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Name _______________________________ INFO ABOUT EACH OF THE ORGAN SYSTEMS IN THE HUMAN BODY This packet contains all the information about the organ systems of the human body that you need to know. We will be doing this a little at a time and will take checkpoint grades throughout the 6-weeks for each organ system. These are the following organ systems we will be studying: Skeletal Muscular Cardiovascular These two together make up the Respiratory Cardiopulmonary system. Lymphatic or Immune Endocrine Digestive Excretory Nervous Integumentary Reproductive Page 1 of 13 Skeletal System The purpose of the skeleton is: 1. It ______________ vital organs such as the brain, heart, and lungs. 2. It gives us the ______________ that we have. Without our skeleton we would just be a blob of blood and tissue on the ____________. 3. It allows us to _____________. Because our muscles are attached to our bones, when our muscles move, they move the bones, and we move. 4. It produces _________ and __________ blood cells. Blood cells are formed in bone marrow, which is found in the center of the “long bones” of the body. 5. It stores _____________ and _______________ until we need them. The skeletal system is composed of: _________________. They join together to form joints. When you were born your skeleton had around 300 bones. By the time you become an adult, you will only have around 206 bones because some of them fuse together and others are lost completely. Also, more than ½ of your bones are found in your hands and feet! _________________. These are at the end of each bone. It is tough and smooth and keeps your bones from scratching and bumping against each other. _________________. They are strong, stretchy bands of tissue that connect bones to bones. They are supposed to prevent the bones from being dislocated or from extending beyond their proper range. _________________. They are strong, stretchy bands of tissue that connect bones to muscles. Where two or more bones meet, there is a ___________. There are two kinds of joints: moveable and immoveable. There are four major types of moveable joints: hinge, gliding, ball and socket, and pivot. __________________ - allows freedom of movement in several directions __________________ - allows movement in one plane (front to back, side to side) __________________ - allows more movement than a hinge joint, but less than a ball and socket joint __________________ - allows rotational movement __________________ - allows no movement at all Page 2 of 13 Muscular System The purpose of the muscular system is for ___________________ and our body’s ability to generate _________. Over __________ muscles in your body make up approximately ____________ percent of your mass and account for about _____________ of your weight. There are some muscles you can control, called ___________________ muscles. _____________ muscles are responsible for activities such as digestion and blood flow, things that are not under your control. Your body has three types of muscles: ________________ muscles are attached to the bones of your skeleton. You have conscious control of them, so they are _________________ muscles. ________________ muscles are inside many internal organs of the body (stomach, intestines, walls of blood vessels, and uterus) and control many types of movements inside your body. For example the movement of food through the __________ ________, and the decrease in size of the __________ of our eyes in bright lights. ________________ muscles are only found in the heart. You do not have conscious control of them, so they are _____________________ muscles. Skeletal muscles generate force and produce movement only by pulling, or ____________________. Individual muscles can only pull; they can’t __________. Because muscle cells can only contract, not extend, skeletal muscles must work in __________. The muscles of the upper arm are a good example of this dual action: flexor is a muscle that bends a joint and extensor is a muscle that _______________ a joint. For example, when the ____________ muscle contracts, it bends, or flexes, the elbow joint. Then, when the ___________ muscle contracts, it opens the elbow joint. Page 3 of 13 Cardiovascular System (or circulatory system) The purpose of the cardiovascular system is to carry needed substances, _____________, to cells and carries waste products, _____________ ____________, away from cells. The cardiovascular system consists of the ___________, ______________, and _____________ ____________. The heart is a muscular __________ that pumps blood throughout the body. Each time the heart _________, it pushes blood through the blood vessels. Blood is made up of four components: ______________ is the liquid part of blood. It is mostly water, but ten percent is made of dissolved materials like food molecules, ____________, minerals, ___________ products, and plasma proteins. Red blood cells carry ____________ from the lungs to the body cells. ________ blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Some white blood cells alert the body when disease-causing organisms ___________. Others produce _____________ that fight the invaders. Some surround and _________ the disease-causing organism. Platelets are cell fragments that help form blood _________. They collect and stick to any site where a blood vessel is __________. Page 4 of 13 Respiratory System The purpose of the respiratory system is to move _______________ from the outside environment into the body. It also removes _____________ _____________ and _____________ from the body. Air enters the body through the _______ or _________. The inside of the nose is coated with ___________. Mucus cleans, warms, and moistens the air you breathe. Air moves from the nose downward into the top of the throat, called the ____________. The trachea, or ______________, leads to the ___________. The trachea branches into the left and right bronchi (singular bronchus). The main organs of the _________________ system are the lungs. Inside the lungs the bronchi branch into smaller tubes called __________________. They continue to branch into smaller and smaller tubes (like the branches of a tree from the trunk to smaller and smaller branches). At the end of the smallest tubes are bunches of _____________, which are tiny sacs that look like a bunch of grapes. After air enters the alveoli, _____________ passes through the cell membrane into the ___________. Carbon dioxide and water pass from the blood into the __________. The large dome-shaped muscle below the lungs that contracts when you inhale and relaxes when you _____________ is called the __________________. The _______________, or voice box, is located at the top of the trachea. Your vocal cords are two folds of connective tissue that stretch across the opening of the larynx. The vocal cords _____________ when air passes over them. This produces the ____________ of your voice. Page 5 of 13 Cardiopulmonary System: this is a combination of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems (heart and lungs) Blood from the _________ travels to the heart through the superior vena cava (from the upper part of the body) and the inferior vena cava (from the lower part of the body), then goes into the right atrium. From there it goes to the right ventricle. Then, the __________ goes to the lungs where it becomes oxygenated. Now the blood has _____________ in it. From the lungs the blood travels to the left atrium, then into the left ventricle. Then, the blood goes through the aorta to the rest of the body. The cycle continues. EXTRA - Draw a diagram below that shows how the blood flows through the heart and lungs, labeling each of these parts: heart, lung, left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and aorta. Color the section red that contains oxygen in the blood and the part that contains carbon dioxide blue. Page 6 of 13 Lymphatic System (or immune system) The lymphatic system does three main jobs: It drains __________ back into the bloodstream. As the blood circulates, fluid leaks out into the body tissues. This fluid is important because it carries food to the ________ and waste products back to the _____________. The leaked fluid (now called ___________) drains into the lymph vessels. It is carried through the lymph vessels to the base of the neck where it is emptied back into the bloodstream. It filters ___________. This is the job of the spleen. It filters the lymph to take out all the old worn out ______ blood cells. These are destroyed and replaced by new red blood cells that have been made in the ________ ____________. It fights _______________. __________ lymph nodes indicate a person has an infection. The lymphatic system helps to make special white blood cells that produce antibodies. There are other blood cells inside the lymph nodes which kill any foreign particles. The lymphatic system is a system of thin _________ that run throughout the body. The lymphatic system is like the blood circulation - the tubes branch through all parts of the body like the arteries and veins that carry blood. Except that the lymphatic system carries a colorless liquid called __________ in __________ ____________. When fluid moves out of the ____________________ system, into the surrounding tissues, then drains into the lymphatic system, we call the fluid lymph. Along the lymph vessels are small bean-shaped glands called __________ ___________. There are lymph nodes in your ____________, in your groin (at the top of your legs), in your _________, in your abdomen, pelvis, and chest. There are other organs that are a part of the lymphatic system: The ___________ is under your ribs on the left side of your body. It works as a filter of lymph fluid. The ___________ is a small gland under your sternum. It helps to produce white blood cells. It is usually most active in teenagers and shrinks in adulthood. The ___________ are two glands in the back of your throat and the _____________ are at the back of your nose. They both help protect the body from bacteria and viruses. Page 7 of 13 Endocrine System The endocrine system _____________ many of the body’s daily activities as well as long-term ______________, such as development. The endocrine system is made up of ____________. Endocrine glands are organs that _____________ and _______________ chemical products directly into the bloodstream. The blood then carries those chemicals throughout the __________ _________. These chemicals are called ______________ and they turn on, turn off, _________ ______, or __________ ________ the activities of different organs and tissues. The nervous system and the endocrine system work together. The hypothalamus, a tiny part of the ___________, is the link between the two systems. The pituitary gland ___________________ with the hypothalamus to control many body activities. Nerve impulses or hormone signals from the hypothalamus cause the pituitary gland to ____________ _____________. Some hormones from the pituitary gland turn on other endocrine glands. Other pituitary hormones control the body activities _____________. Pituitary hormones regulate ____________ from infancy to adulthood. Many hormones are controlled by a negative _____________ system. When the amount of a particular hormone in the blood reaches a certain ____________, it signals the endocrine system to _________ releasing that hormone. Negative feedback is an important way that the body maintains ___________________. An example of negative feedback: this is similar to how your air conditioner works – when the temperature in the house reaches a set temperature (it’s cold enough), the air conditioner turns off. Draw a diagram below that shows how the endocrine system works. Page 8 of 13 Digestive System The digestive system has three main functions: it breaks down _________ into molecules the body can use the molecules are ________________ into the __________ and carried throughout the body ____________ are eliminated from the body There are two kinds of digestion – mechanical and chemical. In mechanical digestion, foods are __________________ broken down into smaller pieces. In chemical digestion, _________________ produced by the body break down foods into their smaller chemical building blocks. Both mechanical and chemical digestion begins in the ___________. Your ___________ carry out the first stage of mechanical digestion as they break foods into smaller pieces. Then, ___________ (which contain enzymes that digest starch) mixes with the pieces of food and moistens them. The chemical digestion is done by the enzymes. Food moves into the esophagus, which is lined with __________, making the food easier to swallow. Involuntary waves of muscle contractions called _______________ move food down the esophagus towards the stomach. Most _____________ digestion occurs in the stomach as muscle contractions churn the food. _______________ digestion is carried out in the stomach by digestive juices that contain _______________ and ____________________ acid. When the food has changed into a thick __________, it moves, a little at a time, into the ___________ intestine. Almost all chemical digestion and _____________ of nutrients takes place in the small intestine. The ________ produces bile; the bile travels to the gall bladder (where it is stored), then is released into the small intestine where it breaks down fat. The ______________ produces enzymes that flow into the small intestine; these enzymes help break down ____________, ______________, and ___________. After chemical digestion takes place, the small nutrients are ready to be ________________ by the body. The ________ intestine contains helpful ___________ that feed on the material passing through. The material entering the large intestine contains __________ and _______________ food such as fiber. As material moves through the large intestine, water is absorbed into the ___________________. The remaining material is eliminated from the body through the __________ (this is a short tube where waste is compressed into a solid form) and the ____________ (which is the muscular opening). Page 9 of 13 Excretory System The purpose of the excretory system is to ___________ wastes from the body. This is very important in helping to maintain ________________. If this didn’t happen, our wastes would reach toxic levels and we would die. This does NOT include the removal of feces from the body – that is part of the digestive system (on the previous page). These are the four organs involved in the excretory system and what wastes they produce: The _________ release carbon dioxide, which is a waste product from cellular respiration. Cellular respiration occurs in every living cell in your body and is the reaction that provides energy for cellular activities. The __________ breaks down some proteins and other nitrogen compounds into a waste called _________. Sweat comes out of pores in your _________. Sweat is a mixture of three wastes: _________, __________ and __________. The urinary system is composed of two _____________, two tubes called ____________, one urinary _____________, and another tube called the _____________. Three wastes are filtered from the blood by the kidneys: _________, __________, and __________. Notice that urine and sweat have the same three wastes in them. So, they are made of basically from the same ingredients just in different proportions. Page 10 of 13 Nervous System The purpose of the nervous system is to _____________ and ______________ electric signals to and from the body. The nervous system directs behavior and ________________ and works with the endocrine system to control processes like __________________ and __________________. The nervous system is divided into two major parts: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The __________ and the ___________ _________ are considered to be part of the central nervous system. All of the ___________ outside of this are a part of the peripheral nervous system. The __________ is the control center for the body. It is the organ that regulates and controls our bodies’ activities, receives and interprets sensory impulses, and transmits information to the ____________ and other ___________. It is also the seat of consciousness, thought, memory, and emotion. The __________ _________ is the main pathway for electrical signals to be sent to and from the brain and body. The _____________ ___________ protects the spinal cord, as well as helping us maintain our posture. Each vertebra has a special hole in it that the _________ ________ runs through. The peripheral nerves are connected to the __________ ________. They transmit ______________ signals to and from the other parts of the body and the spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is divided into two sections: the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system sends messages to and from many organs and muscles that we __________ voluntarily control. For example, it controls the muscles around the hairs in our skin and makes our hair “stand-up” when we are cold. It also controls the muscles in our eyes that constrict our pupils when we encounter a bright light. The somatic nervous system controls the movement and senses in our head (vision, eye movement, taste, tongue movement, facial muscle movement, etc) and all of the _______________ muscles in our bodies. Page 11 of 13 Integumentary System The integumentary system consists of three parts: skin, hair, and nails. The five main functions of the integumentary system are: 1. __________________ from infection and injury 2. regulating body _________________ 3. eliminating __________ products 4. retaining body ___________ 5. producing ____________ D Here are some examples of how the integumentary system protects us from infection and injury. Your _________________ (which is hair) keep foreign objects out of your eyes. Your _________ protect your fingertips and the tips of your toes by providing a hard cover. Your skin keeps out _______________, ________________, and ______________, and it keeps in your _______________, ________________, and ______________. The integumentary system regulates our body temperature in these ways. When we get too hot we ______________. Hair keeps our body from getting too ___________. The integumentary system eliminates waste products by sweating. Sweat contains ____________, ______________, and _____________. The integumentary system retains body fluids by using your __________ like a large bag. It keeps all your fluids in your body. Your skin produces vitamin D by using _________________. The part of your hair and nails that you see is actually _________ - which is one reason it doesn’t hurt to have your hair or nails cut. The only living portion of your hair and nails is at the root of the hair follicle and at the base of the nail. When your hair gets pulled out it hurts because there are ___________ nearby. Your hair is colored by the same substance that colors your _________ melanin. Page 12 of 13 Reproductive System An ________ is the female sex cell. A __________ is the male sex cell. The joining of a sperm and an egg is called ____________________. The purpose of the male reproductive system is to produce sperm and the hormone _______________________. The __________ are the organs in which ___________ are produced. The testes also produce the hormone testosterone, which controls the ____________________ of male physical characteristics. The testes (sometimes called testicles) are located in an external pouch called the _____________. Each sperm has a head that contains ____________________ and a long, whip-like tail. Sperm mixes with fluid and this mix is called ____________. Semen and urine both leave the body through the _____________ which runs through the penis. The role of the female reproductive system is to produce _________ and, if an egg is fertilized, to _____________ a developing baby until birth. The _____________ are organs that produce both eggs and hormones. One hormone, _____________, triggers the development of some adult female characteristics. There are two oviducts (or fallopian tubes) which lead from the ___________ to the uterus (womb). Each _________, one of the ovaries releases an egg. The egg moves through the oviduct, which leads to the uterus. Fertilization usually occurs in the oviduct. If the egg is fertilized, it remains in the ___________ (which is a hollow muscular organ) and begins to develop. The vagina is a muscular ________________ leading to the outside of the body, through which a baby travels once it has fully developed. If the egg is not fertilized, the egg and the ___________ of the uterus break down. The extra blood and tissue of the thickened lining (the uterus had been preparing for a fertilized egg by thickening the lining) travel out of the body through the vagina. This process is called _____________________. Page 13 of 13