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Advanced Ninth Grade Science Name: _____________ Class Period: _______ 1 Chapter 1 Vocabulary Inside Restless Earth Chapter 1; Section 1 Pages 2-7 Directed Reading A 1. What is a mineral? 2. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of minerals? a. It is a solid c. It is nonliving b. It has crystal structure d. It is formed in a lab 1. Mineral 2. Element 3. The smallest part of an element that has all the properties of that element is a(n) ___________. 4. A substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by chemical means is called a(n) __________. 5. What is a substance made of two or more elements that have been chemically bonded called? 6. A solid whose atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite pattern is called __________________. 7. A mineral that is composed of one element is a(n) _______________. 8. Minerals are divided into two groups based upon their chemical composition. Explain the groups. 3. Compound 4. Crystal 5. Silicate mineral 6. Nonsilicate mineral 7. Luster 8. Streak 9. Cleavage 9. Minerals that contain silicon and oxygen are called ___________. 10. Which silicate minerals are the main components of most of Earth’s crust? 11. Which silicate minerals separate easily into sheets when they break? 12. What silicate mineral is the basic building block of many rocks? 10. Fracture 11. Hardness 12. Density 13. Ore 2 13. Minerals that contain sulfur and oxygen 14. Copper, gold and silver 15. Minerals that contain one or more elements like lead or iron combined with sulfur 16. Minerals that contain carbon and oxygen 17. Minerals that form when an element such as aluminum or iron combine with oxygen 18. Minerals that are compounds containing fluorine, chlorine, iodine or bromine a. b. c. d. e. f. Chapter 1; Section 2 Pages 8-11 Directed Reading A Native elements Carbonates Halides Oxides Sulfates Sulfides 1. What factors can change the color of minerals? 2. The way a surface reflects light is called __________________. 3. What are the three types of luster? 4. The color of a mineral in powdered form is called _________________. 5. Why is streak more reliable than color in identifying a mineral? 6. Two minerals that cleave along smooth, flat surfaces are _________________ and ______________ 7. The tendency of some minerals to break along curved or irregular surfaces is called ________________. 8. A mineral’s resistance to being scratched is called a. Weight c. Luster b. Streak d. Hardness 9. What does the Moh’s hardness scale determine? 10. What is the softest mineral on the Moh’s scale? 11. The ratio of mass to volume is called _____________. 12. What substance is the usual reference point for finding density of other substances? 13. The ratio of an objects density to the density of water is called ______________________________. 14. The property of calcite and fluorite that causes them to glow under ultraviolet light is called ______________. 15. A Geiger counter can be used to detect ______________ in a mineral. 16. A special property of pyrrhotite is that it is a natural ______________ that attracts iron. 3 Chapter 1; Section 3 Pages 12-17 Directed Reading A Chapter 2 Vocabulary Inside Restless Earth 1. When changes in pressure, temperature, or chemical make-up alter a rock, ________________ takes place. 2. Name two minerals that may be left behind when a body of salt water evaporates. 3. Gemstones, such as topaz, may form in teardrop-shaped bodies called _____________________. 4. Name two minerals that crystallize out of ground water that has been heated by magma. 5. Mica and feldspar form from slowly cooling magma that solidifies into a ____________________. 6. What 2 minerals may form when materials dissolved in water crystallize on the bottoms of lakes and seas? 7. A mineral deposit large and pure enough to be mined for profit is called a(n) ________________________. 8. Metallic minerals are good conductors of __________________ and ___________________. 9. Some metallic minerals can be processed into ____________________ that can be pounded or pressed into various shapes. 10. Silica and gypsum are _____________ minerals that are widely used in industry. 11. Nonmetallic minerals that are valued for their beauty and rarity rather than their usefulness are called ______________________. 12. What are two important characteristics of gemstones? 1. Rock 2. Rock Cycle 3. Erosion 4. Deposition 5. Composition 6. Texture 7. Intrusive igneous rock 8. Extrusive igneous rock 9. Strata 10. Stratification 11. Foliated 12. Nonfoliated 4 a. Igneous rock b. Sedimentary rock Chapter 2; Section 1 Pages 26-34 Directed Reading A c. Metamorphic rock d. Magma 10. Magma in the Earth’s crust that has risen to the surface and cools and solidifies 11. Rock that is forced downward & is exposed to heat & pressure 12. Rocks that are partially or completely melted 13. Igneous rock on Earth’s surface that is weathered and wears away 14. Sediment that washes down into rivers and oceans and is pressed and cemented together 1. A naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals or organic matter is called a(n) _______________. 