Download The Aftermath

The Aftermath
Steps Toward Peace
The “war to end all wars” had lasted _______ long years, and it was now time for peace
The leaders of the victorious nations gathered at the palace in _________, outside Paris, to negotiate
the terms
Wilson’s Plan
Wilson arrived in France with an idealistic vision for peace, including the establishment of a
____________________
- W ilson was praised just about everywhere he went, until he arrived at Versailles
- The allied leaders held too much resentment towards ___________ to agree to W ilson’s idealistic
peace proposal, his “____________”, which Wilson had presented to Congress before the end of
the war
Fourteen Points
The first ______ points were necessary to prevent another war:
– No secret treaties among nations
– Freedom of the seas maintained for all
– Tariffs and ______________ should be abolished to promote _____________
– Arms should be reduced to the lowest safe point
– Colonial policies should consider the interests of colonial peoples as well as interests of
imperialist powers
The next _______ points dealt with boundary changes, trying to follow historically established
boundary lines based on nationality and self-determination
League of Nations
Wilson’s 14th and final point called for the creation of a national organization to deal with
____________________, a “League of Nations” – a forum for nations to discuss grievances without
having to resort to war
Wilson ended up conceding on most of his Fourteen Points in return for the establishment of the
League of Nations
The Participants
The peace conference at Versailles did not include:
The defeated Central Powers
___________
Smaller Allied Nations
The Participants
It did include:
– Georges Clemenceau, the French Premier, who had already lived through two German
invasions of France
– David Lloyd George, ________________ who was voted into office on the slogan “Make
Germany Pay”
– _____________, Italian prime minister, who wanted control of Austrian territory as per their
agreement during the war, which had flipped Italy to the Allied side
– Woodrow W ilson
Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919 – The “Big Four” leaders met with the leaders of the defeated nations to sign the
peace treaty at Versailles
What the Treaty did:
Established _________________ from the defeated nations, including Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia
and Poland
Shifted the boundaries of other nations
Gave 5 areas of the __________________ to France and Britain as mandates, temporary colonies
It also barred Germany from maintaining an army
It also required Germany to give __________________ back to France
It also required Germany to pay _______________, or war damages, of $33 billion to the Allies
Treaty W eaknesses
Humiliation of Germany, including forcing them to sign a ________________, admission of sole
responsibility for the start of WWI
Germany’s colonial possessions were taken away, which guaranteed their inability to pay their
reparations
Though __________ had fought with the Allies and lost more men, they were excluded from the
Peace Conference, and lost more territory than Germany did
The treaty ignored the rights of colonized peoples for self-determination
Opposition
Many ___________ opposed the Treaty, because:
It was too harsh
It was a sell out to imperialism, trading one set of colonial rulers for another
Boundaries established did not satisfy all of the ethnic groups
The League of Nations sparked debate over:
Whether it would spoil US policy of ________________
Suspicion over joint economic and military action against aggression
Right of _____________ to declare war was not included
Uncompromising
Wilson refused to _____________ about the League of Nations
On a campaign tour, exclaiming its virtues, Wilson suffered ___________
The League of Nations was passed through Congress twice, and both times failed to gain enough
votes for _______________
Legacy of the War
______________, the new American President, tried to soothe the American people by advocating a
return to “___________”
However, the world had been too transformed by war
War had changed things in the US, including:
- strengthened the military and the government
- accelerated changes socially, especially for ___________________
- propaganda had provoked fear and antagonism that had no other outlet
War had changed things in Europe, including:
- destruction caused severely damaged social and political systems
- war created political instability and violence
- ____________ and __________ started to rise
The Aftermath
Steps Toward Peace
The “war to end all wars” had lasted four long years, and it was now time for peace
The leaders of the victorious nations gathered at the palace in Versailles, outside Paris, to negotiate
the terms
Wilson’s Plan
Wilson arrived in France with an idealistic vision for peace, including the establishment of a League of
Nations
- W ilson was praised just about everywhere he went, until he arrived at Versailles
- The allied leaders held too much resentment towards Germany to agree to W ilson’s idealistic peace
proposal, his “Fourteen Points”, which W ilson had presented to Congress before the end of the war
Fourteen Points
The first five points were necessary to prevent another war:
– No secret treaties among nations
– Freedom of the seas maintained for all
– Tariffs and economic barriers should be abolished to promote free trade
– Arms should be reduced to the lowest safe point
– Colonial policies should consider the interests of colonial peoples as well as interests of
imperialist powers
The next eight points dealt with boundary changes, trying to follow historically established boundary
lines based on nationality and self-determination
League of Nations
Wilson’s 14th and final point called for the creation of a national organization to deal with diplomatic
crises, a “League of Nations” – a forum for nations to discuss grievances without having to resort to
war
Wilson ended up conceding on most of his Fourteen Points in return for the establishment of the
League of Nations
The Participants
The peace conference at Versailles did not include:
The defeated Central Powers
Russia
Smaller Allied Nations
The Participants
It did include:
– Georges Clemenceau, the French Premier, who had already lived through two German
invasions of France
– David Lloyd George, British prime minister who was voted into office on the slogan “Make
Germany Pay”
– Vittorio Orlando, Italian prime minister, who wanted control of Austrian territory as per their
agreement during the war, which had flipped Italy to the Allied side
– Woodrow W ilson
Treaty of Versailles
June 28, 1919 – The “Big Four” leaders met with the leaders of the defeated nations to sign the
peace treaty at Versailles
What the Treaty did:
Established 9 new nations from the defeated nations, including Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia and
Poland
Shifted the boundaries of other nations
Gave 5 areas of the Ottoman Empire to France and Britain as mandates, temporary colonies
It also barred Germany from maintaining an army
It also required Germany to give Alsace-Lorraine back to France
It also required Germany to pay reparations, or war damages, of $33 billion to the Allies
Treaty W eaknesses
Humiliation of Germany, including forcing them to sign a war-guilt clause, admission of sole
responsibility for the start of WWI
Germany’s colonial possessions were taken away, which guaranteed their inability to pay their
reparations
Though Russia had fought with the Allies and lost more men, they were excluded from the Peace
Conference, and lost more territory than Germany did
The treaty ignored the rights of colonized peoples for self-determination
Opposition
Many Americans opposed the Treaty, because:
It was too harsh
It was a sell out to imperialism, trading one set of colonial rulers for another
Boundaries established did not satisfy all of the ethnic groups
The League of Nations sparked debate over:
Whether it would spoil US policy of isolationism
Suspicion over joint economic and military action against aggression
Right of Congress to declare war was not included
Uncompromising
Wilson refused to compromise about the League of Nations
On a campaign tour, exclaiming its virtues, Wilson suffered a stroke
The League of Nations was passed through Congress twice, and both times failed to gain enough
votes for ratification
Legacy of the War
Warren G Harding, the new American President, tried to soothe the American people by advocating a
return to “normalcy”
However, the world had been too transformed by war
War had changed things in the US, including:
- strengthened the military and the government
- accelerated changes socially, especially for blacks and women
- propaganda had provoked fear and antagonism that had no other outlet
War had changed things in Europe, including:
- destruction caused severely damaged social and political systems
- war created political instability and violence
- communism and fascism started to rise