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Chapter 8
Forming a Government
Name ____________________
Section ____
Chapter 8
Lesson 8.1
The Articles of Confederation
Ideas about Government
1. After declaring their Independence from _____________
in July 1776, the next step was to form a new
____________________ even though they were in the middle of
a war.
2. Their ideas for government came from a wide range of
____________________________. Complete the chart
below using by filling in ideas that were used to influence our
government.
American Government
European Ideas
Things that had taken place in Europe that
they liked
American Practices
Things they were already doing in the colonies
o _____ __________ town meetings
o Legislative assemblies already in place such
as the ___________ __________ ______
_________________
o Christian traditions like the ___________
___________________
o The ______________ _________ signed by
the Pilgrims
o The _______________________ Orders of
_________________________
o ____________________________________
that set up ideas of what we thought a
government should include.
o Magna ____________
o English ___________ ____
_____________
o Ideas of the _______________ and
philosopher ________ ________
(Jefferson got some ideas that he used in the
Declaration of Independence from these
same sources)
The State Constitutions
3. During the Revolution almost every colony wrote a ____________ _______________ that
showed a belief in Republicanism (support for a republic - a government where the
_____________ elect representatives of the people).
4. To keep one person from gaining too much power, each state created a __________
government where all leaders are expected to _______ the laws.
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5. The rights of _________________ were protected by most state constitutions (like trial by
jury and freedom of the press – sound familiar???).
6. Many state constitutions also protected ____________________ of _________________.
7. The Virginia Statute for Religion Freedom made it law to separate ___________ and
__________ (which means religion and government). Other states followed this decision so
that no state government supported an _______________________.
8. ___________________, or voting rights were also expanded. All states allowed
___________ men to vote, but some had stricter requirements to limit which
____________ men could vote. Initially, even free ______________ _________________
men were allowed to vote in seven states.
Forming a Union
9. Although each state had established its own government, many ________________
Congress members thought a _________________ government was needed to hold the
country together.
10. By June of 1776 a group of ________ members, one from each ____________, met to
create the ________________________________________. This document created a new
national ________________. This early form of government did not have a
______________ or _________________. Its powers were very ____________________.
11. The new Confederation Congress could (this isn’t much of a list, is it?):
a. ________ coins and borrow _________
b. Make and negotiate ___________
c. Settle conflicts between _____________
d. Could ASK for __________ and ____________ from states. They could not require
states to provide them!
12. In order for Articles of Confederation to take effect, all ________ states had to ratify (or
______________) it.
The Northwest Territory
13. What two problems did the new central government have to deal with?
a. ______________________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________________
How did they hope to solve these problems? __________________________________
14. The ____________________________________ set up a system for dividing public
territory into __________________. Each township was then divided into 36 _____ that
were _______ acres each.
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15. The Confederation Congress passed the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 to govern the
land north _______________________________. In doing so it created land called the
__________________________.
16. Look at the map below, which states are included in this territory?
______________________, _________________________, ________________________,
______________________, _________________________, and part of what is now
______________________.
17. As new states were allowed to enter the Union they had to wait until they had a
population of ____________________ to draft their own __________________ and then
needed permission from ________________ to join as part of the United States of
America.
18. Once a territory became a state it needed to provide _________________ for the citizens
and prohibited (outlawed) __________________.
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Lesson 8.2
Problems in the New Nation
A Lack of Respect
1. The Articles of Confederation were very weak. Due to these
weaknesses, Congress had no ___________. Because they had no
___________, they couldn’t _______________ citizens and enforce
__________________________________.
2. Because of these weaknesses, other countries like __________________ and _________
took advantage of the United States.
3. For example, Great Britain did not leave their _________________ on the U.S. side of the
Great Lakes and Spain closed the lower _________________________________ to U.S.
shipping. If you haven’t already done so, go back and read the very beginning of the lesson titled
“The Story Continues” to get an idea of what Spain did to U.S. citizens like Thomas Amis.
4. Citizens and leaders grew frustrated with the limits that the ___________________
___________________ had. They wanted the national government to have more
_______________ than the Articles of Confederation gave it.
Trouble with Trade
5. Britain also created a lot of ________________ problems with the new United States.
They wouldn’t allow any trade in the British __________ ____________ (islands in the
Caribbean) and they put really high ____________ on goods like rice that colonial
merchants wanted to sell in Britain.