2. The continual process by which new rock forms from old rock is called _______________________. 3. Humans have used rocks throughout history for tools, weapons, and ______________________. 4. Which of the following forces affects rock deep beneath Earth’s surface? a. Pressure c. Weathering b. Erosion d. Deposition 5. Rock at the Earth’s surface is most affected by the forces of a. Heat and pressure b. Pressure only c. Weathering and erosion d. Cooling 6. A rock deep underground is primarily affected by forces of a. Extreme heat and pressure b. Cooling c. Weathering and Erosion d. Heat only 7. What kind of new material is formed when metamorphic rock melts? a. Igneous rock c. Metamorphic rock b. Sedimentary rock d. Magma 8. What kind of new rock is formed when igneous rock is subjected to weathering, erosion compaction, and cementation? a. Magma c. Metamorphic rock b. Sedimentary rock d. Igneous rock 9. What new kind of rock is formed when sedimentary rock is subjected to heat and pressure? a. b. c. d. e. Magma Sediment Igneous Rock Sedimentary Rock Metamorphic Rock 15. The process in which water, wind, ice and heat break down rock is called _____________________. 16. One reason that weathering is important is because it breaks rock into fragments or _____________ from which sedimentary rocks are made. 17. The process by which sediment is removed from its source is called ____________________ 18. During __________, sediment is deposited in bodies of water and other low-lying areas. 19. Sedimentary rock can be made when sediment is pressed and cemented together by ____________ dissolved in water. 20. Some ___________ rock is made when sediment is squeezed by the weight of the rock materials that lies above it. 21. Movement within the Earth that causes buried rock to be exposed at the Earth’s surface is called _____________. 22. Beyond the three basic rock types, rocks can be divided into subcategories based on a. Composition and texture b. The depth at which they form 5 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. c. Elevation d. The pressure under which they form What is the chemical makeup, or mineral content, or a rock based on? a. The size of its grains b. The position of its grains c. The shape of its grains d. Its composition What do the size, shape, and positions of the grains that make up a rock determine? a. The rock’s texture b. The rock’s size c. The rock’s color d. The rock’s composition What factors can affect the texture of a sedimentary rock? a. The length of time the magma had to cool b. The temperature the rock was exposed to c. The color of the rock d. The size of the grains that make up the rock What factors can affect the texture of an igneous rock? a. The length of time the rock had to cool b. The size of the rock c. The minerals that cement the rock together d. The pressure & temperature the rock was exposed to What factors can affect the texture of a metamorphic rock? a. The length of time the magma had to cool b. The pressure & temperature the rock was exposed to c. The minerals that cement the rock together d. The size of the grains that make up the rock Chapter 2; Section 2 Pages 36-39 Directed Reading A 1. What kind of rock forms when hot, liquid rock or magma cools and solidifies? 2. Which kind of rock has a name that comes from a Latin word that means “fire”? 3. What two factors affect the type of igneous rock that is formed? 4. The material that igneous rock is made up of is called ____________. 5. What are three ways magma can form? 6. What three factors affect the formation of magma? 7. How does the composition of magma affect the temperature at which it solidifies? 8. Light-colored igneous rocks are less _________ than darkcolored igneous rocks are. 9. Light-colored igneous rocks that are rich in aluminum, potassium, silicon and sodium are called _______________. 10. Dark-colored igneous rocks that are rich in calcium, iron, and magnesium are called __________________. 11. The longer it takes for a rock to cool and solidify, the more time __________ have to grow, giving the rock a(n) _____________________ grain. 12. The more quickly an igneous rock cools and solidifies, the _____________ the grain. 13. The igneous rock that has cooled most quickly will be found on the ________________ of a volcano. 6 14. Rock that forms below the Earth’s surface 15. A large, irregular-shaped intrusive body 16. The largest intrusive bodies 17. Sheetlike intrusions that lie parallel to previous rock units 18. Sheetlike intrusions that cut across previous rock units Chapter 2; Section 3 Pages 40-43 Directed Reading A a. b. c. d. Pluton Dikes Batholiths Intrusive Igneous rock e. Sills 1. Over time, grains of sand may be compacted and cemented together to form a rock called _________________. 2. When sediment is deposited in layers and compacted, _________________ is formed, 3. Dissolved minerals separate from water and become a natural ____________ that binds the sedimentary rock together. 4. Sedimentary rocks form at or near the Earth’s ___________. 