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Biology Exam Study Guide – 50 Points – Due
THIS IS NOT A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE!!!!! The questions are meant as a guide to help you,
not as a guarantee of all information on your comprehensive semester exam. You should review all of your
notes on the topics presented here.
Know the definitions and examples for the following words:
allele
biotechnology
centromere
cloning
codominance
conclusion
control group
data
diffusion
diploid
dominant
endocytosis
exocytosis
facilitated diffusion
frameshift mutation
gametes
genetics
genetic engineering
genotype
haploid
heredity
homologous chromosomes
hypotonic
hypertonic
isotonic
mitosis
mixture
meiosis
homozygous
heredity
heterozygous
hybrid
hypothesis
incomplete dominance
1. What is the difference between prokaryotic cells and
eukaryotic cells?
2. Which organisms are prokaryotic?
3. Which organisms are eukaryotic? You will be given a
list of organisms and you will have to label them as
prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
4. How many chromosomes are located in sex cells
compared to regular body cells?
5. What process makes sex cells?
6. What is the scientific term for sex cells?
7. The union of two sex cells results in a ______________.
7b. The union of two sex cells is called _______________.
8. What is the difference between somatic cells and sex
cells? Autosomes and sex chromosomes?
9. Are sex cells considered haploid or diploid?
10. Are somatic cells considered haploid or diploid?
11. What is the process of cell division which makes
somatic cells?
12. Which process creates haploid cells?
13. Which process creates diploid cells?
14. How do prokaryotic organisms reproduce?
15. Calculate the total magnification of the following: 10x
ocular lens and 45x objective lens.
16. What is ATP? What is it used for?
17. What is the role of mitochondria?
18. What are examples of topics studied in biology?
19. What are examples of topics not considered to be
scientific?
20. If an atom has 12 electrons, how many protons does it
have? How many electrons does it have on its outer
shell?
21. What process is used to make mRNA?
22. What process is used to change mRNA into a
protein?
23. What is the role of mRNA?
mutagen
mutation
nanotechnology
observation
phenotype
polymer
pure breed
recessive
sister chromatids
solute
solution
solvent
species
theory
transgenic organisms
zygotes
24. What is the role of tRNA?
25. What is the role of rRNA?
26. Which type of organisms have cell walls?
27. What is a selectively permeable membrane?
28. What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?
29. What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?
30. What happens to a cell in an isotonic solution?
31. If a cell is in an isotonic solution, what will happen to
the cell if more solute is added to the solution?
32. What is the correct order of the phases of mitosis?
33. Describe the phases of mitosis.
34. Which process contains crossing over?
35. Which part of the cell cycle does the cell spend most
of its time?
36. Why is the synthesis phase named this?
37. What part of the cell cycle does DNA replication
occur?
38. What is the purpose of spindle fibers?
39. What are centromeres used for?
40. What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
41. List and define the steps of the scientific method.
42. Arrange the following from smallest to largest: cell,
gene, chromosome, nucleus, nucleotide.
43. What are proteins made of?
44. What are proteins used for?
45. What is the subunit of nucleic acids called?
46. Muscular dystrophy, cystic fibrosis, and
Huntington’s disease are caused by___________.
47. What organelle is used to make glucose?
48. What is an organic molecule?
49. What type of molecule is glucose?
50. Give examples of the 4 groups of polymers we
studied.
51. What are ribosomes used for?
52. What are vacuoles used for?
53. How are plant cells and animal cells different?
54. What is chlorophyll?
55. What is a pedigree used for?
56. Draw the following symbols used in pedigrees:
unaffected male, unaffected female, carrier male, carrier
female, affected male, affected female
**There will be at least one pedigree on the exam and
you will have to know whether it is autosomal dominant
or recessive or sex-linked dominant or recessive
57. What is the role of DNA? Where is it located?
58. Give the genotype for homozygous dominant,
homozygous recessive and heterozygous.
59. What is the genotype of a pure breed?
60. What is the genotype of a hybrid?
61. What do the outside letters of Punnett squares
represent?
62. What do the inside letters represent?
63. Predict the resulting genotypes and phenotypes of the
following crosses:
a. homozygous dominant x homozygous recessive
b. homozygous dominant x heterozygous
c. heterozygous x heterozygous
d. homozygous recessive x heterozygous
Be able to recognize these scenarios and their outcomes
whether I give those terms or use purebred and hybrid,
the genotypes or the phenotypes.
64. Give an example of codominance.
65. Give an example of incomplete dominance.
66. Is RNA single stranded or double stranded?
67. Where is RNA located?
68. Type of inheritance when a trait is passed along the X
chromosome?
69. The last two chromosomes in humans are the
________ chromosomes.
70. Why should you limit your exposure to X-rays,
radiation and ultraviolet light?
71. What are these substances called? What can they
cause?
72. What nitrogenous bases are in DNA and how do they
pair up?
73. What nitrogenous bases are in RNA and how do they
pair up?
74. Give an example of a point mutation.
75. If you get skin cancer, will you pass it down to your
offspring? Why or why not?
76. Where does a mutation have to be located in order to
be passed down to your kids?
77. Name of part of DNA that codes for one protein.
78. What is the probability of having a boy or girl when
you have kids? Does this percentage change when you
have more kids?
79. What is the shape of DNA?
80. What is codon?
81. What are the parts of a nucleotide?
82. What are the genotypes for type A blood, type B
blood, type AB, type O blood?
83. How many dominant alleles are necessary in order to
see a dominant trait?
84. How many recessive alleles are necessary to see a
recessive trait?
85. Rate each of the following as passive or active
transport: osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion,
molecules moving from lesser concentration to
greater concentration
**You will be given different scenarios and will have to
label them as hypertonic, hypotonic or isotonic
86. What are some examples of diffusion?
87. What is the difference between facilitated diffusion
and active transport?
88. What are lysosomes and what do they contain?
89. When are sister chromatids formed?
90. What is the difference in the number of chromosomes
in an egg cell and a zygote?
91. Where does DNA replication take place?
92. What is DNA fingerprinting used for?
93. What are some possible uses for stem cell research?
94. What are some examples of genetically modified
foods?
95. Give some examples of transgenic organisms.
96. What are some drawbacks or negative consequences
of genetically modified foods?
97. What is genetic engineering?
98. What does transgenic mean?
99. What is an important first step in genetically
modifying an organism?