Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
US History/Napp William McKinley and the Philippines Name: _________________ Historical Context: The Spanish American War “The war that erupted in 1898 between the United States and Spain was preceded by three years of fighting by Cuban revolutionaries to gain independence from Spanish colonial rule. From 1895–1898, the violent conflict in Cuba captured the attention of Americans because of the economic and political instability that it produced in a region within such close geographical proximity to the United States. The long-held U.S. interest in ridding the Western Hemisphere of European colonial powers and American public outrage over brutal Spanish tactics created much sympathy for the Cuban revolutionaries. By early 1898, tensions between the United States and Spain had been mounting for months. After the U.S. battleship Maine exploded and sank in Havana harbor under mysterious circumstances on February 15, 1898, U.S. military intervention in Cuba became likely. On April 11, 1898, President William McKinley asked Congress for authorization to end the fighting in Cuba between the rebels and Spanish forces, and to establish a ‘stable government’ that would ‘maintain order’ and ensure the ‘peace and tranquility and the security’ of Cuban and U.S. citizens on the island. On April 20, the U.S. Congress passed a joint resolution that acknowledged Cuban independence, demanded that the Spanish government give up control of the island, foreswore any intention on the part of the United States to annex Cuba, and authorized McKinley to use whatever military measures he deemed necessary to guarantee Cuba’s independence. The Spanish government rejected the U.S. ultimatum and immediately severed diplomatic relations with the United States. McKinley responded by implementing a naval blockade of Cuba on April 22 and issued a call for 125,000 military volunteers the following day. That same day, Spain declared war on the United States, and the U.S. Congress voted to go to war against Spain on April 25. …The war officially ended four months later, when the U.S. and Spanish governments signed the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898. Apart from guaranteeing the independence of Cuba, the treaty also forced Spain to cede Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States. Spain also agreed to sell the Philippines to the United States for the sum of $20 million. The U.S. Senate ratified the treaty on February 6, 1899, by a margin of only one vote. The McKinley Administration also used the war as a pretext to annex the independent state of Hawaii. In 1893, American residents of the Hawaiian Islands had led a coup against native Queen Liliuokalani and established a new government. They promptly sought annexation by the United States, but President Grover Cleveland rejected their requests. In 1898, however, President McKinley and the American public were more favorably disposed toward acquiring the islands. Supporters of annexation argued that Hawaii was vital to the U.S. economy, that it would serve as a strategic base that could help protect U.S. interests in Asia…” ~ state.gov Questions: 1- What preceded the Spanish American War? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2- Why were Americans sympathetic towards Cuban revolutionaries in the late 1800s? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 3- What was the “Maine” and how did events surrounded it lead to war? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 4- What did President William McKinley ask on April 11, 1898? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 5- What resolution did Congress pass on April 20, 1898? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 6- What was the Spanish government’s response to the U.S. ultimatum? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 7- What was McKinley’s response to Spain’s reaction to the U.S. ultimatum? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 8- What did the U.S. Congress vote on April 25, 1898? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 9- What was the outcome of the Treaty of Paris? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 10- What territories did the U.S. acquire after the Spanish American War? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 11- Define imperialism [Previous Knowledge]. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 12- Identify two causes of imperialism [Previous Knowledge]. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 13- What had American residents of the Hawaii Islands done in 1898? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 14- What had these Americans residents of the Hawaiian Islands asked of the U.S. government? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 15- Describe the U.S. response to this request. ________________________________________________________________________ Background to a Primary Source: “In 1899 Americans were divided sharply over whether to annex the Philippines. Annexationists and anti-annexationists, despite their differences, generally agreed that the U.S. needed opportunities for commercial expansion but disagreed over how to achieve that goal. Few believed that the Philippines themselves offered a crucial commercial advantage to the U.S., but many saw them as a crucial way station to Asia. ‘Had we no interests in China,’ noted one advocate of annexation, ‘the possession of the Philippines would be meaningless.’ ~ gmu.edu The Primary Source: President McKinley Hold a moment longer! Not quite yet, gentlemen! Before you go I would like to say just a word about the Philippine business. I have been criticized a good deal about the Philippines, but don’t deserve it. The truth is I didn’t want the Philippines, and when they came to us, as a gift from the gods, I did not know what to do with them. When the Spanish War broke out Dewey was at Hongkong, and I ordered him to go to Manila and to capture or destroy the Spanish fleet, and he had to; because, if defeated, he had no place to refit on that side of the globe, and if the Dons were victorious they would likely cross the Pacific and ravage our Oregon and California coasts. And so he had to destroy the Spanish fleet, and did it! But that was as far as I thought then. When I next realized that the Philippines had dropped into our laps I confess I did not know what to do with them…And one night late it came to me this way – I don’t know how it was, but it came: (1) That we could not give them back to Spain – that would be cowardly and dishonorable; (2) that we could not turn them over to France and Germany – our commercial rivals in the Orient—that would be bad business and discreditable; (3) that we could not leave them to themselves—they were unfit for self-government – and they would soon have anarchy and misrule over there worse than Spain’s was; and (4) that there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them, and by God’s grace do the very best we could by them, as our fellow-men for whom Christ also died. And then I went to bed, and went to sleep, and slept soundly, and the next morning I sent for the chief engineer of the War Department (our map-maker), and I told him to put the Philippines on the map of the United States (pointing to a large map on the wall of his office), and there they are, and there they will stay while I am President! Source: General James Rusling, “Interview with President William McKinley,” The Christian Advocate 22 January 1903, 17. Reprinted in Daniel Schirmer and Stephen Rosskamm Shalom, eds., The Philippines Reader (Boston: South End Press, 1987), 22–23. Questions: 1- Despite their differences, what did annexationists and anti-annexationists generally agree upon? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2- Why did many Americans believe that the Philippine Islands were important for American interests? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 3- According to the primary source, what did President McKinley originally think about the Philippines? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 4- According to the primary source, why had President McKinley sent Admiral Dewey to Manila? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 5- According to the primary source, what did President McKinley think when the “Philippines had dropped into our laps”? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 6- According to the primary source, why could President McKinley not give the Philippines back to Spain? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 7- According to the primary source, why could President McKinley not turn the islands over to France and Germany? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 8- According to the primary source, why could President McKinley not allow selfgovernment in the Philippines? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 9- According to the primary source, what did President McKinley conclude about the Philippines? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Mark Twain on Imperialism: “I left these shores, at Vancouver, a red-hot imperialist. I wanted the American eagle to go screaming into the Pacific. It seemed tiresome and tame for it to content itself with the Rockies. Why not spread its wings over the Phillippines, I asked myself? And I thought it would be a real good thing to do. I said to myself, here are a people who have suffered for three centuries. We can make them as free as ourselves, give them a government and country of their own, put a miniature of the American constitution afloat in the Pacific, start a brand new republic to take its place among the free nations of the world. It seemed to me a great task to which had addressed ourselves. But I have thought some more, since then, and I have read carefully the treaty of Paris, and I have seen that we do not intend to free, but to subjugate the people of the Phillippines. We have gone there to conquer, not to redeem. . . It should, it seems to me, be our pleasure and duty to make those people free, and let them deal with their own domestic questions in their own way. And so I am an anti-imperialist. I am opposed to having the eagle put its talons on any other land.” Why did Mark Twain oppose imperialism? ______________________________________________________________________________ Explain the meaning of the political cartoon. ______________________________________________________________________________ Explain the meaning of the political cartoon. _______________________________________ 1. Involvement in the SpanishAmerican War, acquisition of Hawaii, and introduction of the Open Door policy in China were actions taken by the United States Government to (A) establish military alliances with other nations (B) gain overseas markets and sources of raw materials (C) begin the policy of manifest destiny (D) support isolationist forces in Congress 2. United States annexation of the Philippines (1898) and military involvement in Vietnam (1960’s and 1970’s) are similar because in each event the United States (A) achieved its long-range foreign policy objectives (B) put the domino theory into action (C) demonstrated the strength and success of its military power (D) provoked domestic debate about its involvement in the internal affairs of other nations 3. Which argument was used to support United States acquisition of overseas possessions in the late 1800’s? (A) The United States needed to obtain raw materials and new markets. (B) The spread of Marxist ideas had to be stopped because they threatened world peace. (C) The United States should be the first world power to build a colonial empire. (D) The doctrine of Manifest Destiny had become obsolete. 4. Which United States foreign policy was most directly related to the rise of big business in the late 1800s? (A) containment (B) imperialism (C) détente (D) neutrality 5. Which United States policy is most closely associated with the annexation of Hawaii and the Philippines? (A) neutrality (B) isolationism (C) imperialism (D) international cooperation 6. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, United States intervention in Latin America was motivated by the United States desire to (A) protect its growing investments in Latin America (B) encourage Latin American trade with Europe (C) end Latin American independence movements (D) reduce the influence of communism in Latin America 7. In 1823, the Monroe Doctrine was established mainly because the United States wanted to (A) keep control of Alaska and Hawaii (B) establish more colonies in Latin America (C) support England’s attempt to keep its empire in Central America (D) warn Europe against any further colonization in Latin America