6. American businesses were hurt by the ____________ trade with Great Britain (the fact
that more British goods were coming into America and less American goods were going to Great
Britain).
7. Because the Articles of Confederation did not allow the government to pass any
___________, each state was on its own. The states did not cooperate with each other,
which is why the U.S. earned the nickname the _______________________________.
Economic Problems at Home
8. Yet another weakness of the Articles of Confederation was the fact that the government
could not regulate (control) _____________________ commerce, which means trade
between the states.
9. Another problem was that each state could print their own _____________. See an
example of Rhode Island’s on the top of this page. When they printed large amounts of
money, the result was _____________________. All of these economic problems resulted
in a ___________________.
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Debt in Massachusetts
10. When Massachusetts was trying to fix their economic problems, which group of people
did it hurt significantly? ________________________
11. Because they couldn’t pay their debts, they were forced to sell their _________________
and serve terms in ____________ ___________________. Others had to become
____________________ _________________.
Shays’s Rebellion
12. Angered by how these economic problems were affecting them, some farmers took
matters into their own hands and closed down the ______________.
13. They hoped by shutting down the courts, they would prevent __________________ from
being taken. The leader of this rebellion was Daniel ________________.
14. Eventually, this resulted in a short _________________.
15. George Washington was very _____________________ by this event. He was afraid of
how it made the United States look to other _________________.
16. This rebellion really showed how ___________________ the government was under the
Articles of Confederation. People started to want a ______________________
government because they wanted their government to be able to _________________
them.
A Push for Change
17. At the Annapolis Convention, it was decided that there should be a meeting in
_____________________ called the Constitutional Convention. At this meeting, there
should be delegates (representatives) from all __________________.
18. The purpose of this meeting would be to _________________________ the national
government.
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Who will be in charge? (1781 – 1789)
Shifting Balance of Political Power:
From Monarchy (1607–1778) to Articles of Confederation (1781–1788)
1.
What were the Articles of Confederation?
2.
Confederation Congress was designed to be WEAK, why??
3.
Powers and Weaknesses
Powers of the Confederation Congress . . . .
 Declare ________
 Make ______________
 Manage ___________ affairs
 Maintain an __________ & navy
4.
 Coin and borrow ___________
 Regulate ____________ &
measures
 Establish a ___________ service
Weakness of the Articles of Confederation . . . .
1. No taxing power, no money –
2. inflation –
3. tariff wars –
4. jealousy and quarreling among the states –
5. foreign affairs in shambles –
6. disrespect from other countries –
7. debtor/creditor conflicts, Shays’s Rebellion, 1787 –
5.
George Washington, considering the Confederation’s problems, feared the worst. In 1784,
had written; “I predict the worst consequences from a half-starved, limping government,
always moving on crutches and tottering at every step.”
* What do you think he means by this?
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Lesson 8.3
The Constitution
The Constitutional Convention
1. The purpose of the Constitutional Convention was to do
something to the Articles of Confederation. Did they originally
want to have the meeting to fix them or to replace them? Circle
one:
fix
replace
2. When and where was this meeting held? When ____________________________________
where ________________________________________________________
3. We know so much about what happened at this convention because _________________
__________________ took really good notes.
4. _______________________ was elected president of this convention.
5. Because they didn’t have the rights of full citizens and couldn’t really represent other
citizens, _______________, ____________________________________________, and
__________________________________ were not invited to participate in the meeting.
The Great Compromise
6. The delegates were at the convention for different reasons. Some wanted to ___________
the Articles while others wanted to completely ___________________ them.
7. There were many issues on which there were different opinions. These included:
a. ________________________________
b. ________________________________
c. ________________________________
d. _______________________________________________________________
8. Many of these issues were _______________________ issues, which means that
depending on where you live, your viewpoint might be different.
9. There were two plans proposed and each one discussed the issue of representation in
Congress (How many representatives should each state get? Should some states get more
representatives than others? Is that even fair?) The Virginia Plan was also known as the
________________________ plan because it favored the states with larger populations.
According to this plan, larger states would have more __________________________
than smaller states. Of course, the delegates from the __________________ states did not
like this plan because they felt it was unfair to their states.
10. The New Jersey plan was known as the _________________________ plan because it
gave the same number of representatives to all of the states. According to this plan, all
states would have an ______________ voice in government because they would have an
________________ number of votes. Of course, the delegates from the
_________________ states did not like this plan because they felt it was unfair to their
states.
