Download Biology Mid-Term Exam Review

ANSWER KEY
Biology Mid-Term Exam Review
Chapter 1
1. The science or study of life is called Biology.
2. Define biosphere: part of the Earth where all organisms live.
3. Define ecosystem: organisms and the non-living factors in an area.
4. Define population: a group of the same species in an area.
5. List the 8 characteristics of life (Is virus a living thing? – NO)
1. made of at least one cell
2. reproduce
3. based on universal genetic code (have DNA and/or RNA)
4. grow and/or develop
5. obtain and use energy
6. respond to their environment
7. maintain stable internal environment (homeostasis)
8. evolve over time (as a group)
6. What is the smallest unit of life capable of carrying out all life functions? cell
7. Several tissues together make up an organ.
8. A red blood cell is an example of what level of organization? cellular
9. What microscope is used to view the internal structures of a specimen? Transmission Electron
Microscope (TEM)
10. What microscope shows 3D surface structures? Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
11. Which microscope uses a beam of electrons to make a specimen visible? Electron Microscope
12. What happens to the field of view of a microscope as the magnification increases? It decreases
13. List the function of the following microscope parts:
a. stage – holds specimen or slide
b. eyepiece – lens you look through to view specimen (ocular lens)
c. diaphragm – adjusts amount of light
d. objective lens – increases or decreases magnification
e. revolving nosepiece – turns objective lens
14. List the magnification of the following:
a. eyepiece 10x
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b. low power objective lens x eyepiece 4 x 10 = 40
c. high power objective lens x eyepiece 40 x 10 = 400
15. What lab equipment is used to measure volume? Graduated cylinder
16. What scientific unit is used to measure volume? Milliliter (mL) or liter (L)
17. What scientific unit is used to measure length? meter
18. What is the scientific unit of measure for mass? gram
19. List the 6 steps of the scientific method in order:
1. Purpose
2. Research
3. Hypothesis
4. Experiment
5. Analysis
6. Conclusion
20. What is the control in an experiment? Where the experimental variable is missing
21. What is an independent variable? The variable the experimenter changes
22. What is a dependent variable? The variable that changes as a result of the independent
variable
23. What is the name of the idea that life could come from nonliving matter? Spontaneous
generation.
24. Who was the scientist that disproved the hypothesis of spontaneous generation by using a curved
neck flask? Pasteur
25. Which scientist had the hypothesis that flies produce maggots and tested it using jars and meat?
Redi
Redi- Experimented with covered jars to disprove spontaneous generation.
Needham- Heated gravy & found microorganisms a few days later (wanted to prove
spontaneous generation).
Spallanzani- Boiled gravy in flask and sealed it to support Redi.
Pasteur- Used flask with covered neck to prove that spontaneous generation was not true.
26. Review lab safety rules.
Chapter 18
1. Define taxonomy: science of classifying organisms
2. What are reasons for classifying organisms? makes them easier to study, organizes living
things, shows evolutionary relationships
3. List the levels of classification in order, starting with Domain.
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
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4. The Phylum Chordata includes humans and other vertebrates and invertebrates. They have the
features such as pharyngeal slits, dorsal nerve cord, notochord, post-anal tail at some point in
their life (in the case of humans and many other vertebrates, these features may only be present in
the embryo).
4. The practice of using two word names for scientific names is known as binomial
nomenclature
5. Linnaeus’ classification was based on structural / physical similarities.
6. The modern taxonomists study the following characteristics of organisms to determine
relationships among organisms.
Structural similarities, DNA, Biochemical similarities, Embryological development,
Reproductive potential, Evolutionary history.