5. The most noticeable feature of sedimentary rock is often its layers, or _____________. 6. Rock or mineral fragments are called __________________. 7. Sedimentary rock that forms when rock or mineral fragments are cemented together is called _____________ sedimentary rock. 8. Clastic sedimentary rocks can have coarse-, medium-, or finegrained ______________________. 9. Sedimentary rock that forms when minerals crystallize out of solution, such as seawater, to become rock is called ____________________ sedimentary rock. 10. Sedimentary rock that forms from the remains, or fossils, of plants and animals is called ___________ sedimentary rock. 11. Some limestone is made from the skeletons of tiny ______________________ that live in the oceans in huge colonies called ________________. 12. Limestone made from the calcium carbonate from skeletons and shells of sea creatures is called ________________ limestone. 13. An organic sedimentary rock that forms from the action of heat and pressure on plant material over millions of years is called___________________. 19. Magma __________________ or pushes into surrounding rock below the Earth’s surface to create such formations as batholiths and sills. 20. Intrusive igneous rock usually has a(n) _________________ texture. 21. Igneous roc that forms from lava, or magma that erupts onto the Earth’s surface, is called ________________. 22. Lava can either erupt or flow from long cracks in the Earth’s crust called _________________. 23. When lava flows from fissures on the ocean floor at places where tension is causing the ocean floor to be pulled apart, new __________________ is formed. 24. When a large amount of lava flows out of fissures onto land, the lava can cover a large are and form a plain called a(n) _________________________. 7 14. What is the process in which sedimentary rocks are arranged in layers? a. Mud cracking b. Weathering c. Stratification d. Erosion Chapter 2; Section 4 Pages 44-49 Directed Reading A 1. Which rock’s name comes from the Greek words for “changed” and “shape”? a. Metamorphic c. Fossiliferous limestone b. Sedimentary d. Igneous 15. What are the markings on sedimentary rocks that record the wave motion of wind or water called? a. Ripple marks b. Stratification c. Fossiliferous limestone d. Mud cracks 2. What kind of rocks are rocks in which the structure, texture, or composition have been changed? a. Metamorphic c. Fossiliferous limestone b. Igneous d. Sedimentary 16. What do we call the structures that form when fine-grained sediments at the bottom of a shallow body of water are exposed to the air and dry out? a. Ripple marks b. Fossiliferous limestone c. Coal d. Mud cracks 3. What force or forces can create metamorphic rocks? a. Cooling c. Melting b. Heating and pressure d. Erosion 4. The heat and pressure at which some metamorphic rocks originally form allow them to sometimes remain ________________ at pressures and temperatures that would melt other rock. 5. Pressure caused by large movements within the crust sometimes causes the ________________ in metamorphic rocks to align themselves in parallel bands. 6. During ___________ rock is heated by nearby magma. 7. The effect of heat on rock decreases as the rock’s __________ from the magma increases and its _____________ decreases. 8. When pressure builds up in rock, which is located under other rock formations, __________________ occurs. 9. Regional metamorphism occurs deep in the Earth’s ________________. 17. Which sedimentary rock type most likely formed from ancient sand dunes? a. Clastic sedimentary rock b. Fossiliferous limestone c. Chemical sedimentary rock d. Organic sedimentary rock 8 10. Which of the following is NOT a property of an index mineral? a. Forms only at certain temperature b. Forms only in sedimentary rock c. Forms only in metamorphic rock d. Forms only in igneous rock 16. A rock in which coarsegrained minerals separate into distinct bands 17. A foliated metamorphic rock made from shale 18. A metamorphic rock with mineral grains in planes/bands 19. A metamorphic rock made from phyllite that has been exposed to heat and pressure 20. A sedimentary rock made of layers of clay 21. A metamorphic rock made from slate that has been subjected to heat and pressure 11. Which of the following minerals is an example of an index mineral? a. Calcite c. Staurolite b. Quartz d. Hematite 12. Which of the following is an example of a mineral that indicates that a metamorphic rock was formed at great depth and under extreme heat and pressure? a. Chlorite c. Magma b. Mica d. Garnet a. b. c. d. e. f. Foliated Shale Slate Phyllite Schist Gneiss 22. What is the change in shape of a rock caused by a force placed on it called? a. Deformation c. Foliation b. Recrystallization d. Nonfoliation 13. What do we call metamorphic rocks in which mineral grains are NOT aligned? a. Foliated c. Nonfoliated b. Intrusive d. Extrusive 14. What is the process in which a mineral changes composition during metamorphism called? a. Recrystallization c. Foliation b. Nonfoliation d. Deformation 15. After quartz limestone has recrystallized, the new rock is called a. Schist c. Slate