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Reproductive Medicine 1. Maternal risk factors for low birth weight for term births in a developed region in China: a hospital-based study of 55,633 pregnancies. J Biomed Res, 2013,27(1):14-22 Yihua Biana, b, Zhan Zhanga, Qiao Liua, Di Wua, Shoulin Wanga a State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; b Department of Reproductive Health Care, Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital Affilaited to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, China. Abstract: Low birth weight (LBW) is an important risk factor for neonatal and infant mortality and morbidity in adults.. How-ever, no large scale study on the prevalence of LBW and related maternal risk factors in China has been published. To explore the effects of maternal factors on LBW for term birth in China, we conducted a hospital-based retrospective study of 55, 633 Chinese pregnancy cases between 2001 and 2008. Maternal sociodemographic data, history of infer-tility and contraceptive use were obtained. Their medical status and diseases during pre-pregnancy were examined by physical examination at the first antenatal care visit. Maternal medical status before childbirth and pregnancy outcomes, including body weight, infant gender, multiple pregnancy and congenital anomalies, were recorded. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression, and linear regression were used to investigate the relationship be-tween maternal factors and term LBW. The general incidence of term LBW was 1.70% in the developed area of China. After preliminary analysis using the univariate model, low primary education, anemia, hypertensive disor-ders, placental previa, oligohydramnios and premature rupture of membrane were predicted as independent factors of term LBW in the multivariate model. Furthermore, the decrease in annual frquencies of these risk factors were major causes of gradual decline in the incidence of LBW (from 2.43% in 2001 to 1.21% in 2008). The study dem-onstrated that among maternal factors, primary education, anemia and hypertensive disorders could contribute to LBW for term birth even in the most developed area of China. http://www.jbr-pub.org/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=JBR130102&flag=1 2. Asymptomatic seminal infection of herpes simplex virus: impact on male infertility. J Biomed Res, 2013,27(1):51-55 Seyed Hamidreza Monavaria, Mostafa Salehi Vazirib, Mohammadali Khalilic, Mahmoud Shamsi- Shahrabadib, Hossein Keyvanib, Hamidreza Mollaeib, Mehdi Fazlalipourb a Department of Virology and Anti -Microbial Resistant Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran; b Department of Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran; c Research and Clinical Center of Infertility, Yazd 8916877391, Iran. Abstract: In more than half of infertile men, the cause of their infertility is unknown. Several studies revealed the role of viral infections in male infertility. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 in semen from asymptomatic infertile male patients, and its association with altered semen parameters. A total of 70 semen samples were collected from infertile men who attended the Research and Clinical Center for Infertility in Yazd, Iran. Semen analysis and diagnostic real-time PCR using specific primers and probes for HSV-1 and HSV-2 DNA were performed. Comparison of semen parameters between virally in-fected and non-infected samples were performed with independent t-test and Mann-Whitney test. Semen analysis showed that infertile men fell into two groups, the male factor group and the unexplained group. HSV-1 and HSV-2 DNA was detected in 16 (22.9%) and 10 (14.3%) of 70 semen samples, respectively. All HSV-positive samples had abnormal semen parameters (the male factor group). Although HSV infection was not associated with sperm motility and morphological defects, it was correlated with lower sperm count in the seminal fluid. The findings suggest that asymptomatic seminal infection of HSV plays an important role in male infertility by adversely af-fecting sperm count. http://www.jbr-pub.org/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=JBR130108&flag=1 3. Etiological risk factors for subfertility among Palestinian women in Gaza. J Biomed Res, 2013,27(2):127-134 Mahmoud Mohammed Sirdaha, Abdelnasser Kassem Abushahlaa, Bahaa Yousif Ghalayenib,c, Ahmed Gamel Aburamadana a Biology Department, Al Azhar University Gaza, Palestine; b c Alawda Maternity Hospital, Gaza, Palestine; Al Basma Fertility Center, Gaza, Palestine. Abstract: The inability to procreate is frequently considered a personal tragedy and a hardship for couples, impacting on the entire family and even the local community. In Gaza strip, Palestine, there has been no study on etiological risk factors for subfertility. The present study aimed to identify risk factors associated with subfertility among women in Gaza, Palestine. One hundred and sixty-nine women in the study group and 115 women in the control group were included. Cases were selected randomly from those referred to the Al Basma Fertility Center, Gaza, Palestine. Data were collected through close-ended questionnaire, sonography, hormonal analysis and thrombophilia profile that included the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR 677 C > T), factor V leiden (1691 G > A) and prothrombin (20210 G > A) genes. By using univariate analyses, the effects of different patient-related variables on the presence of subfertility were evaluated. A multiple logistic regression model was constructed, crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. The findings showed that 73.5 % (169/230) of the women referred to the Al Basma Center sought treatment for subfertility. Different etiological risk factors were associated with subfertility, the most frequent of which in descending order were: thrombophilic disorders, fallopian tube problems, sex hormone abnormalities and polycystic ovary syndrome with an adjusted OR of 21.42, 13.63, 11.69 and 10.29, respectively. In conclusion, several etiological risk factors are responsible for subfertility among women in Gaza. Comprehensive evaluation of infertile women should be considered in the course of treatment; otherwise, the duration of sterility may be extended. http://www.jbr-pub.org/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=JBR130206&flag=1 4. Low dose bisphenol A impairs spermatogenesis by suppressing reproductive hormone production and promoting germ cell apoptosis in adult rats. J Biomed Res,2013,27(2):135-144 Pengpeng Jina,b,c, Xiaoli Wangb, Fei Changb, Yinyang Baia,b, Yingchun Lib, Rong Zhoub, Ling Chena, b a State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; b Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; c Department of Physiology, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China. Abstract: Bisphenol A (BPA), an estrogenic chemical, has been shown to reduce sperm count; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Herein, we show that oral administration of BPA (2 μg/kg) for consecutive 14 days in adult rats (BPA rats) significantly reduced the sperm count and the number of germ cells compared to controls. The serum levels of testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), as well as the level of GnRH mRNA in BPA rats were lower than those of control rats. Testosterone treatment could partially rescue the reduction of germ cells in BPA rats. Notably, the number of apoptotic germ cells was significantly increased in BPA rats, which was insensitive to testosterone. Furthermore, the levels of Fas, FasL and caspase-3 mRNA in the testicle of BPA rats were increased in comparison with controls. These results indicate that exposure to a low dose of BPA impairs spermatogenesis through decreasing reproductive hormones and activating the Fas/FasL signaling pathway. http://www.jbr-pub.org/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=JBR130207&flag=1