Download 8th Grade History Standard: The student uses a working

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1. 8th Grade History Standard: The student uses a working knowledge and
understanding of significant individuals, groups, ideas, events, era, and
developments in the history of Kansas, the United States, and the world,
utilizing essential analytical and research skills.
2. Benchmark One: The student understands individuals, groups, ideas,
developments, and turning points in the early years of the United States.
3. Indicator One: explains the major compromises to create the Constitution.
4. Virginia Plan: Based on Population.
5. New Jersey Plan: Based on equality.
6. Great Compromise: or Connecticut Compromise. Two houses.
7. The US Senate was based on equality or two Senators per state.
8. The US House of Representatives was based on population.
9. Three-Fifth’s Compromise: Five blacks equals three whites for taxes and
representation in the House of Representatives.
10. Bill of Rights: Included George Mason’s Virginia Bill of Rights. They were
necessary to convince Virginia to ratify the constitution.
11. Indicator Two: describes how the conflicts between Thomas Jefferson and
Alexander Hamilton resulted in the emergence of two political parties.
12. Thomas Jefferson started the Democratic-Republican Party, which represented
the average people.
13. Alexander Hamilton started the Federalist Party which represented the wealthy
people.
14. Election of 1796: John Adams defeated Thomas Jefferson. Adams became our
second President. (Federalist) Jefferson became the Vice-President.
(Democratic-Republican)
15. Election of 1800: Jefferson defeated John Adams. Tied with Aaron Burr. House
chose Jefferson to be our third President.
16. Alien & Sedition Act: John Adams was a Federalist President. He had this act
passed to protect the Federalist Party. Aliens had to wait 14 years, not 5 to vote
in elections. Sedition Act prohibited criticism of the government.
17. National Bank: Created by Hamilton, the first Secretary of Treasure. Purposes
were to loan money to banks, and print money.
18. View of foreign policy: Hamilton and the federalists were more involved in
foreign policy, Jefferson preferred isolationism.
19. Indicator Three: describes the impact of the War of 1812. Madison’s War.
20. War Background: Britain had been impressing our sailors, taking sailors off our
ships. The US hoped to acquire Canada. The US wanted the British out of the
Northwest Territory.
21. Oliver Perry: naval officer that fought the British on the Great Lakes. Failed to
capture Canada.
22. Washington D.C: British tried to burn our capital city.
23. Francis Scott Key: wrote the Star Spangled Banner, while on a boat during the
Battle of Fort McHenry. Inner Harbor of Baltimore.
24. William Henry Harrison: defeated the Shawnee Indians led by Tecumseh at the
battle of Tippiecanoe. British supplied guns to the Indians.
25. Treaty of Ghent: Ended the War of 1812. Signed in Ghent, Belgium. Dec. 24,
1814. Neither side gained any land.
26. Andrew Jackson: Old Hickory. defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans.
Actually fought two weeks after the war was over. Jan 8, 1815.
27. Nationalism: Pride in your country. Respect from Europe.
28. Indicator Four: explains the impact of constitutional interpretation.
29. Alien and Sedition Act: Were they a violation of the first amendment and
freedom of speech and press?
30. Louisiana Purchase: Jefferson bought Louisiana from France. Does the
President have the power to purchase property? Lewis & Clark were sent in 1803
to explore Louisiana. They followed the Missouri River to the Rockies.
31. John Marshall: chief justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835. His ideas
shaped the Supreme Court. One of John Adams Midnight Appointments of
federalist judges to the federal court system.
32. Marbury vs Madison: Marbury was appointed a federal judge, but Madison had
not given him his papers. Was he a Judge? First example of judicial review.
33. McCulloch vs Maryland: Maryland is attempting to tax the national bank. Does a
state have the right to tax federal property? The national government is above
the states.
34. George Washington: 1st US President. No political party.
35. John Adams: 2nd US President Federalist Party.
36. Thomas Jefferson: 3rd US President. Democratic-Republican Party.
37. James Madison: 4th US President. Democratic-Republican Party.
38. James Monroe: 5th US President. Democratic-Republican Party.
39. Indicator Five: analyzes how territorial expansion of the US affected
relations with external powers and American Indians.