7. In the name Canis lupus, which name is the genus and which is the species?
Canis is the genus; lupus is the species
8. Define species- a group of organisms that can reproduce and produce fertile offspring
9. What does a cladogram show? The evolutionary relationships among organisms / the
taxonomic relationships
10. A phylogenetic (or family) tree illustrates taxonomic relationships.
11. Define the following:
a. prokaryote- organism without membrane bound organelle such as a nucleus
b. eukaryote- organism with membrane bound organelle such as a nucleus
c. autotroph- organism that makes its own food (producer)
d. heterotroph- organism that does not make its own food (consumer)
12. List the six kingdoms with at least one example of an organism for each
Kingdom
Organisms
Archaebacteria
Bacteria that live in extreme
environments; halophiles
Eubacteria
True bacteria, such as streptococcus (the
bacteria that causes strep throat)
Protista
Paramecium, Amoeba, Euglena
Fungi
Mold, mushrooms, yeast
Plantae
Ferns, flowers, shrubs, trees, mosses
Animalia
Humans, cats, sponges, coral, fish
13. What is common to all six kingdoms of living organisms DNA
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Chapter 2
1. Define matter – anything (except energy) that takes up space and has mass
2. List examples of chemical properties: rusting, burning, decomposing
3. Name the 3 subatomic particles and their charges:
a. proton – positive (+)
b. neutron – neutral (0)
c. electron – negative (-)
4. A charged atom is called a(n) ion. (ex. Cations Anions)
5. What particles are found in the nucleus? protons & neutrons
6. What particles are found in energy levels outside the nucleus? electrons
7. Protons plus neutrons equal the atomic mass or mass number.
8. Forms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes.
9. Two or more elements linked chemically are called compounds.
10. A covalent bond is formed as the result of sharing an electron pair
11. In an endothermic reaction, energy is absorbed.
12. Chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy.
13. What is a solution? Even mixture of 2 or more substances
14. What do we call the dissolved substance in a solution? solute
15. The pH scale measures the concentration of Hydrogen ions in a solution.
16. What numbers on the pH scale are very acidic? 0-3 Basic? 12-14 Neutral? 7
17. Since each step on the pH scale represents a factor of 10, how much more acidic is lemon juice
(pH of 2.5) than acid rain (pH of 4.5) 100 times.
18. A compound that releases ions other than hydrogen or hydroxide ions is called a salt.
19. Some insects can stand on the surface of water because of property of water called Cohesion
20. The characteristic of water is responsible for preventing a lake from freezing solid is
- ice floats on a lake.
21. What element is found in ALL organic compounds? Carbon
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22. Define monomer: single, building block molecule
23. Define polysaccharide: large, complex sugar made up of linked monosaccharides
24. What are the polymers of amino acids? proteins
25. Define enzymes: proteins that speed up chemical reactions (end with – ase. Ex amylase)
26. What part of the enzyme is involved in catalytic activity? active site
27. What are the four organic compounds and what are their functions?
1. proteins – form structures such as muscle, etc; carry out chemical reactions
2. carbohydrates – provide energy
3. nucleic acids – store genetic information
A. rough endoplasmic reticulum
4. lipids – store energy
B. cytoplasm
Chapter 7
C. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
1. Be able to label the cell parts of an animal
and plant cell.
D. nucleolus
E. nucleus
F. mitochondrion
G. Golgi apparatus
H. ribosome
2. What are the organelles that make proteins? ribosomes
3. What does rough endoplasmic reticulum have on it that smooth ER doesn’t? ribosomes
4. What are chloroplasts, leucoplasts and chromoplasts examples of? plastids
5. What kind of cells have plastids? Plant or animal? plant
6. Who was the first person to identify and see cells and first time used the term “cells”? Robert
Hooke
7. The idea that all cells arise from the division of preexisting cells was stated by Rudolf virchow.
8. The prokaryotic cells lack membrane bound organelles such as nucleus
9. Which organelle holds the cell’s genetic material and controls the cell’s activities?nucleus
10. What part of the nucleus allows molecules and RNA to leave the nucleus? nuclear pore
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11. The condensed strands of chromatin that contain the genetic material of cells are called
chromosomes.
12. That organelle that releases energy (from food) is called the mitochondrion. The organelle
Chloroplast provides energy by making food.