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11. Instead of picking one plan or the other, they decided to __________________. This
became known as the ______________ _____________________. They decided to use both
plans!
12. In the upper house of the legislature (we call this the Senate), each state would be
____________________________ in representation. In the lower house (we call this the
House of Representatives), the number of representatives the state had would be
determined by how large their ______________________________ was. The idea worked
and was passed!
The Three-Fifths Compromise
13. That didn’t solve all their problems there were other problems to work out now.
Remember that in the House of Representatives, the larger the population of the state
was, the more _________________________ they would get. Well, when a state has more
representatives, they get more votes (each representative = a vote). More votes mean that
the laws they want have a better chance of passing. The South wanted to count their
______________________ as part of their population. Why do you think the Northern
states objected to this idea? There can be more than one answer _________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
14. One side wanted to count each slave as a person, the other side didn’t think the slaves
should be counted at all. They compromised and decided that they would count
_______________________________ of the slave population toward determining
representation. For example, if there were 500 slaves, they would be counted at
______________. 1000 slaves would be ______________.
15. Another issue which resulted in a compromise was the slave trade. Some wanted to
keep it, others wanted it to ______________. The compromise: _______________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Our Living Constitution
16. When writing the Constitution, they wanted the national government to be
______________ but not too strong. They used the idea of federalism, which means that
the central government and the ______________ will share the power. (More about this
later, if you can’t wait, look at the chart on page 257)
17. Basically, the national government (also called the central government) controls the things
that are mentioned in the Constitution, everything else is controlled by the states. Who
controls education? _______________________
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A Delicate Balance
18.Our government has ________ branches and each has its own responsibilities.
19.Fill in the chart about each branch
Legislative Branch
Executive Branch
Judicial Branch
o Also known as
o Includes the
o All the national
___________________
_________________ and
______________
o Responsible for
departments that run the o They ________________
proposing and passing
government
the laws, ___________
__________
o Makes sure the ________
criminals and settle
o Made up of ____ houses
are carried out but doesn’t
disputes between
o Senate has _____
make the laws
______________
members from each state
o House of
Representatives is based
on ___________________
20. Checks and balances are designed to make sure that no branch of government becomes
too _______________________.
President can
_________ or reject
the laws that
Congress passes
Congress can
propose and pass
__________________
(laws)
Checks & Balances
Supreme Court can
review the laws and
find them
__________________
21. After ___________ long weeks, the Constitutional Convention finally was over when
they signed the final draft of the Constitution in ___________________ of 1787.
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Study Questions for Quiz 8.3
Constitutional Convention
Where was it?
Constitutional Convention
What was the purpose of it?
Constitutional Convention
Who was elected President
of it?
Constitutional Convention
Who was there?
Constitutional Convention
What groups of people
weren’t there and why were
they not included?
The Great Compromise
What was the New Jersey
Plan? Focus on how they
determined representation
The Great Compromise
What was the Virginia Plan?
Focus on how they determined
representation
The Great Compromise
Which plan was for the big
states?
The Great Compromise
Which plan was for the
small states?
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The Great Compromise
What did the Great
Compromise do?
Branches of Government
What does the judicial
branch do?
Branches of Government
What does the executive
branch do?
Branches of Government
What does the legislative
branch do?
Branches of Government
What was created to keep
any branch from becoming
too powerful?
What is Federalism?
What did they decide to do
about the slave trade?
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Lesson 8.4
Ratification of the Constitution
Federalists and Antifederalists
1. __________________________: people who
opposed the Constitution
a. many thought the Constitutional Convention went too far in creating a new
_____________________
b. they thought the Constitution gave the ________________________ too much
power
c. _______________________ was an antifederalist: like many others, he opposed the
______________________ because it did not include a ____________ __________
___________________.
d. many antifederalists were small ___________ and ___________
e. Other antifededralists included: Richard Henry __________, Samuel __________
and Patrick ______________________. (surprising that some of these people are opposed
to the Constitution when we generally consider them to be some of the founding fathers,
isn’t it?)
2. _____________________: people who support the Constitution
a. Federalists included people like James _____________________, George
______________________, Benjamin _________________, Alexander
__________________ and John ________________.
b. They thought the Constitution offered a good balance of _______________.
The Federalist Papers
1. A series of anonymously written essays supporting the Constitution were widely read.
They have become known as the ______________________________.
