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War Study Guide
What War?
• WWI
• WWII
• Russian Revolution
WWI
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Causes
Events of War
US involvement
Results
Historiography
Causes
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Militarism
Alliance System
Imperialism
Nationalism
Staggering Empires
WWI
Militarism
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Naval Race
Reserve System
Staff Colleges
Claussewitz
Causes
Naval Race
• 1906 Kaiser (Germany) reads Mahan’s Influence
of Sea Power Upon History
• England’s power comes from its navy (and a little
about imperialism)
• England keeps its fleet 2 times larger than the next
nation
– Fleet made obsolete when Fischer (Englishmen) makes
the Dreadnaught (10-12 inch guns, shells are riffled go
farther, faster ship, targets)
• Germany and England compete in a naval race
• One of the reasons why England becomes
involved in the war-because Germany is
threatening their naval superiority
Militarism
Reserve System
• A pool of people to call on emergency to
fight
• Any country that started to call their
reserves would cause all the other countries
to call their reserves-mobilization
Militarism
Staff Colleges
• War Plans for nations-each nation was
ready to fight in the event of war
• Examples
– Schlieffen Plan: Germany plan-how to fight
their 2 front war. First attack France , then
attack Russia because they will take longer to
mobilize
– French Plan: Plan 17
Militarism
Claussewitz
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Forms theories for modern warfare
Says you need war colleges
“War is simply politics”
Need to always be prepared for war
Militarism
Alliance System
– Because of fear of war each nation felt like it needed allies for
protection
– Germany-fear of a dual front war-started alliances with the 3
Emperors League, but when the Reassurance Treaty wasn’t
resigned France allied with Russia (Franco-Russian Alliance)So Germany allied with Austria/Hungary. Germany feels
“encircled” by France and Russia
– France-afraid/angry at Germany since the Franco-Prussian and
since they had taken Alsace Loraine . Doesn’t want to have to
face a Germany alone, so needs allies. France and Britain
have a entente cordial and Britain and Russia work out their
differences in the interest of France
– Britain-boasts “splendid isolationism” but when Germany
becomes a threat to them in the Anglo-Saxon Naval Race and
insults them in the South African Boar Telegram-Britain finds
reason to at least be slightly allied with France
Continue
Alliance System
• Sarajevo Crisis-Direct cause of the war
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Alliance system is the direct cause of the war
Francis Ferdinand assassinated by Black hand
Austria takes Serbians Sovereignty
Russians defend the Serbs
Germany gives blank check and mobilizes
France responds as Russia’s ally-France and
England mobilize
Alliance System
Imperialism
– Markets + Colonies
• World economy dependent on getting raw goods-in order to be
a world power, you had to get these goods
• Mahan gave the Germans the idea that in order to be a world
power you need to have colonies all over the world. In order
to have colonies all over the world you need to have naval
bases to cover fleets to protect those colonies and merchant
ships and protective ships for them
• Germany wanted its “Place in the Sun”-England and France
have carved up all of Africa, it wants some too
– National Security
• Some nations couldn’t afford to lose a colony and so to
maintain their strong image of imperialism was very important
• Russia wanted Serb land-couldn’t let Serbs down when they
asked for aid
– Social Darwinism
• The idea that once society is better than another
• Europeans felt that that was threatened when the Japanese beat
the Russians in the Russo-Japanese War
Nationalism
• German unification in 1870 disrupted the
distribution of power in Europe
• Germany growing-its industry was better than
England and France
• Italian unification upset it more
• France wants Revenge
– Lost the Franco-Prussian War
– Wants Alsace Loraine
• Serbs wanting independence makes the Russians
and Austrian/Hungarians ally for and against them
Staggering Empires
• Russia-starting to fall apart. Couldn’t lose
or else the countries within it will rebel.