40. Louisiana Purchase: The Native Americans were forced to move to reservations
in Oklahoma or South Dakota.
41. Manifest Destiny: was the theory that the US would spread coast to coast. Once
again, Indians were forced to move.
42. Northwest Ordinance: governed Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio.
These Indians were gradually put on reservations or moved to South Dakota.
43. In 1820, Moses Austin received permission to bring 300 families into Texas.
Mexican citizenship and Catholic Religion.
44. In 1821, Stephen Austin brought the 300 families into Texas. By 1833, there
were 30,000 Texans. Mexico shut off future immigration.
45. Santa Anna in 1835 attacked Gonzales, Texas to capture a cannon. Start of the
Texas Revolution.
46. Battle of the Alamo. San Antonio. 1836. Santa Anna and his army of 1500
destroyed James Bowie, William Travis and Davy Crocket and their group of 200
were killed. At Goliad, some 300 Texans were killed.
47. Battle of San Jacinto: Sam Houston captured Santa Anna and the Texas
Revolution was over. Texas became the Lone Star Republic.
48. Mexican-American War: started in 1846, when the US annexed Texas.
49.
The Spot Resolution was when the US sent Zachary Taylor to the Rio
Grande river to protect the US. Mexico thought the Nueces river was the
boundary, and war developed. Taylor then invaded and conquered Northern
Mexico.
50.
Stephen Kearney defeated the Mexicans in New Mexico, Arizona &
California.
51.
John C. Fremont, “the Pathfinder,” had already unofficially taken over
California in the Bear Flag Revolt.
52. Winfield Scott attacked Mexico City by sea.
53. Mexico surrendered in 1848. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war
and the US acquired the Mexican Cession, or Southwest US.
54. California gold rush: Near Sacramento John Sutter was given a large grant of
land. At Sutter’s saw mill, gold was discovered in 1848.
55.
Forty-niners went to California to find gold. Covered wagons, boats to
Panama, boats around South America.
56. Indicator Six: explains how the Industrial Revolution and technological
developments impacted different parts of American society.
57. Interchangeable parts: started by Eli Whitney with a rifle. Started by Eli Whitney
with a rifle. Easier to replace broken pieces.
58. Cotton gin: Invented by Eli Whitney. Necessity of more slaves. Increased the
number of jobs in textile mills.
59. Railroads: The Tom Thumb on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Improved
transportation which lowered costs of transportation and shipping. Created jobs
and expansion to the west.
60. Steamboats: Robert Fulton invented the Clermont which was used on the
Hudson River. Improved transportation which lowered costs of transportation
and shipping.
61. Canals: The use of locks allowed the boats to go up and over hills and
mountains. Lowered Shipping Costs. Quicker transportation time.
62. The Erie Canal connected the Great Lakes at Buffalo, NY with Albany, NY.
63. The Hudson River connects Albany with New York City.
64. Indicator Seven: defines and gives examples of issues during Andrew Jackson’s
presidency.
65. James Monroe: 5th US President. Democratic-Republican Party.
66. John Quincy Adams: 6th US President. Democratic-Republican Party.
67. Andrew Jackson 7th US President. Democratic Party:
68. Election of 1824: Jackson won the most popular and electoral votes, but not a
majority. The House of Representatives chose John Quincy Adams to be
President Jackson started the Democratic Party: Jackson represented the
“average man”.
69. Jackson easily won the election of 1828.
70. Expansion of suffrage: Jackson believed that all men should be allowed to vote,
even if they did not own property.
71. Opposition to elitism: Jackson did not think that money or a family name made
people better than everyone else.
72. Spoils system: started by Jackson, allowed him to appoint government officials.
73. Opposition to the Second National Bank: the bank favored the wealthy. Took
the money out of the national bank and placed it in “pet banks.”
74. Indian Removal Act of 1830: Jackson forced the Eastern Indians to move to
Oklahoma. This led to the “Trail of Tears”. Thousands of Cherokees died on this
trip.
