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Social Psychology Norms Conformity Obedience Prejudice Altruism Before we continue… What happened in our demonstration? What did most people do? What did most people NOT do? Why? Conformity? Why? Obedience? Why? Both? Quack Like a Duck Why did you do what you did? Didn’t? Conformity – Adjusting one’s behavior or thinking (attitude) to coincide with the group standard. Obedience to authority figure – Willingness to conform to the demands of an authority. Social role playing Fulfilling the expectations of one’s role (student/teacher) Conformity Conformity Social Psychology research found that under certain conditions, people will conform to a group’s standards, even when the group is CLEARLY WRONG. Solomon Asch (1955) Pretend that you have volunteered for a “visual perception study.” When you arrive, you find 7 other subjects already seated in a row; you sit in empty chair at the end. The experimenter reveals 2 cards & asks you to determine which of the 3 comparison lines is the same length as the standard line. Starting at the far end of the row away from you, each subject is asked individually for their answer. Everyone gives the correct answer, and you say the “obviously correct” answer at your turn. Card is changed, same process…no problem. Next trial, when other participants give their response, they all choose the wrong line (all the same wrong line!)! Now it’s your turn to respond again…What do you say? Tests Returned Look over your MC Score 65 points (curved to 62) – 2/3 35/50 (70%) or better is a great goal! Students who get 70 or better on the AP exam pass the test with a 3, 4, or 5 Midterm Scores Tests Returned Look over your FRQ Score 35 points (curved to 32) – 1/3 READ THE RUBRIC and compare what you wrote side-by-side What did you do well? What did you misunderstand? How could you improve for the next test? Did you do the review before the exam? Did you come to the Flex review? Do you write definitions in CCN carefully? Do you answer rewind questions? Do you do the mini FRQ’s in your CCN? FRQ Content Stuff Point 1 – Levels of the IV Definitions don’t score alone, of course But many people put that the IV is the variable that the experimenter “changes” Don’t both variables change? That is why they are variable. The better word is “manipulates” Point 5 – Cause and Effect Correlation DOES NOT EVER mean causation. ONLY experiments can prove causation. This was an experiment, thus it proved causation. If you used the word correlation, you might have negated your response BE CAREFUL FRQ Structure Stuff Handwriting was fantastic! MOST people wrote in paragraph form. MOST people underlined the key terms *Don’t underline a million other things – just the key term from the question IV DV Cause/Effect Statistical Significance Debriefing FRQ Structure Stuff TDAA T - You should use words from the question IN your FRQ, especially the KEY terms (underline) D – This is not required, but it saved SO many people. A – Just applying the term to the study Ex. What is the IV? What is the DV? A – Answering the question Ex. What are the levels of IV? How did they measure the DV? Recapture Your chance to recapture POINTS and recapture the KNOWLEDGE to prepare for the final exam. Follow EVERY step and you can recapture ALL points missed. Skip steps and you will only recapture partial credit. NOT available as an option for the final exam NOT available if you are absent on the day of the next midterm exam (you will get only one shot) You may have guessed by now that the other 7 participants were confederates of experimenter. Results: 75% of participants went along with the group’s consensus at least once. Considering all trials combined, subjects agreed with the group 1/3 of the time. Asch: (start at 7:07) Asch Study Reenactment: Conformity Study Why Do We conform? Normative Social Influence We do not want others to notice us We don’t want to stand out and be different We want others to like us We are “normal”? We don’t want to violate a “norm” Informational Social Influence We don’t have enough information to decide against conforming It appears that others have more information and “know” more than we do. Influence – Normative or Informational What is a Norm? Unwritten social rules that govern our behavior. (not a law or a “rule” in the structured sense) What is the “norm” for elevators? Elevator How is it violated? How did the “subject” respond? Violating a norm is NOT just “acting wacky” or wearing crazy clothes. It is determining the “normal” behavior and acting differently. *Norm Violation Homework DUE: October 22 Conformity Increases When: one is made to feel incompetent or insecure. the group has at least 3 people. the group is unanimous. one admires the group’s status. one has make no prior commitment to any response (attitude actions). others in the group observe one’s behavior. one’s culture strongly encourages respect for social standards. PERSONAL REFLECTION Obedience to Authority How are compliance & conformity different? Conformity: Adjusting behavior to match a group. Any pressure is internal/unspoken. Compliance: preceded by a command from an individual or group Obedience: The willingness to comply with the DEMANDS of authority (a group or individiual). Obedience to Authority How far will we go to follow the orders of an authority figure? Stanley Milgrim (1963) One of the most famous and widely recognized psychological studies. Raised the ethics of using humans in research. Wanted to understand WWII atrocities. Methods Imagine you and another participant arrive at a laboratory for an experiment called "The Effects of Punishment on Learning." After being greeted by an experimenter, he randomly assigns you to be the "teacher" and the other participant to be the "learner." The learner is led to another room and hooked up to a shock machine. Mr. Wallace Methods The teacher reads a list of word pairs (Example: “clear” goes with “air.”). If the answer is wrong, the learner receives a shock. With each mistake, you move to the next lever administering a more intense shock (begins at 15 volts, increases by 15v each lever to 450v). You don’t know it, but the “learner” is a confederate of the experimenter. Everything is scripted. What would you do? Prediction: Average estimate was 1.2% to 450 volts; average estimated response was 135 volts. Results: 26 out of 40 (65%) went to 450 volts. Voltage 75 120 150 200 300 330+ Learner response grunts shouts in pain says he refuses to continue blood-curdling screams refuses to answer, heart condition silence Experimenter response 1. Please continue 2. The experiment requires you to continue. 3. It is absolutely essential that you continue. 4. You have no other choice but to continue. Further Applications Hoffling Nurses Doctor orders Over medication The Third Wave Ron Jones The Wave Strengthening Obedience 1. The person giving orders is close and perceived as an authority. 1. 2. The person is supported by prestigious title. 1. 3. Dr. The victim is depersonalized. 1. 2. 3. 4. Lab coat/clip board/nearby In another room Mask over face (Zimbardo prison) Referred to as “learner” or “prisoner # …” There were no role models for disobedience or defiance. 1. What happened to those role models in Zimbardo’s study? What is a Norm? Unwritten social rules that govern our behavior. (not a law or a “rule” in the structured sense) What is the “norm” you violated – start with what people expected you to do. How/where did you violate the norm? How did you feel before? How did you feel after? How did people respond (behaviors only, unless you explain how you know the internal stuff)? Footage http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=fCVlI-_4GZQ Extra Credit *Write your answer and fold the paper *No Names!! (anonymous) Yes = Give me alone extra credit (20 points) *If there is more than one yes, nobody gets extra credit No = Don’t give me extra credit *If EVERYONE writes no, everyone gets extra credit (5 points)