Drew France in as an ally
• Austria Hungary-weak, and for the same
reasons as Russia, it couldn’t turn down a
challenge or else it would look weak-Drew
Germany in
Events of War
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Schlieffen Plan
Miracle of the Mar
2nd Battle of Yipris
Verdun
Somme
War at Sea
WWI
Schlieffen Plan
• Germany attacks France then Russia
• Germany marches all the way into Francetroops get tired
• Russia mobilizes much faster then
expected-now dealing with a dual front war
(exactly what they were trying to avoid)
• Tired troops have to move back through
France to fight in Russia
Events of War
Miracle of the Mar
• German advance through France stopped at
the Miracle of the Mar
• Race to the Sea-each side trying to flank the
other-results in trench warfare
• Stalemate
Events of War
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Battle of Yipris
• First battle chlorine poison gas is used
• Germans didn’t use it to its full potential
because they didn’t know that it was going
to be that effective
Events of War
Battle of Verdun
• Legend of French resistance “they shall not
pass”
• German causalities- 300,000-350,000
Events of War
Battle of Somme
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Battle where the tank is first used
Germany 500,000 soldiers
British 400,000 soldiers
French 200,000 soldiers
Events of War
War at Sea
• Land armies helpless-turn to sea
• Britain
– Strict naval blockade
– No distinction between noncontraband (food supplies
cotton) and contraband (used in war)
– Flying false colors
• Submarines
– German unrestricted sub warfare brought US into war
– Can sink ships, but were unreliable because you
couldn’t be positive of what you were shooting
Continue…
War at Sea
• Germany
– Declared the area around Britain a war zone (had subs
there that would sink ships)
– US angered because their neutrality was being affected
• Jutland
– German offensive turned into a loss
– 151 British ships cross the T with a German fleet
– Germany is unable to beat Britain at sea
Events of War
US involvement
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The Lusitania
The Zimmerman Telegram
“Keeping America safe for democracy”
War at home
WWI
The Lusitania
• Germans warned Americans not to go on the
Lusitania-they did anyway
• Germany sunk the Lusitania
• 120 Americans killed
• President Wilson warned that if it happened again
the US would consider it to be “deliberately
unfriendly”
• Germany stops their unrestricted warfare
• 2 years before they would use their subs again
US involvement
The Zimmerman Telegram
• Message sent from Germany to Mexico,
but Britain intercepted and sent to America
• Said that if the US got involved in the war,
Germany would ally with Mexico
• If they won Mexico would regain the
territory it lost from the Spanish American
War (Texas, New Mexico, Arizona)
US involvement
Keeping the World Safe for
Democracy
• US joins 1917
• Entered after Germany continued their
unrestricted submarine warfare and sunk
some American merchant ships
• Also, Russia pulled out of the war through
Brest Litovsk-Russia needed our help
US involvement
War at home
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Patriotic crusade
4 minute men-rally people up
Movie stars sold war bonds
Everything that was German was bad
Sedition Act-made talking about the war
negatively illegal
• American Protective league-private organization
of informers that would tattle tale if you said
anything against the good
• Women filled in spots in factories
US involvement
Results
• Wilson's 14 points
• Treaty of Versailles
WWI
Wilson’s 14 Points
• Free trade-each country does its best, leads
to specialization but also dependency
• Redistribute colonies
• Shrink armies
• Self Determination-countries decide to be
free or who they belong to
• League of Nations Created
Treaty of Versailles
– Shrink Armies-standing army sizes shrunk, more
peaceful, less spending, don’t have to worry about
being free
– Territory Changes
• Russia loses Baltic and Balkans (they are already angry
because they weren’t part of the Big 4 who decided stuff)
• Poland reappears on map (Germans are now Polish)
• Ottomans and Austria/Hungary disappear
• Germany loses large amounts of land
– Rhineland
• Demilitarized
– Reparations
• France wants reparations
• Billions of dollars-would have taken until 1986 to pay back
• Dawes Plan
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US gives Germany money (to industrialize)
Germany gives that money to France
Frances gives that money to US
Works for reparations until Great Depression
Historiography
• German expansionist
• Unable to “curb its militarism”
• The war was inevitable because of bellicose
Germany compared to weak Russia
• Russia’s actions were defensive-Germany