75. Chief Justice John Marshall said this was unconstitutional, but Jackson did it
anyway.
76. Indicator Eight: analyzes the development of nativism as a reaction to
waves of Irish and German immigrants during the 1840’s-1850’s.
77. Nativism: is the reaction of Americans to the newly arriving immigrants. Most
Americans were anti-immigrant.
78. Irish immigrants: Irish people tended to move to large cities and work in
factories. Helped build the railroads in the West.
79. German immigrants: German people moved to Midwestern states and became
farmers.
80. Indicator Nine: explains the impact on American society of religious,
social, and philosophical reform movements of the early 19th century.
81. Abolition: ending slavery.
82. Frederick Douglas: ex-slave that wrote the North Star.
83. Harriet Beecher Stowe: wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin.
84. Education: free public education.
85. Horace Mann: led the education movement in Massachusetts.
86. University of North Carolina: The first public university.
87. Mental health: Dorthea Dix led the movement to improve mental institutions and
prisons.
88. Women’s rights: movement to allow women’s suffrage, legal rights, right to own
property. Led by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
89. Temperance: to get rid of alcohol. Carry Nation of Kansas broke up many bars.
90. Homeless shelters: Settlement houses to aid the homeless. Jane Addams
started the Hull House in Chicago.
91. Benchmark Two: the student uses a working knowledge and
understanding of individuals, groups, ideas, developments, and the causes
and effects of the Civil War.
92. Indicator One: explains the issues of nationalism and sectionalism.
93. Nationalism: is pride in your country.
94. Sectionalism: is pride in your part of the country.
95. Expansion of slavery: Should slavery be allowed in the West? The Land
Ordinance of 1787 prohibited slavery in the Old Northwest.
96. The Missouri Compromise prohibited slavery north of the line 36º30’.
97. The Wilmot Proviso would prohibit slavery in the Mexican Cession. The Senate
defeated this bill, but it showed a future trend in the US.
98. Tariffs: tax on imports to protect American industries and workers. The
Northeast wanted tariffs on industrial imports.
99. Westward expansion: should the land be free, and slavery allowed.
100.
Internal improvements: was the building of roads and canals. Should
they be paid for with public or private money.
101.
National Road or Cumberland Road was the first built with public
money. It went from Cumberland, Maryland to Ohio.
102.
Nullification: is to get rid of federal laws.
103.
South Carolina voted to nullify the Tariff of Abominations, because it was
too high. Led by John C. Calhoun. Henry Clay wrote the Tariff Compromise of
1833.
104.
Indicator Two: discusses the impact of constitutional interpretation
during the era.
105.
Dred Scott vs. Sanford: Dred Scott was a slave that was taken by a
military doctor to a free state and a free territory. Justice Taney decided that
Scott was a slave or property and that property could be taken anywhere.
106.
Plessy vs. Ferguson: stated that separate but equal was constitutional.
107.
Lincoln’s suspension of Habeas Corpus: shall have the body (in court).
During the Civil War, Lincoln dropped this theory. Was this unconstitutional??
108.
Innocent until proven guilty is a basic theory of US Government: In reality
we detain the suspect until they are proven innocent.
109.
Indicator Three: retraces events that led to sectionalism and
secession prior to the Civil War:
110.
Missouri Compromise: Was written in 1820 when Missouri wanted to
enter the Union as a slave state. Henry Clay, the Great Compromiser, wrote the
Compromise of 1820. Missouri would become a slave state, Maine would
become a free state, and 36º 30’ would divide the slave and free territories.
111.
Compromise of 1850: Was written in 1850 when California wanted to
enter the Union as a free state. Henry Clay also wrote this compromise.
112.
Details: California became a free state, runaway slave law, no slave
auctions in D.C., popular sovereignty in the territories.
113.
Popular sovereignty: People got to vote on the issue of slavery.
114.
Kansas-Nebraska Act: was written by Stephen Douglas, a senator from
Illinois.
115.
Purpose: to organize the territory to build a railroad. Slavery issue was to
be decided by popular sovereignty.
116.
