography Revisionist • Taylor Thesis-German was a problem since 1870disrupts balance • WWI damages Germany’s military and economy, but doesn’t destroy it – Germany recovers and rearms • Hitler not special – Any leader would try to get rid of the Treaty of Versailles and unite German people under German control – Anti-Semitism isn’t unique • Not an ideological war • Same as WWI-war to balance power (inevitable) • Hitler and Mussolini are opportunist AW Historiography Critics • Taylor forgets economics-economics let Hitler rise to power • Ideology-yes people are anti-Semitic, but most people won’t exterminate a race • Fear of Communism • Hossbach memo is a plan • France not assigned to appeasement, Britain will not have another war because “civilization will cease to exist” • Hitler has a plan to exterminate non-Aryans Eastern Front • Traditional Historiography • Counter argument Historiography Traditional Historiography • Use German historiography because after WWII was the Cold War (don’t want to hear what the Communist have to say) • Germany blames – – – – – Weather USSR has endless supplies of soldiers Hitler-bad leadership Lend ad Lease Soviets had good high level leadership, but low level leadership sucked Eastern Front Counter argument • Soviet soldier is tough, not dumb • Snipers are world class • US from Traditional historiography get the idea that the Soviets are weak-this is far from the truth Eastern Front Events of War • • • • Opening battle Bombing of Dresden Holocaust Germany advances across the Soviet Union and kill anyone they deem as inferior • Stalingrad Atlantic War Opening Battle • Poland 1939 • Blitzkrieg tactic-fast motorized assault Events Bombing of Dresden • Fire bombing on a city of questionable military importance • Written about in Slaughterhouse Five by Kurt Vonnegut Events Holocaust • Hitler’s “solution” for the “Jewish problem” • The final solution • Butchenwald-40,000 Jews killed and this isn’t the worst camp Events Stalingrad • Germany has been advancing farther and farther into Russia • At this point the Germans lose a battle • Results in a Soviet counteroffensive • German advance stopped-slowly are pushed out Events Results • Casa Blanca Casa Blanca • 1943 • Unconditional surrender Pacific War • • • • • Causes Events of War US involvement Results Historiography WWII Causes • 1906-07 Segregation of Japanese in California • Open Door Policy • Japanese Imperialism • Washington Naval Conference • Ultra-Nationalism Pacific War 1906-07 Segregation of Japanese • US citizenship-born in country, naturalization, 2 American parents • Japanese citizenship-dual citizenship, if you are of Japanese blood you are a Japanese citizen • US tries to stop immigration-more problems Causes Open Door Policy • US-Every country in each field of interest will have an equal opportunity in trade and commerce • 21 Demands- “Slamming the Door shut,” no foreign power can have leased land. Japan gains political influence over China Causes Japanese Imperialism • Japan is a small island • Is hit really hard with the start of the Great Depression • Needs to go to China to obtain important resources • Seize Korea for coal and iron (exploited it for rice) • Mukden Incident • 1941 Japan take over Indo China – US freezes their oil account-have 18 months of oil left Causes Washington Naval Conference • Limited the number of naval armaments a country could have • 5 Powers Treaty- for every 5 ships the US could have Japan could have 3 ships • Not seen as fair Causes Ultra-Nationalism • Japan went farther than just normal nationalism • Creates mentality that you should die for your country • That surrender is lower than low • The movement became racist, emperor-centric, and Asia-centric • Extension of the Meji Restoration-really bringing Japan back to its old glory Causes Events of War • Rape of Nanjing • Marianas “Turkey Shoot” • Japanese soldiers resorted to Kamikaze style fighting • Tokyo Fire Raid • Atomic Bombs • Japanese considered Prisoners of War to be less than human-40% of Prisoners of War died Rape of Nanjing • Japan’s violent military occupation of Nanjing before the war (1937) • Japanese used Chinese for bayonet drills Events Marianas Turkey Shoot • US pilots destroy Japanese pilots, to the point that it is just slaughter Events Tokyo Fire Raid • Incendiary bombs • Killed a lot of people • Water got so hot that when people jumped in they boiled Events Atomic Bombs • 160,000 lives at Hiroshima and Nagasaki Events Historiography • Pearl Harbor • Atomic Bomb Pacific War Pearl Harbor Historiography • Did the US know in advance – Rauch-no – Current-new there was going to be an attack, expecting it to be on British Dutch territory – Roberta W-failed to interpret evidence, the US previous ideas didn’t line up with evidence – Prange-Japan planned exceedingly well, no one saw it coming Continue… • Pearl Harbor Historiography Did we push Japan to attack us? Revisionist – Forced the War – Roosevelt knew Continue… • wanted casus belli-would make the US people want to go to war • “Back door to war”-to fight Germany – Anti Japan actions • Aided China militarily, quasi-secret alliances, economic warfare • Moving navy base from San Diego to Pearl Harbor-then focused putting bases in the Philippians • “pop-up” cruises-keep Japan guessing – Economic Policy • January 1940 ended trade treaty with Japan • October 1940 banned export of scrap iron-harder for Japan to make weapons • July 1941-Troops move into Indo China-US embargo on oil-18 months of fuel left Pearl Harbor Historiography • Did we push Japan to attack us? Post Revisionist – Roosevelt would have considered peace-wanted to focus on European War – Wasn’t consistent in plans-could be the same for this – Roosevelt didn’t have access to all documentation-may not have been aware – No documentation to ever support claims Pacific War Historiography Atomic Bomb Historiography – Traditional-save lives shorten war, Pacific