pressured them to mobilize when faced with the
Austria issue
• The German drive for power threatened British
interest
• Britain went to war in defense too
• Germany disturbed the balance of power after it
industrialized
WWI
WWII
• Atlantic War
• Pacific War
Atlantic War
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Causes
Events of War
US involvement
Results
Historiography
WWII
Causes
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Economic Instability
Dictators claiming Power
Treaty of Versailles
Appeasement
Atlantic War
Economic Instability
• Dawes Plan
– Cycling the money for reparations
– Great Depression hits- US cannot supply
money to Germany
• Roosevelt forgets about war debts
• Still, Europe is in shambles
Causes
Dictators Claiming Power
• Rise of Totalitarianism
– Claims absolute control over all aspects of life
– Exaggerated nationalism-better, superior (Aryan)
– State is a living thing-you are a cell, you work for
society, only group ideas are accepted
– Nazi science-Jews are inferior, scientist try to prove it,
Science of the State
– Subjective state: not worried about facts, truth is
flexible
– Propaganda
– Control press
– Racism-blame people not from body
– Class conflict-if you are an outsider then the problems
are put on you
Continue…
– Violence-fight to gain, war is glorified
Dictators claiming power
• Hitler
– Pan Germanism-all Germans become German
again
– End Treaty of Versailles
– Living Space-area for Germany to expand
• Mussolini
– Want to spread Italy around the Mediterranean
Causes
Treaty of Versailles
• No one got what they wanted-leaves everyone
wanting more
– Status Quo: US, Britain, France-fine with the treaty, not
happy-unwilling to enforce it
– Revisionist: Russia, Germany, Italy-want to change or
get rid of the Treaty
• Hitler: Get rid of the Treaty of Versailles
– Treaty crushed Germany economically-hurt national
pride-made them angry
• No one enforces it-leads to appeasement
Causes
Appeasement
• Roots
– US: unhappy, little confidence in the treaty,
don’t enforce it
– France: lost practically a generation, terrified of
Germany, made the Maginet line to protect
themselves
– British: philosophical opinion, another war is
going to end the world
– USSR-want to prep for a socialist revolution
Continue…
Appeasement
• Germany keeps asking for more-allies don’t stop
him
• Czech land
– Munic Conference: Chamberlain gives Hitler half of
Czechoslovakia or
POLAND and then Hitler over runs the
other half
• Re-armed-against the treaty of Versailles
• Nazis have nothing to lose-allies afraid to go to
war
Causes
US Involvement
• Isolationism
• Neutrality?
• War at Home
Atlantic War
Isolationism
• Post WWI
– Disillusioned-returning to harmony
– Ignore Europe
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Washington Conference
Five Power Treaty
Kellogg-Briand Pact
Nye Commissions
US involvement
Five Power Treaty
• Made at the Washington Naval Conference
• Said that for every 5 US ships Japan can
have 3 ships
• Japan is upset because they are being
looked down upon
• Causes Japan to leave the League of
Nations
• Strains the US Japanese relationship
US involvement
Kellogg-Briand Pact
• Makes war illegal
• You have to use diplomacy
• Japan invades Manchuria-Italy invades
Ethiopia-pointless
US involvement
Nye Commissions
• Investigations about US involvement in
WWI- investigated “war profiteers”
• Said that the US got involved for big
business “blood merchants”
• Leads the US to become more isolationist
US involvement
Neutrality?
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Neutrality Laws
Destroyers for Bases
Cash and Cary
Selective Service
Atlantic Charter
US involvement
Neutrality Laws
• Did this because dictators start to gain
power and it makes us nervous
• 1935-no arms to belligerents, can’t travel on
belligerent ships
• 1936-no loans or credits, trying to avoid
war profiteers
• 1937-no arms to Spain
US involvement
Destroyers for Bases
• US traded 50 destroyers for British bases in
Caribbean
• Violates 1935 Law
• Great Britain needed destroyers to fight
submarines
US involvement
Cash and Carry
• Can buy materials from the US as long as
you pay cash and carry them back on your
ship
• Biased towards Allies
• Allies can port in America
• If German boat ports in America odds are
Americans will reveal its location and it
would be sunk
US involvement
Selective Service
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Still in place today
Young men start registering for a draft
We need 12 million people to fight
This makes anti-war people (doves) in
America very nervous
US involvement
Atlantic Charter
• Signed between the US and Britain
• Post war world without Germany
• A list of war aims-what we plan to do after
the Germans lose
• THE US ISN’T AT WAR YET!