2. There were ________ essays, 50 of which we know were written by ______________
___________________, and the others by James Madison and John Jay. Why do you think
the essays were written under the name Publius instead of using their real names?
______________________________________________________________________________
3. The purpose of the Federalist Papers was to convince everyone that the Constitution was
a good thing and would not ________________ the states. What arguments did it make
to defend the Constitution? It said: _______________________________________________
The Ratification Fight
4. The Constitution needed _______ states approval to pass
a. _______________________ became the first state to ratify the Constitution (and
therefore the first state to join the union. Think about what it says on their license plates!)
b. _________________________ was the second state.
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c. ___________ was the 9th state to ratify the Constitution, which meant that it became
in effect even though there were still 4 states that didn’t approve it yet!
d. The very last state to ratify it was _____________________________ in May 1790.
Demanding a Bill of Rights
5. Several __________ ratified the Constitution only after it was promised that a
_______________________________________ would be added. They wanted to make sure
personal _____________________ would be protected.
6. In Congress’s first session _______________________ encouraged legislators to put
together a Bill of Rights even though he didn’t really think it was necessary.
a. The rights would then be added to the Constitution as _____________________:
official changes, correction, or additions
b. In September 1789 Congress proposed ______ amendments for ratification, only
______were ratified.
c. The ____________________________________ are known as the Bill of Rights.
7. The Constitution has survived for more than _________ years and is the world’s
_________ written national constitution.
BONUS: Answer is found somewhere in the chapter, not necessarily in this particular lesson.
The Bald Eagle is the national bird, but Ben Franklin had another bird in mind. What
was Ben Franklin’s choice of bird? ____________________________
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Chapter 8
Chapter Tutorial
IDENTIFYING TERMS Choose the term or name that correctly matches each definition.
____ 1. set of laws that determine the powers and duties of the
government
a. ratification
b. Federalism
____ 2. official approval
c. constitution
____ 3. period of low economic activity and high unemployment
d. Federalist Papers
____ 4. distribution of power between states and the central
e. depression
government
____ 5. series of essays that supported the Constitution
UNDERSTANDING MAIN IDEAS
1. Where did Americans base their political ideas for government? (at least 3) Examples can include
English laws and American ideas and practices.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. How could new states be created under the Northwest Ordinance?
____________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
3. How did the Articles of Confederation interfere with interstate commerce?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
4. What were the concerns of the Antifederalists and how did the writers of the Constitution address
these concerns?
Concerns of Antifederalists
How it was addressed
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REVIEWING THEMES
1. How did England and Spain take advantage of the weaknesses of the United States? What
problems did the United States have with these two countries?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. Why did some people insist on the addition of a bill of rights to the Constitution? Who?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
3. How does the Constitution protect citizens’ rights?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
THINKING CRITICALLY
1. Why might some people have thought of the new nation as the “Dis-United States” in 1787? Explain.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. Would you have been a Federalist or an Antifederalist if you had been a citizen when the
Constitution was presented for ratification? Explain.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
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Chapter 8
Study Topics – Chapter 8
People
Vocabulary
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
George Washington
James Madison
Thomas Jefferson
inflation
Federalism
debtors
amendments
ratification
republic
creditors
suffrage
interstate commerce
constitution
Virginia Plan
New Jersey Plan
Land Ordinance of 1785
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Three-Fifths Compromise
Events
Constitutional Convention
Shay’s Rebellion
Be able to . . . .
Describe the problems that the United States faced under the Articles of Confederation.
Describe the 3/5 Compromise.
List where ideas for creating the American Government came from (at least 5).
Describe the difference between a Federalist and an Anti-Federalist. Give an example
(name) for each.
Describe the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan.
Describe the Great Compromise.
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Chapter 8
Name _________________________________ Social Studies Section _____________
Study Questions for Test
1. Describe the problems that the United States faced under the Articles of Confederation.
2. Describe the 3/5 Compromise.
3. List where ideas for creating the American Government came from (at least 5).
1.
5.
2.
6.
3.
7.
4.
8.
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4. Describe the difference between a Federalist and an Anti-Federalist. Give an example
(name of a person) for each.
Difference:
A Federalist:
An Antifederalist:
5. Describe the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan.
Virginia Plan:
New Jersey Plan:
6. Describe the Great Compromise.
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Chapter 8