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Transcript
Western Monotheistic Religions The “Axial Age” 500BCE – 100CE China Confucius Laozi India Buddha Hinduism The Axial Age Palestine Jesus Greece Socrates Plato Aristotle Persia Zaruthustra Revolutionary monotheisms: Jews, Christians, and Muslims (Abrahamic faiths) (J-C-I Tradition) believe: There is ONE God (monotheism) God is above nature and human weakness (transcendent) Sacred books are revealed Judaism Approximately 3800 years old Founder of Judaism: Abraham Foundational stories of Judaism are ones of journey, exile, return Descendants of Abraham comprise a divinely chosen family and ethnic group World’s first ethical monotheistic religion Rembrandt’s Abraham Key Historical Events Judaism Moses and the 10 Commandmentsethical monotheism-the Covenant Hebrew Kingdoms—David and Solomon Diaspora – Torah (“Bible”) and Talmud (Law) Chosen People Sacred Geography-Israel, Jerusalem Exodus Moses and his Covenant with God Basic Beliefs of Judaism Meaning in God – ethical monotheism “God is righteous and loves man” Meaning in Creation “The universe is god-created” Meaning in Man “Man is created in God’s image” “The Chosen People” Meaning in History “The Promised Land” Basic Beliefs of Judaism Meaning in Morality – the Covenant with God “Ten Commandments” and Torah Meaning in Justice “injustice breeds its own demise” Talmud Meaning in Suffering-Last Judgment, Salvation Jews within the Roman Empire During Roman times, there was already a “Jewish diaspora” Jewish communities often came into conflict with Romans when they refused to worship Roman deities or emperors 66-70 CE—Jerusalem defeated by Rome, second temple destroyed Diaspora 922 B.C. The Jewish kingdom is established 70 A.D. The Romans conquer the Jewish kingdom – the Temple of Solomon is destroyed. 11-12th Cent. Massacres on Jews in the Rhineland and by the Crusaders. 1215 Jews in Europe are forced to dress in a certain way or carry the Jewish mark. 1290 The Jews are expelled from England. 14th Cent. The Jews are expelled from France. 1492 The Jews are expelled from Spain, unless they are willing to be baptised. 1648 Massacres on Jews in Poland and the Ukraine. 19th Cent. The Jews are gradually emancipated in Germany and in other Westernm European countries. 1819 Pogrom against the Jews of Copenhagen. 1881 Pogroms in Russia following the murder of the Tsar. 1919 Pogroms in Eastern Europe – 60,000 Jews are killed in the Ukraine by Ukrainian nationalists. Judaism during the Middle Ages Forced to wear yellow star Burning the Talmud Examples of Anti-Semitism Burned to Death Jesus Born c. 4 BCE Independent-minded Jewish Rabbi? Political revolutionary? Executed for activities and teachings c. 30 CE JESUS PREACHING TO FOLLOWERS See RGH #45 “The Ranking of Jesus in History” CHRIST BEFORE PILATE CRUCIFIXION RESURRECTION OF CHRIST Basic Beliefs of Jesus love your fellow man-Golden Rule turn the other cheek – pacifism, nonviolence? social justice-live simply equality of men and women opposed to the ceremonialism of Judaism Early Christianity Splinter group within Judaism Spread by Paul of Tarsus and others; enabled by pax romana Many poor and disenfranchised were attracted to Christianity • “Blessed are the meek for they shall inherit the earth” Mark 5 A religion of conversion 3rd century: ONE TENTH of Western Roman Empire Christian Paul of Tarsus Paul’s Additions to Christianity Christian theology-role of the church and the priests original sin Jesus divine, the “son of God” subordinate role for women faith in God-saving stuff is “grace” universal mission – seek converts no longer follow Jewish practices celibacy Paul’s Third Trip to Rome Christianization of the Roman Empire Christianization of “pagan” cults and temples Christianization of Roman feast days Celebration of “martyrs” Conversion of Germanic peoples Persecuted religion intolerance of “pagans” Catholic Church in Assisi Formerly Temple of Minerva CHARLEMAGNE DEFEATS THE SAXONS Conversion by the Sword? Allah in Arabic Arabia before Muhammad Arabia was situated between two world powers: Roman Byzantine Empire and Persian Sasanid Empire The Arabian peninsula was inhabited by nomadic, warring tribesbedouins Major religions of the region: Christianity and Zoroastrianism The Prophet, Muhammad Born c. 570 C.E. in Mecca At 40, he began to receive revelations from archangel Gabriel In 622 Muhammad and followers fled to Yathrib, later known as Medina [the hijra]. 622 = year one of the Muslim calendar In 630 Muhammad and followers returned to Mecca In 632 Muhammad led the first haj to the Ka’ba Muhammad died in 632 See RGH# 48 “The Ranking of Muhammad in History” The Hijra - “Flight” Muhammad flees to Yathrib (Medina) 622 CE • Year 0 in Muslim calendar Organizes followers into communal society • (the umma) Legal, spiritual code Commerce, raids on Meccan caravans for sake of umma The Ka’aba PROPHET MUHAMMAD AT THE KA'BA WITH ANGEL SEIZING IDOLS Islam – Basic Beliefs Monotheism • “Do not say ‘three’—Allah is but one God. Allah forbid that he should have a son.” Prophecy – Muhammad “the Seal” Quran – literal word of Allah, in Arabic Angels – hierarchy, role of Gabriel Last Judgment GRAND MOSQUE IN MECCA The Five Pillars of Islam MUSLIMS MUST: Profession of the Faith: Acknowledge Allah as the only god and Muhammad as his prophet Pray: five times daily, facing Mecca Fast during Ramadan Charity: Give alms to the weak and poor Haj: If able, make a pilgrimage to Mecca once in their lifetimes The Ka’ba at Mecca The Quran [Koran] “Recitations” It is considered the absolute and uncorrupted word of God It should be chanted and studied in the original Arabic, other versions are considered “translations” or “interpretations” See RGH #51 “Islam: The Koran” The Opening Prayer In the name of God the Compassionate the Caring Praise be to God lord sustainer of the worlds the Compassionate the Caring Master of the day of reckoning To you we turn to worship and to you we turn in time of need Guide us along the road straight the road of those to whom you are giving not those which anger upon them not those who have lost the way. Prayer in Islam Call to Prayer Organization Sunna – hadith, or traditions of Muhammad Sharia – Quran + Sunna = The Law Ulema and Imams – like rabbis “Sabbath” – Friday noon, Mosques BUT No priests, no hierarchy, no pope, no idols, no sacraments, no original sin, no separation between church and state, no sabbath. “Bestseller in Mideast: Barbie With a Prayer Mat” NYT 9/22/05 Women in Islam Muhammad sought to improve the treatment of women Muslims adopted the pre-existing Byzantine and Persian custom of veiling to observe “modesty” as required for Muslim women and men The Quran enjoins women believers to “lower their gaze and be mindful of their chastity, and not to display their charms [in public] beyond what may [decently] be apparent thereof.” 24:31 Similarities: Judaism, Christianity, Islam Yahweh, God, Allah: One god, the same god Same lineage, from Abraham All have holy books All require acts of faith All advocate ethical and moral behavior All originate from histories of opposition and persecution All claim Jerusalem as a holy city The Temple Mount in Jerusalem: Featuring the Western Wall and Dome of the Rock Holy City of Jerusalem The Western Wall Dome of the Rock Church of the Holy Sepulcher Sunni / Shia Schism Sunni: • Largest branch of Islam • Believe in the legitimacy of the earliest caliphs • Believe the role of the caliph is to protect the divine law, act of judge, and rule over community Shia: • Minority opposition to Sunni • Believe leadership should reside in the line of Ali • Believe that the caliph can interpret the Quran and law; that he possesses inward knowledge Chronology of the Islamic Empires 570-632 Life of Muhammad 661-750 Umayyad Dynasty 750-1258 Abbasid Dynasty 1096-1204 Crusades from Europe 1258 Mongol capture of Baghdad The Islamic Empires EARLY EXPANSION OF MUSLIM RULE Conversion by the sword? No. Islam transcended tribal divisions and united Arab tribes Conquests were not about conversion by the sword but about uniting Arab tribes and expanding Arab territory “People of the Book” were not pressured to convert Non-Muslims paid higher taxes so Arabs had “little material incentive to encourage conversion” Umayyad Dynasty 661-750 Time of conquest but little conversion Control monopolized by Arabs which caused tension Abbasid Dynasty 750-1258 The “golden age” of Islam Islamic empires revived the economic unity of the region and became the hub between Asia and Europe Time of the “Muslim synthesis” Harun al Rashid Baghdad the capital The “Muslim Synthesis”-First World Civilization? Muslims merged the scientific and intellectual traditions of Greece and India and enhanced them with their own commentary They preserved Greek philosophy at a time that Europe was a “cultural backwater” ARTERIES OF TRADE AND TRAVEL IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD, TO 1500 “First World Civilization” Relationship with Christianity al-Andalus - Spain Great Mosque at Cordoba, 786 When the Abbasids attempted to massacre 800 family members of the Umayyad dynasty at a dinner of peace, a few of them escaped, fled to Spain, and established Cordoba as their capital. The Great Mosque of Cordoba, begun in 786, contains all of the usual features of a mosque, but it is best known for its interior double set of horseshoe-shaped arches, one above the other, which are mounted on the capitals of The Crusades Crusade = “holy war” Series of military campaigns undertaken by European Christendom against the Abbasid empire Five military campaigns between 1095-1300 Offensive or defensive wars? Map of the Crusades and the Reconquest of Spain Reasons for the Crusades To “recapture” Jerusalem To end wars among Europe’s knights Desire for wealth and information from the more advanced Islamic civilization Important turning points… First crusade conquered Jerusalem 1099; recaptured by Saladin 1187 Fourth crusade targeted Constantinople, weakening Byzantine empire against the rising power of the Turks Long-term effects of the Crusades The Crusades were never a mortal threat to the Abbasids but they eroded their long-held culture of religious toleration Weakened the Byzantine empire against the rising power of the Turks The Crusades stimulated Europe’s economy and “reintegrat[ed] Western Europe into the larger economy of the Eastern hemisphere” TE Helped unify Europe vis a vis the “East” Seige of Constantinople Conquest by Ottomans, 1453 End of the Byzantine Empire Map of Constantinople