Indicator Four: Explain how state’s rights lead to the Civil War.
117.
The States created the national government, so they also have the right to
nullify national laws. If the north passes laws that limit slavery, the south should
have the right to nullify these laws or they must secede.
118.
Indicator Five: Turning points of the Civil War.
119.
Most Battles: took place in Virginia or Tennessee.
120.
121.
122.
Battle of Fort Sumter: 1st Civil War Battle
Location: South Carolina , April 12-14, 1861
Maj. Robert Anderson [US]; Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard [CS].
123.
US 80 soldiers; CS est. 500)
124.
Beauregard, in command of the Confederate forces at Charleston, South
Carolina, demanded the surrender of the Union garrison of Fort Sumter . On April
12, Confederate batteries opened fire on the fort, and the North surrendered.
There were no casualties during the bombardment.
125.
The First Battle of Bull Run, also known as Manassas was fought on
July 21, 1861, in Virginia. It was the first major land battle of the American Civil
War.
126.
Principal Commanders: Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell [US]; Brig. Gen.
Joseph E. Johnston and Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard [CS]
127.
Forces Engaged: US 28,450; CS 32,230.
128.
Estimated Casualties: 4,700 total
129.
McDowell marched from Washington against the Confederate army, which
was drawn up behind Bull Run The Federal retreat rapidly deteriorated into a
rout. Thomas J. Jackson (South) earned the name “Stonewall.” This battle
convinced the Lincoln administration that the war would be a long and costly
affair.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
Battle of Fort Henry
Location: Tennessee, and Kentucky border
Campaign: Federal attack up the Tennessee River (Feb 6, 1862)
Principal Commander: Brig. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant
Estimated Casualties: 119 total
135.
Description: By February 1862, Fort Henry, a Confederate earthen fort
on the Tennessee River with outdated guns. Brig. Gen. U.S. Grant landed on the
Tennessee River to occupy the high ground on the Kentucky side. Fort Henry’s
fall opened the Tennessee River to Union gunboats and shipping as far as
Muscle Shoals, Alabama.
136.
Battle of Fort Donelson
137.
This was a major victory for Brig. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and a
catastrophe for the South. It ensured that Kentucky would stay in the Union and
opened up Tennessee for a Northern advance along the Tennessee and
Cumberland rivers. Grant received a promotion to major general for his victory
and attained stature in the Western Theater, earning the nom de guerre
“Unconditional Surrender.”
138.
Battle of Shiloh:
139.
Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston quartered his forces at
Corinth, Mississippi—a major railroad center. Union commander Maj. Gen.
Ulysses S. Grant prepared for its own offensive along the Tennessee river.
Grant's army made camp at Pittsburg Landing where it awaited reinforcements in
the form of Buell’s Army of the Ohio. The South drove the Union back to
Pittsburg Landing. Johnston was mortally wounded early during the day and
command of the Confederate force fell to Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard.
140.
Day two: With the addition of Buell's men, the Grant’s force of around
40,000 outnumbered Beauregard’s army of fewer than 30,000. The battle of
Shiloh, or Pittsburg Landing, cost both sides a combined total of 23,746 men
killed, wounded, or missing—more casualties than America had suffered in all
previous wars.
141.
Antietam: took place in Maryland, the bloodiest day of the war. Appx.
3,600 people died as the North defeated the South. An offensive attack by the
South.
142.
Gettysburg: An offensive attack by the South. Lee invaded Pennsylvania
and was destroyed in a 3 day battle. First major turning point.
143.
Vicksburg: Second turning point. Located in Mississippi along the
Mississippi River. A three month long siege led to a Northern victory and this
divided the South along the Mississippi River. Led by US Grant. Ended on July
3, 1863. This battle divided the South along the Mississippi River.
144.
Emancipation Proclamation: Lincoln wrote this to free all slaves in
rebellious states.
145.
Chattanooga, Tennessee: was a railroad center that Grant captured
during the Civil War.
146.
Sherman’s March to the Sea: Sherman marched to Atlanta and then to
Savannah, Georgia. Completely destroying a 60 mile path, 200 miles long. A
psychological defeat for the South.