13. Which organelle would you expect to find more of in muscle cells than you would find in heart
cells? Mitochondria
14. Plant cells have a larger vacuole than animal cells.
15. What is the function of vacuole – stores food, enzyme in animal cell, and provide support in
plant cells
16. What is the phospholipid layer (semi-permeable) in a cell that controls what enters and leaves the
cell? cell membrane
17. What are the channels made of that are embedded in the cell membrane? protein
18. What is the main function of the cell wall? support and protect the cell
19. What is the main function of a cytoskeleton? to maintain the cell’s shape
20. The long and short projections of microtubules responsible for movement of single celled
organisms are Flagella and cilia.
21. What three things can pass through a cell membrane or cell wall easily?
water, oxygen and carbon dioxide
22. What three things does the cell theory state?
Cells are the basic unit of life;
All cells come from other cells;
All organisms are made from one or more cells
23. Starting with a cell and ending with an organ system, what are the four levels of organization in
multicellular organisms? cell, tissue, organ and organ system
24. A group of tissues that perform similar functions is called an organ.
25. When cells perform one specific function, that is called cell specialization. The cells of
multicellular organisms are specialized to perform particular functions.
26. Give an example of cell specialization. red blood cell, white blood cell, nerve cell, etc.
27. What determines cell shape? its function
28. What is the diffusion of water called? osmosis
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29. What kind of transport needs energy? active
30. During active transport, the molecules move from low to high concentrations.
31. During diffusion, the molecules move from high to low concentrations.
32. What happens when a cell is placed into a hypertonic solution? it shrinks because water is
leaving the cell
33. What happens when a cell is placed into an isotonic solution? the cell stays the same size
because water moves into and out of the cell at an equal rate.
34. If a cell had a salt concentration of 10% inside it and it was placed in a salt solution that had a salt
concentration of 5%, what would happen to the cell? it would swell; water enters the cell
What kind of solution (outside the cell) is that: hypertonic, isotonic or hypotonic? hypotonic
35. If an animal cell is surrounded by fresh water, what will happen to the cell? it would burst:
What kind of solution (outside the cell) is that: hypertonic, isotonic or hypotonic? hypotonic
Chapter 10
1. The larger a cell becomes, the less efficiently it is able to function.
2. Before a normal cell becomes too large to carry out normal activities, it will usually divide to form
two daughter cells.
3. The process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells is called cell division.
4. Together, the G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase are called interphase.
5. Another name for cell division is the M phase.
6. A cell that has 5 chromosomes in the G1 phase will have 10 chromatids in the G2 phase.
7. The number of sister chromatids in a human body cell that is entering cell division is 92.
Figure 10-3
8. The structure labeled A in Figure 10-3 is called the cell plate.
9. The process shown in Figure 10-3 occurs only in plant cells that have just divided.
The term cleavage furrow refers to cytokinesis in animal cells
10. Look at Figure 10-3. The process shown occurs directly following mitosis (first step of cell division).
This process is called cytokinesis (second step of cell division).
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11. 4 phases of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.
12. During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the middle of the dividing cell?
Metaphase
13. During metaphase, each chromosome is connected to a(an) spindle fiber at its centromere.
14. What is the term for the changes that take place in cells as they develop and specialize?
Differentiation
15. If a normal cell is touched on all sides by other cells and is injected with cyclin from a dividing cell,
it probably will start dividing.
16. Proteins called cyclins regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells.
17. Proteins that regulate the cell cycle based on events inside the cell are called internal regulators.
18. In all forms of cancer, the cancerous cells fail to respond to the signals that regulate the cell cycle of
most cells.
Do you know…
 How to convert from English to Metric system
 Functions of different parts and magnification of lenses of compound light microscope
 The experiments performed by Redi, Needham, Spallanzani and Pasteur
 How to use the dichotomous key and identify the given organism.
 How to calculate Atomic number, Mass number, # of protons, # of neutrons, # of electrons
 Identify structures of monomers and polymers of carbon compounds.
 Structure and function of different parts of cells (how to identify and label parts of cells)
 What happens to the cell when placed in Hypo Hyper Isotonic solution
…… then you are prepared!
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