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Biology 11
Semester 1 Exam Review
2012-2013
The Living Condition
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Name and describe the general processes that distinguish living from nonliving things.
Know the following about the scientists that were involved in the abiogenesis
controversy, what they believed and their experiment. (Redi, Spallanzani, Needham
Pasteur)
Working With The Microscope
Care And Use of the Microscope
1.
Identify the structures and explain the functions of the various parts of a compound
microscope.
2.
Calculate the magnifications of the various ocular lens and objective lens combinations.
3.
Describe the following, and state how each changes as you move from low power to high
power with the compound light microscope: resolution; depth of focus; light intensity;
field of view size.
Measurement with Microscopes
1.
Convert cm to mm to μm.
2.
Predict the position and orientation of any object as viewed through the microscope.
3.
Estimate the size (in μm) of any organism under the microscope at different magnifications.
4.
Determine the scaled magnification of a diagram of a specimen, knowing the specimen's
actual size.
Plant and Animal Cell Structure
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List and explain the general similarities in structure between plant and animal cells.
List and explain the general differences in structure between plant and animal cells.
Account for the above similarities and differences as much as possible.
Identify a cell as being either plant or animal, based on given descriptions.
Eukaryotic Cell Structures
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State the differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
Describe in simple terms the evidence used by biologists to support the symbiotic theory
of the evolution of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells.
Describe the importance of the cell membrane to the function of the cell.
Explain the importance of the cell wall as found surrounding plant cells and some other
types of cells.
Explain how and why individual plant and animal cells vary from the "generalized" cells
often depicted in textbooks.
Briefly describe the function of the following cellular structures and organelles:
endoplasmic reticulum; ribosome; Golgi body; mitochondrion; chloroplast; vacuole;
lysosome; centriole; cilia and flagella; nuclear membrane; chromatin/chromosome.
Describe how the various organelles in a cell often work together, and give a few
examples.
Define unicellular and multicellular.
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Explain how unicellular organisms differ from multicellular organisms with respect to how
they perform their life processes.
Describe how cells are arranged into increasingly complex levels of cellular organization
in multicellular organisms - tissues; organs; organ systems
Explain why it is necessary for cells to have a high surface area to volume ratio.
Use changes in SA:V ratios to explain why cells must be small.
Describe the structural adaptation(s) that some cells have that increases their surface
area to volume ratio.
The Cell and Its Environment
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State the cell theory.
Describe the general properties of the plasma membrane.
Describe the three main types of molecules that make up the plasma membrane phospholipid molecules; proteins; cholesterol - and describe their function.
Distinguish between carrier proteins and channel proteins.
Explain what the “fluid mosaic model” of membrane structure means.
Define diffusion and relate the definition to the particle movement theory.
State three factors that affect the rate of diffusion and the effect that each factor
has on the rate of diffusion.
Explain the effect that a selectively permeable membrane has on the movement of
molecules by diffusion.
Apply the concepts of diffusion and osmosis to everyday occurrences (e.g. why we gargle
with salty water when we have a sore throat, why fish preserved with salt will not spoil,
or why watering will restore a wilted plant).
Differentiate between passive and active transport of materials into and out of cells.
Explain why diffusion and osmosis alone are not sufficient processes to transport all
materials into and out of living cells as needed.
Describe how facilitated diffusion differs from regular simple diffusion.
Explain the conditions under which active transport will be used to transport molecules
into or out of cells.
Explain the conditions under which phagocytosis or pinocytosis would be used by a cell to
bring substances into the cytoplasm from the environment.
Describe how exocytosis is used to move certain substances from the cytoplasm, through
the membrane, to the outside of the cell.
Biochemistry
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Define organic compound.
Know the four biological molecules, the elements in each, their function/use, monomer,
polymer and examples
Be able to identify the structural formula of each monomer for carbohydrate, amino acid
and lipids and major parts of each.
Know the difference and be able to recognize a condensation vs. hydrolysis reaction.
Know the Concept Map for Organic Compound as done in class.
Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fats.
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Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
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Know why organisms require energy…list at least 4 specific activities.
Know the balanced chemical equation for both photosynthesis and aerobic respiration.
Know where both the light and dark reaction occur and what happens in both for
photosynthesis.
Be able to label a chloroplast and mitochondrion.
Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Know the difference between the two types of anaerobic respiration and organisms that
perform this process.
Know the major steps of anaerobic respiration with reactants and products and where it
occurs in the mitochondrion.
Know the differences between photosynthesis and aerobic respiration.
Know the difference between exergonic and endergonic reactions.
Biological Classification - Taxonomy
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Explain the necessity of classification in Biology or any science.
Describe the contributions of Aristotle and Linnaeus to the science of taxonomy.
Define the term binomial nomenclature, and explain the rules that apply to using it.
Distinguish between the terms genus and species.
List the seven main taxonomic groups and know which is more general.
(kingdom; phylum; class; order; family; genus; species).
Define phylogeny, and explain how today’s taxonomists use it.
Know how taxonomists use the following in order to determine an organism's phylogeny:
fossils; homologous structures; comparative studies of chemistry, embryos, proteins and DNA.
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State the purpose of a classification key.
Explain what is unique about dichotomous classification keys.
Use a prepared spider key or dichotomous key to identify unknown organisms.
Name the five kingdoms of living things used today and list the unique characteristics of
each kingdom.
Describe the events that changed the two-kingdom system to a three, four, then five
kingdom classification system.
Viruses
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Describe the basic structure of a virus.
Explain why viruses occupy an unusual position between living and non-living matter.
Explain in general how viruses replicate inside a host cell.
Explain the term ‘bacteriophage’.
Outline the two pathways of viral replication (lytic and lysogenic cycle).
Kingdom Monera
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Describe the general characteristics of prokaryotic cells.
Name and describe the three main groups of bacteria, as classified by shape, and how the
prefixes diplo, strepto and staphylo are used to describe colonies or groups of bacteria.
Describe the general structure of a bacterial cell.
Know how a bacterial cell reproduces.
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Kingdom Protista
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List the three main groups in kingdom Protista and describe the general features of each
group.
Describe the general characteristics of the protozoans in terms of mobility (rhizopods,
ciliates, flagellates, sporozoans) and be able to give an example of each.
Be able to label and function of the key features of a Parmecium.
Homeostasis and Animal Systems
1.
Be able to identify on a diagram the primary organs of the human body associated with
the following systems: digestion, respiration, and circulation
2.
Be able to identify on a diagram the primary organs of the earthworm associated with
the following systems: digestion and circulation
3.
Know how diffusion is necessary in the body to maintain homeostasis for oxygen, carbon
dioxide and glucose.
Digestion
1.
Be able to distinguish between one-way and two-way digestive systems with an example
of an organism that uses this method.
2.
Know the main structures and their functions in the earthworm for digestion.
3.
Know the 4 phases of digestion, the structures involved for each and how they are
controlled.
4.
Know which macromolecules are broken down by the key enzymes studied.
Circulatory
1.
Know how blood flows in the human and earthworm body.
2.
Know the two main types of circulatory systems and organisms that exhibit each type.
3.
Know the two main types of blood cells and their function: erythrocytes, leucocytes
Respiratory
1.
Know the process of inhalation and exhalation in the human body.
2.
Know the structures that can be used to get oxygen into the body and organisms that use
these.
3.
Purpose of nose hairs.
4.
Know how breathing is controlled.