US involvement
War at Home
• Totalitarian regimes-the war was home
• US
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Economy
Propaganda
Industry
Social
Draft
Atlantic War
Economy
• Economy transformed into a war economy
– Less free enterprise, more government control
– Transformation from coming out of the New
Deal
• Price wage controls to reduce inflation
• Government rationed sales of essential
products
– Rubber, oil, meat, sugar, coffee
War at Home
Propaganda
• Thousands of posters to keep morale up
• Dehumanize enemy
• Get people to support the war in spirit and
financially
• Hollywood made war movies
• People encouraged recycling
• Celebrities helped with war bond drives
War at Home
Industry
• Government worked with industry to
produce equipment-out produced all the
Axis Powers combined
• Mass production, big factories-everyone is
getting jobs (despite race)
• More people working-Unions got strongerless strikes
War at Home
Social
• More jobs for every race
• Japanese Americans were deterred to
interment camps (100,000)
• More women were getting jobs
– Nazi Germany they were being prevented to get
jobs
War at Home
Draft
• First peace time legislation draft
War at Home
Historiography
• Atlantic War
• Eastern Front
Atlantic War
• Traditional
• Revisionist
• Critics
Historiography
Traditional
• Ideological War-Democracy vs. Fascism
• Hitler had a blue print for conquest-Hossbach
memo
• Chamberlain-sign of appeasement and was a bad
leader
• France won’t fight
• US isolationist
• USSR scared-don’t want to be isolated
• Treaty of Versailles doesn’t work
• War wasn’t inevitable
– Allies thought that through appeasement they could
turn fascism on communism
– Then they would kill each other
AW Historiography
Revisionist
• Taylor Thesis-German was a problem since 1870disrupts balance
• WWI damages Germany’s military and economy,
but doesn’t destroy it
– Germany recovers and rearms
• Hitler not special
– Any leader would try to get rid of the Treaty of
Versailles and unite German people under German
control
– Anti-Semitism isn’t unique
• Not an ideological war
• Same as WWI-war to balance power (inevitable)
• Hitler and Mussolini are opportunist
AW Historiography
Critics
• Taylor forgets economics-economics let Hitler rise
to power
• Ideology-yes people are anti-Semitic, but most
people won’t exterminate a race
• Fear of Communism
• Hossbach memo is a plan
• France not assigned to appeasement, Britain will
not have another war because “civilization will
cease to exist”
• Hitler has a plan to exterminate non-Aryans
Eastern Front
• Traditional Historiography
• Counter argument
Historiography
Traditional Historiography
• Use German historiography because after WWII
was the Cold War (don’t want to hear what the
Communist have to say)
• Germany blames
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Weather
USSR has endless supplies of soldiers
Hitler-bad leadership
Lend ad Lease
Soviets had good high level leadership, but low level
leadership sucked
Eastern Front
Counter argument
• Soviet soldier is tough, not dumb
• Snipers are world class
• US from Traditional historiography get the
idea that the Soviets are weak-this is far
from the truth
Eastern Front
Events of War
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Opening battle
Bombing of Dresden
Holocaust
Germany advances across the Soviet Union
and kill anyone they deem as inferior
• Stalingrad
Atlantic War
Opening Battle
• Poland 1939
• Blitzkrieg tactic-fast motorized assault
Events
Bombing of Dresden
• Fire bombing on a city of questionable
military importance
• Written about in Slaughterhouse Five by
Kurt Vonnegut
Events
Holocaust
• Hitler’s “solution” for the “Jewish problem”
• The final solution
• Butchenwald-40,000 Jews killed and this
isn’t the worst camp
Events
Stalingrad
• Germany has been advancing farther and
farther into Russia
• At this point the Germans lose a battle
• Results in a Soviet counteroffensive
• German advance stopped-slowly are pushed
out
Events
Results
• Casa Blanca
Casa Blanca
• 1943
• Unconditional surrender
Pacific War
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Causes
Events of War
US involvement
Results
Historiography
WWII
Causes
• 1906-07 Segregation of Japanese in
California
• Open Door Policy
• Japanese Imperialism
• Washington Naval Conference
• Ultra-Nationalism
Pacific War
1906-07 Segregation of Japanese
• US citizenship-born in country,
naturalization, 2 American parents
• Japanese citizenship-dual citizenship, if you
are of Japanese blood you are a Japanese
citizen
• US tries to stop immigration-more problems
Causes
Open Door Policy
• US-Every country in each field of interest
will have an equal opportunity in trade and
commerce
• 21 Demands- “Slamming the Door shut,” no
foreign power can have leased land. Japan
gains political influence over China
Causes
Japanese Imperialism
• Japan is a small island