147.
Appomattox Court House: Lee surrendered to Grant on April 5, 1865 in
this small Virginian town.
148.
Civil War Military Deaths: North: 169,000. South: 87,000. Total Deaths
including citizens: 625,000.
149.
Indicator Six: compares and contrasts various points of views
during the Civil War era:
150.
151.
Robert E. Lee: The top General for the South or Confederacy. Offered
the leadership of both sides, favored his state over his country.
152.
Ulysses S. Grant: The top General for the North. West Point graduate,
but a civilian at the start of the Civil War.
153.
Abraham Lincoln: President of the US. South Carolina seceded when
Lincoln was elected. He wanted to end the expansion of slavery.
154.
Jefferson Davis: President of the Confederacy. He believed in States
Rights and the ownership of slaves.
155.
Harriett Beecher Stowe: wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin, which told of the
cruelty of slavery.
156.
Mary Chestnut: from the South. She wrote, “Diary of the Civil War,” from
the Southern perspective.
157.
Indicator Seven: compares and contrasts plans for Reconstruction:
politically and economically.
158.
President Lincoln: lenient, he wanted to restore the Union quickly. When
10% of the people swore allegiance, the state would be readmitted.
159.
Congressional leaders: The Radical Republicans led by Charles Sumner
and Thaddeus Stevens wanted to punish the South.
160.
President Andrew Johnson: took over when Lincoln died. He also wanted
to reconstruct quickly. He vetoes many bills that would punish the South.
161.
Indicator Eight: discusses the impeachment and trial of President
Andrew Johnson:
162.
Tenure of Office Act: Senate must approve all appointments, now they
must also approve all removals. Johnson fired his Secretary of War.
163.
The House of Representatives: voted to impeach or accuse President
Johnson of crimes in office. (simple majority vote)
164.
Senate Vote: voted 35 to 19 to remove Johnson. Not the necessary 2/3
to remove.
165.
Edmund Ross: a Republican from Kansas voted to keep Johnson. This
destroyed Ross politically.
166.
Indicator Nine: analyzes the impact of the end of slavery on African
Americans:
167.
Black codes: Rewrote the old Slave Codes that limited the rights of
slaves. Written by the South, disliked by the North.
168.
Sharecropping: blacks worked on the plantations for a share of the food
or profits.
169.
Jim Crow: laws that limited the rights of the freed blacks.
170.
13th amendment: ended slavery.
171.
14th amendment: made blacks citizens, (due process versus the states).
172.
15th amendment: allowed black males to vote.
173.
Ku Klux Klan: A secret society that tortured southern blacks or any
whites that supported blacks.
174.
Exodusters: Southern blacks that left the South and went North. Many
came to Kansas and settled at Nickodemus.
175.
Benchmark Three: The student understands individuals, groups,
ideas, events, and developments during the period of expansion and
developments in the history of Kansas, the US and turning points in the era
of the industrial era.
176.
Indicator One: interprets the impact of the romance of the west on
American culture:
177.
Frederick Jackson Turner: wrote the Turner thesis on the ending of the
frontier. “about 1890” The farther west we went, the more American we
became.
178.
Western literature: Dime Novels about the adventure of the old west.
179.
Buffalo Bill Cody’s Wild West Show: Untrue representation of the Wild
West. Traveled throughout the US and Europe.
180.
Frederick Remington: he was a sculptor and painter of the West. Similar
to Charles Russell.
181.
Indicator Two: explains the impact of the railroad on the settlement
and development of the West:
182.
Transcontinental Routes: two possible routes: Chicago or New Orleans.
Douglas pushed for the Northern route and passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
183.
Union Pacific: Started at Omaha and built west. Immigrants from Ireland
did most of the work.
184.
Central Pacific: Started at Sacramento and built East. Immigrants from
China did most of the work.
185.
Grading: Was the leveling of the land.
186.
The transcontinental Railroad was completed in 1869 in Promontory Point,
Utah.
187.
