Download World Studies Chapter 3: Age of Exploration/Isolation Day Two

World History
Chapter 3: Age of Exploration/Isolation
Day One
I. Many Factors Encourage Exploration
A. Wealth (The main reason)
1. Europeans enjoyed the spices and other luxury goods they got during
the crusades.
2. Led to the countries of Europe wanting to find an all water route to
Asia and break the monopoly the Italians and Muslims had on trade.
B. Spread of Christianity
1. Due to the Crusades, European Christians felt a duty to convert nonChristians throughout the world.
2. Bartolomeu Dias (Portuguese explorer)- stated who sailed for “God,
Glory, and Gold.”
C. Technology advances
1. Caravel- ship designed to sail into the wind by tacking. (European
ships could not do before the 1400s)
2. Astrolabe- navigation tool perfected by the Muslims. It could tell a
captain how far north or south of the equator they were.
3. Compass- invented by the Chinese. Give the captain the direction the
ship is sailing
4. Sextant- device used the angle of elevation above the sun, moon, or star
to determine the exact time of day and the ship’s latitude.
II. Portugal Leads the Way
A. Prince Henry (son of the King of Portugal) was the most enthusiastic
supportive of exploration
1. Financially supported voyages along the west coast of Africa
2. Wanted to spread Christianity
3. Est. a sailing school to teach the fine art of sailing
B. Portuguese sailors reach Asia
1. Bartolomeu Dias sailed around the southern tip of Africa in 1487
2. Vasco da Gama- sailed to India, which gave Portugal a direct sea route
to India. (1498)
C. Rivalry between Spain and Portugal
1. Christopher Columbus- sailed for Spain to find a Western water route
across the Atlantic to Asia
a. Reached an island in the Caribbean, which eventually led to the
European colonization of the Americas and a rivalry between
Spain and Portugal.
2. Treaty of Tordesillas- agreement between Spain and Portugal (est. by
Pope Alexander I) that stated lands West of a line in the Atlantic
belonged to Spain and lands east would belong to Portugal.
3. Afonso de Albuquergue (Portugal) attacked Muslin/Italian traders
which allowed Europeans to buy goods at 1/5 the cost.
4. Ferdinand Magellan (Spain)- claimed the Philippines.
D. Dutch (Netherlands) & English challenge Portugal
1. By 1600, the Dutch had the Worlds largest army
World Studies
Chapter 3: Age of Exploration/Isolation
Day Two
2. Dutch and English battled Portugal for control of Indian Ocean trade
3. Dutch est. the Dutch East India Company to direct trade and quickly
became stronger than England’s East India Company and all others.
II. China Rejects European Outreach (Only government had right to trade with foreign
countries)
A. Ming Dynasty (which ended Mongol rule) rulers expected tributes (payment
by one nation to another to acknowledge its submission) from European
powers to do trade.
1. Confucianism- stressed social order, harmony, and good government
through education, strong family relationships, and respect for others.
1. Hongwu (1st Ming ruler)- est. reforms to restore farm lands after wars,
erase Mongol influence, and promote China’s power & prosperity
a. Eventually became a ruthless tyrant & purged government
officials
2. Yonglo (Hongwu’s son) became ruler and carried his father’s policies
a. He sponsored Chinese exploration led by Zheng He (Chinese
Muslim that went on seven voyages of exploration)
b. Zheng He distributed gold, silver, and silk to people to show
Chinese Superiority
B. The Manchus from Manchuria overthrew the Ming dynasty and took a
Chinese name for their dynasty- the Qing dynasty.
1. In the beginning, the Chinese revolted from the Manchus. The
Manchus made Chinese were their hair in a pigtail as a sign of
submission to their rule
2. Eventually, the Manchus earned the Chinese respect by making the
country safe and rich.
3. Emperor Kangxi earned Chinese respect by lowering taxes, reduced
government spending and offered Chinese intellectuals government
positions
C. Manchus Continue a Policy of Isolation
1. The Dutch accepted Chinese rules for trading (trading at specific ports
and paying tributes) and performing kowtow (kneeling in front of
emperor and touching their heads to the ground nine times)
2. England tried to trade with China but the English refused to kowtow
(unsuccessful till 1800s)
3. Everyone wanted Chinese tea
D. Korea became a vassal state (countries that recognize the overlordship, or
domination, of another country) to China
E. Role of Chinese women- submissive, educate children, work in fields, and
managed family finances
1. Boys valued higher than girls. Some girls killed at birth
2. Women practiced foot-binding until the 20th century
III. Japan Limits Western Contacts
A. Local Lords Rule
World Studies
Chapter 3: Age of Exploration/Isolationism
Day Three
1. Civil war caused Japan to broken into domains (lands belonging to a
single lord)
a. This time period is known as Sengoku or warring states.
2. Powerful samurai took control of old feudal states and offered
protection to the people.
a. Samurai became known as Daimyo (Feudal warlords who
commanded a private army of samurai)
B. Oda Nobunaga- Brutal daimyo who ruled by force
1. Used musketeers to crush a force of samurai
C. Toyotomi Hideyoshi- took over after Nobunaga
1. Took control of a large portion of Japan and invaded China controlled
Korea
D. Tokugawa Ieyasu- unified all of Japan at the Battle of Sekigahara.
1. To ensure no one revolted against him, he required the daimyos to live
in the capital city every other year. When they were able to return home,
their families remained at the capital city to serve as a hostage.
E. Japanese Society
1. Confucian ideals, like in China, dominated society.
a. Ideal society based on agriculture and farmers made ideal
citizens over businessmen.
b. Unfortunately, farmers taxed heavily
2. Women viewed the same as Chinese women.
3. Kabuki theater- type of drama in which actors in customs used music,
dance, and mime, performed skits about modern urban life.
4. Haiku- poetry, which does not express ideas, but present images.
F. Shipwrecked Portuguese Sailors were the first to reach Japan
1. Explorers were at first welcomed by the daimyo.
2. Portuguese introduced clocks, eyeglasses, tobacco, and firearms.
G. Christian Missionaries in Japan
1. Japan accepted them in hopes they had muskets to trade.
2. Tokugawa Ieyasu eventually banned missionaries due to them openly
scorning traditional Japanese beliefs and taking part in local politics.
a. Zen Buddhism became the official religion.
b. Strict discipline of mind and body was the Zen path the
wisdom.
H. The Closed Country Policy
1. At first, there was no Central government to address foreign trade.
2. Eventually a central gov’t was est. and had exclusive right when
dealing with foreign merchants.
3. Gov.’t only allowed Dutch and Chinese could trade, no other country.
4. This will eventually changed with American Expeditions