• Is hit really hard with the start of the Great
Depression
• Needs to go to China to obtain important resources
• Seize Korea for coal and iron (exploited it for rice)
• Mukden Incident
• 1941 Japan take over Indo China
– US freezes their oil account-have 18 months of oil left
Causes
Washington Naval Conference
• Limited the number of naval armaments a
country could have
• 5 Powers Treaty- for every 5 ships the US
could have Japan could have 3 ships
• Not seen as fair
Causes
Ultra-Nationalism
• Japan went farther than just normal nationalism
• Creates mentality that you should die for your
country
• That surrender is lower than low
• The movement became racist, emperor-centric,
and Asia-centric
• Extension of the Meji Restoration-really bringing
Japan back to its old glory
Causes
Events of War
• Rape of Nanjing
• Marianas “Turkey Shoot”
• Japanese soldiers resorted to Kamikaze style
fighting
• Tokyo Fire Raid
• Atomic Bombs
• Japanese considered Prisoners of War to be less
than human-40% of Prisoners of War died
Rape of Nanjing
• Japan’s violent military occupation of
Nanjing before the war (1937)
• Japanese used Chinese for bayonet drills
Events
Marianas Turkey Shoot
• US pilots destroy Japanese pilots, to the
point that it is just slaughter
Events
Tokyo Fire Raid
• Incendiary bombs
• Killed a lot of people
• Water got so hot that when people jumped
in they boiled
Events
Atomic Bombs
• 160,000 lives at Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Events
Historiography
• Pearl Harbor
• Atomic Bomb
Pacific War
Pearl Harbor Historiography
• Did the US know in advance
– Rauch-no
– Current-new there was going to be an attack,
expecting it to be on British Dutch territory
– Roberta W-failed to interpret evidence, the US
previous ideas didn’t line up with evidence
– Prange-Japan planned exceedingly well, no one
saw it coming
Continue…
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Pearl
Harbor
Historiography
Did we push Japan to attack us? Revisionist
– Forced the War
– Roosevelt knew
Continue…
• wanted casus belli-would make the US people want to go to
war
• “Back door to war”-to fight Germany
– Anti Japan actions
• Aided China militarily, quasi-secret alliances, economic
warfare
• Moving navy base from San Diego to Pearl Harbor-then
focused putting bases in the Philippians
• “pop-up” cruises-keep Japan guessing
– Economic Policy
• January 1940 ended trade treaty with Japan
• October 1940 banned export of scrap iron-harder for Japan to
make weapons
• July 1941-Troops move into Indo China-US embargo on oil-18
months of fuel left
Pearl Harbor Historiography
• Did we push Japan to attack us? Post
Revisionist
– Roosevelt would have considered peace-wanted
to focus on European War
– Wasn’t consistent in plans-could be the same
for this
– Roosevelt didn’t have access to all
documentation-may not have been aware
– No documentation to ever support claims
Pacific War
Historiography
Atomic Bomb Historiography
– Traditional-save lives shorten war, Pacific War is really
deadly
– Revisionist
• USSR joins
• Truman makes a false choice
• Need to end the war quickly so that the USSR doesn’t overrun
East Asia
– Moral Position
• Bomb kills 200,000 but saves 2 million
• Warning?
• Picked cities that weren’t touched to show strength
– Post Revisionist
• Didn’t want to test the atomic bomb because if it fails we look
dumb
• Japanese warned about Nagasaki, and they didn’t do anything
Russian Revolution
• BS World From DA
AT July KAnsas Read
Out BS Civil War End
• Bloody Sunday
• Wars
• February Revolution
• Dual Authority
• April Thesis
• July Putsch
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Kornilov Affair
Red October
Bolshevik Success
Civil War
War Communism
Red Terror
NEP
Rise of Stalin
Bloody Sunday
• Before: Peasants thought that the tsar loved and
cared about them
• What: 40 peasants peacefully marched-guards
attacked them
• Nicolas II institutes October Manifesto to try and
lessen damage
– Creation of the Duma
– Give people more rights
• Doesn’t do either-keeps canceling Duma until it
only represents the nobility
• Rasputin and Nicolas II‘s weak leadership skills
make tsar not popular
Russian Revolution
Wars-WWI
• Losing the Russo-Japanese War-hurt morale and
trust in tsar
• Unprepared-made economy stagnant
• Made stupid mistakes-needed people to fight in
the army, so they took people from factories-these
people were building the weapons for fighting
• Early on a social trusse was signed, but as time
went on the trusse was forgotten
Russian Revolution
February Revolution
• February 17th Putilov Steel Strike
– Largest and most modern factory in Russia
– 40 workers went on a wild cat strike-were fired
• February 18th
– People left in a sympathy strike-were fired
– Now 40,000 unemployed angry people in the center of
Petrograd
• Few days later International Women's Day
– Women in the textile industry strike-combine with
everyone else
Continue..