War is really deadly – Revisionist • USSR joins • Truman makes a false choice • Need to end the war quickly so that the USSR doesn’t overrun East Asia – Moral Position • Bomb kills 200,000 but saves 2 million • Warning? • Picked cities that weren’t touched to show strength – Post Revisionist • Didn’t want to test the atomic bomb because if it fails we look dumb • Japanese warned about Nagasaki, and they didn’t do anything Russian Revolution • BS World From DA AT July KAnsas Read Out BS Civil War End • Bloody Sunday • Wars • February Revolution • Dual Authority • April Thesis • July Putsch • • • • • • • • Kornilov Affair Red October Bolshevik Success Civil War War Communism Red Terror NEP Rise of Stalin Bloody Sunday • Before: Peasants thought that the tsar loved and cared about them • What: 40 peasants peacefully marched-guards attacked them • Nicolas II institutes October Manifesto to try and lessen damage – Creation of the Duma – Give people more rights • Doesn’t do either-keeps canceling Duma until it only represents the nobility • Rasputin and Nicolas II‘s weak leadership skills make tsar not popular Russian Revolution Wars-WWI • Losing the Russo-Japanese War-hurt morale and trust in tsar • Unprepared-made economy stagnant • Made stupid mistakes-needed people to fight in the army, so they took people from factories-these people were building the weapons for fighting • Early on a social trusse was signed, but as time went on the trusse was forgotten Russian Revolution February Revolution • February 17th Putilov Steel Strike – Largest and most modern factory in Russia – 40 workers went on a wild cat strike-were fired • February 18th – People left in a sympathy strike-were fired – Now 40,000 unemployed angry people in the center of Petrograd • Few days later International Women's Day – Women in the textile industry strike-combine with everyone else Continue.. Putilov Steel Strike • Soldiers Mutiny-government called upon army and Kronstadt’s navy to aid – Both refused-now the crowd has weapons • Total strike – Police fire on the crowd and the soldiers fire back – Prisons opened – Barricades go up around Petrograd • Results: tsar abdicates, some think it is the end of the revolution-others don’t (Lenin) Russian Revolution Dual Authority • Provisional Government and Petrograd Soviet in control • Provisional Government-what is left of the Duma – Seen as do nothingers because they don’t create the Constituent Assembly – Wanted to stay in WWI-not what people wanted • Petrograd Soviet-had authority over the Provisional Government because it could veto and it also had control over the army Russian Revolution April Thesis • Lenin didn’t think that the revolution was over • Let the people of Russia know in his April Thesis • 3 points – Russia had to get out of WWI – The Revolution was not over – Russia shouldn’t support the Provisional Government • Leninism wanted to have democratic centralism lead the proletariat to control the government Russian Revolution July Putch • Military offensive in WWI • Kerensky thought that a victory would help Russia • Opposite-20,000 dead, low morality, high desertion • Kerensky blames the Bolsheviks (Bolshevik Military Organization)-put leaders in jail, Lenin escapes • Bolshevism is at its all time low Russian Revolution Kornilov Affair • Bolsheviks are rearmed Russian Revolution Red October • Second revolution in 1917 • Lenin returns, secret convention with Bolsheviks – Armed insurrection-take over government • Lenin’s single minded persuasive behavior swayed decision • Little opposition: army and navy supported • October 24-Bolsheviks took over government buildings and railroads • Dead a few months earlier-now in control Russian Revolution Why were Bolsheviks successful? • Organized • Great leadership • Bolsheviks-professional manipulative party, knew what to say to make people happy: (“Peace, land bread” leave WWI) • Blunders made by government allowed them to take power Russian Revolution Civil War • Brest Litsovsk • White Army – Yudenic – Kolchak – Ukrainian army • Why they fail: If the groups could work together or if Bolsheviks didn’t have a central position, they might have been able to win Russian Revolution Brest Litsovsk • Peace treaty signed between Germany and Russia • Got Russia out of WWI • Had to give up a lot of their western border • Not good for Russia because they lose a large part of their population and some really good fields for growing food Civil War Yudenic • People who wanted to get back into WWI • Got support from the Western powers • US, and allied nations wanted Russia to be in the war Civil War Kolchak • Tsarist supporters from the east • Fatal mistake: didn’t recognize that Mensheviks and SRs aren’t communist and so doesn’t accept their aid Civil War War Communism • Economic system from 1918-21 • Combat the economic problems in Russia brought on by the Civil War • 6 Principles – – – – – – Production run by state Sate control granted over every citizen State produces everything Extreme centralization Sole distributor Abolishment of money as a means of exchange • Causes cities to depopulate-18% left Russian Revolution Red Terror • Campaign of mass arrests, deportations, and executions • Done by the Cheka • Actually calms Russia down because everything is living in fear Russian Revolution New Economic Policy • New policy created by Lenin • Taxed the lower class • Slight representation of a capitalist system Russian Revolution Rise of Stalin • Collectivization • The Five Years Plan • The Great Purge Russian Revolution Collectivization • Intended to change the relationship of agriculture and industry • Collectivization= massive industrialization • Part of the 5 years plan Stalin Five Years Plan • Rapid industrialization • Central economic planning agency • Economy set to go in 10 years Stalin The Great Purge • Everyone thought to be against Stalin was put to death or jail • 50% army officers Stalin