Cattle towns: were located along the railroads. This is where the cattle
drives from Texas ended. Abilene, Wichita, Ellsworth, and Dodge City.
188.
Fred Harvey: started high class restaurants along the railroads. Hired
single women to work, signed a six month contract.
189.
George Pullman: Built sleeping for trains. Lincoln’s body was
transported on a Pullman car from Washington DC to Illinois.
190.
Town speculation: Eastern business sold lots to migrants heading west.
191.
Railroad land: Congress granted railroads 10 sections of land for every
mile of track laid.
192.
Credit Mobilier: This Union Pacific Company gave cheap shares of stock
to members of Congress who agreed to support additional funding.
In 1872, this scandal became public.
193.
Immigrant agents: looked for Europeans to buy land in the west along the
railroads.
194.
Indicator Three: describes federal American Indian policy after the
Civil War:
195.
Dawes Act: gave Indian families 160 acres of land. Could not be sold for
25 years. Unsuccessful attempt to make Indians into farmers.
196.
Boarding schools: sending Indian children to towns for education. 1878
in Pennsylvania a boarding school was set to brainwash the students into
becoming a part of the European Culture.
197.
Forced assimilation: is forcing the Native Americans to become part of the
White world.
198.
Indicator Four: explains American Indians reactions to
encroachment on their lands and the government response:
199.
Chief Joseph: attempted to take the Nez Pierce tribe from South Dakota
to Canada. Stopped and his tribe was massacred. 50 women and children were
killed besides 30 adult males. "I will fight no more forever." It was September,
1877.
200.
Helen Hunt Jackson: she wrote, “A Century of Dishonor.” About the
mistreatment of Native Americans.
201.
Crazy Horse: Helped lead the Sioux to victory over General Custer.
June, 1876. Oagala –Lakota tribe. After Little Big Horn, Crazy Horse was
captured and taken to Fort Robinson, Nebraska. Stabbed to death in an
attempted escape.
202.
Sitting Bull: his vision led 3,000 Lakota Sioux to victory over General
Custer at Little Big Horn, Montana. June, 1876.
203.
Geronimo: was an Apache Indian. He was the last chief to surrender to
the government. 1886.
204.
Sand Creek: Whites settling on Indian land. An Indian massacre in
Colorado by General Chivington. Ignored the Indians white flag of truce. 150
Cheyenne & Araphoe died in 1864.
205.
Washita: Indian massacre in Oklahoma, led by General George Custer in
1868.
206.
Little Big Horn: Is in Montana. In 1876, Custer and his 264 men were
wiped out by the Sioux and Cheyenne. This was the 7 th Cavalry out of Fort Riley,
Kansas.
207.
Wounded Knee: In 1890, in South Dakota, the 7th Cavalry Massacred
over 150 men, women, and children.
208.
Indicator Five: Political Elections after reconstruction.
209.
Election of 1880: James Garfield a Republican was elected President on
a platform including Civil Service. Hiring people with qualifications and testing.
210.
September 1881: President Garfield was assassinated by Charles
Guiteau, a disappointed office seeker.
211.
Chester A. Arthur: the VP became President and helped with the passage
of the Pendleton Civil Service Act.
212.
Election of 1884: Grover Cleveland, a Democrat was elected President.
Defeated James Blaine a political boss from Maine. The Republican Mugwumps
supported Cleveland. Cleveland developed the merit system to replace the old
spoils system.
213.
Election of 1888: Benjamin Harrison, a Republican was elected President.
President Cleveland won the popular vote, but lost in the Electoral College.
214.
Election of 1892: Grover Cleveland became the first President to be
elected twice, but not successively. Panic of 1893 led the US into a recession
and lack of political success.
215.
Indicator One: examines a topic in US History to analyze changes over
time and makes logical inferences concerning cause and effect.
216.
Indicator Two: examines a variety of different types of primary sources in
US History and analyzes them in terms of credibility, purpose, and point of view.
217.
Indicator Three: uses at least three primary sources to interpret a person
or event from US History to develop a historical narrative.
218.
Indicator Four: compares contrasting descriptions of the same event in
US interpretations of historical events.