Putilov Steel Strike
• Soldiers Mutiny-government called upon army
and Kronstadt’s navy to aid
– Both refused-now the crowd has weapons
• Total strike
– Police fire on the crowd and the soldiers fire back
– Prisons opened
– Barricades go up around Petrograd
• Results: tsar abdicates, some think it is the end of
the revolution-others don’t (Lenin)
Russian Revolution
Dual Authority
• Provisional Government and Petrograd Soviet in
control
• Provisional Government-what is left of the Duma
– Seen as do nothingers because they don’t create the
Constituent Assembly
– Wanted to stay in WWI-not what people wanted
• Petrograd Soviet-had authority over the
Provisional Government because it could veto and
it also had control over the army
Russian Revolution
April Thesis
• Lenin didn’t think that the revolution was over
• Let the people of Russia know in his April Thesis
• 3 points
– Russia had to get out of WWI
– The Revolution was not over
– Russia shouldn’t support the Provisional Government
• Leninism wanted to have democratic centralism lead the
proletariat to control the government
Russian Revolution
July Putch
• Military offensive in WWI
• Kerensky thought that a victory would help Russia
• Opposite-20,000 dead, low morality, high
desertion
• Kerensky blames the Bolsheviks (Bolshevik
Military Organization)-put leaders in jail, Lenin
escapes
• Bolshevism is at its all time low
Russian Revolution
Kornilov Affair
• Bolsheviks are rearmed
Russian Revolution
Red October
• Second revolution in 1917
• Lenin returns, secret convention with Bolsheviks
– Armed insurrection-take over government
• Lenin’s single minded persuasive behavior
swayed decision
• Little opposition: army and navy supported
• October 24-Bolsheviks took over government
buildings and railroads
• Dead a few months earlier-now in control
Russian Revolution
Why were Bolsheviks
successful?
• Organized
• Great leadership
• Bolsheviks-professional manipulative party,
knew what to say to make people happy:
(“Peace, land bread” leave WWI)
• Blunders made by government allowed
them to take power
Russian Revolution
Civil War
• Brest Litsovsk
• White Army
– Yudenic
– Kolchak
– Ukrainian army
• Why they fail: If the groups could work together
or if Bolsheviks didn’t have a central position,
they might have been able to win
Russian Revolution
Brest Litsovsk
• Peace treaty signed between Germany and
Russia
• Got Russia out of WWI
• Had to give up a lot of their western border
• Not good for Russia because they lose a
large part of their population and some
really good fields for growing food
Civil War
Yudenic
• People who wanted to get back into WWI
• Got support from the Western powers
• US, and allied nations wanted Russia to be
in the war
Civil War
Kolchak
• Tsarist supporters from the east
• Fatal mistake: didn’t recognize that
Mensheviks and SRs aren’t communist and
so doesn’t accept their aid
Civil War
War Communism
• Economic system from 1918-21
• Combat the economic problems in Russia brought
on by the Civil War
• 6 Principles
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Production run by state
Sate control granted over every citizen
State produces everything
Extreme centralization
Sole distributor
Abolishment of money as a means of exchange
• Causes cities to depopulate-18% left Russian Revolution
Red Terror
• Campaign of mass arrests, deportations, and
executions
• Done by the Cheka
• Actually calms Russia down because
everything is living in fear
Russian Revolution
New Economic Policy
• New policy created by Lenin
• Taxed the lower class
• Slight representation of a capitalist system
Russian Revolution
Rise of Stalin
• Collectivization
• The Five Years Plan
• The Great Purge
Russian Revolution
Collectivization
• Intended to change the relationship of
agriculture and industry
• Collectivization= massive industrialization
• Part of the 5 years plan
Stalin
Five Years Plan
• Rapid industrialization
• Central economic planning agency
• Economy set to go in 10 years
Stalin
The Great Purge
• Everyone thought to be against Stalin was
put to death or jail
• 50% army officers
Stalin