b. Gneiss d. Quartzite Chapter 4 9 Vocabulary Inside Restless Earth 16. Fault 1. Crust 17. Stress 2. Mantle 18. Uplift 3. Core 19. Subsidence 4. Lithosphere 5. Asthenosphere 6. Tectonic Plate 7. Continental Drift 8. Sea-floor spreading 9. Plate Tectonics 10. Convergent boundary 11. Divergent boundary 12. Transform boundary 13. Compression 14. Tension 15. Folding 10 Chapter 4; Section 1 Directed Reading A Pages 95-102; Inside Earth 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Chapter 4; Section 2 Directed Reading A Pages 104-107; Restless Continents The Earth is composed of several ________________. A substance composed of 2 or more elements is a(n) a. Mix c. Compound b. Amalgam d. Complex Why do less dense compounds make up Earth’s crust while the densest compounds make up the core? List 3 layers of the Earth based upon their composition. What elements make up most of the Earth’s crust? Oceanic crust is denser than the continental crust because it contains more of which three elements? The mantle is composed of more of the element _________ than the crust. Why do scientists study the ocean floor to research the mantle? The mantle has less aluminum and less ________ than the crust. What element makes up most of the core? How much of the Earth’s mass is made up by the core? ________________ is the outermost, rigid layer of Earth ____________ is a layer of slowly flowing rock in the mantle ___________________ is the liquid layer of the core ____________________ is the solid layer of the core ____________________ is the strong lower part of the mantle Large pieces of the lithosphere that move around on the asthenosphere are called a. Mantle pieces c. Tectonic plates b. Crust pieces d. Puzzle pieces Why are tectonic plates like the pieces of a jigsaw puzzle? What are the two kinds of crust that a tectonic plate may contain? List three ways the tectonic plates floating on the asthenosphere are similar to ice cubes floating in a punch bowl. 1. 2. 3. 4. List and describe three kinds of evidence found on both sides of the ocean that support Wegener’s theory. 5. What was the landmass hypothesized by Wegener to exist 245 million years ago called? 6. When the supercontinent split, what were the 2 resulting continents called? 7. About 65 million years ago, what happened to the 2 large landmasses that existed on Earth? 8. Why did many reject Wegener’s hypothesis? 9. Describe the process of sea-floor spreading. 10. The process of forming new lithosphere as magma rises to the surface is called ________________________. _______________ are areas where sea-floor spreading takes place. The process that results in Earth’s magnetic poles changing places is called ______________________________. The theory explaining how the continents reached their current locations is called __________________________. Rock on the ocean floor provided the final proof of sea-floor spreading with a record of ______________________. 11. 12. 13. 14. 11 What was the hypothesis proposed by Alfred Wegener? What does this hypothesis suggest? According to Wegener, how were the continents arranged millions of years ago? How does fossil evidence support Wegener’s hypothesis? Chapter 4; Section 3 Directed Reading A Pages 108-111; The Theory of Plate Tectonics 1. Chapter 4; Section Directed Reading A Pages 112-118; Deforming the Earth’s Crust The theory that Earth is divided into plates that move around is ________________________________. 2. The place where tectonic plates touch is called ___________ 3. What are 3 ways plates can move relative to each other? 4. When two plates with continental crust collide, what happens to the continental crust? 5. What boundary forms when tectonic plates collide? 6. What boundary forms when tectonic plates separate? 7. What boundary forms when tectonic plates slide past each other? 1. What is the amount of force placed on a give material called? a. Bending c. Stress b. Stretching d. Breakage 2. The process by which the shape of a rock changes because of stress is called a. Seismology c. Deformation b. Elasticity d. Re-formation 3. When stress squeezes an object it is called a. Compression c. Convergence b. Re-formation d. Tension 4. When stress stretches an object is called a. Compression c. Convergence b. Re-formation d. Tension 5. What can form when compression squeezes rocks at a convergent boundary? ________________________ 6. What type of stress occurs at a divergent boundary? _________________________ 7. The bending of rock layers due to stress is known as a. Faulting c. Divergence b. Folding d. Convergence 8. When rock is heated, it becomes less dense and tends to _______________________ 9. When rock cools, it becomes more ____________ and tends to __________________________ 10. Density changes in the asthenosphere are caused by the flow of _______________ energy from deep within the Earth. 11. __________ plate motion due to higher densities 12. __________ plate motion due to gravity 13. __________ plate motion due to the heating and cooling of rock a. b. c. ridge push convection slab pull 8. A fold where both ends of the rock layer are horizontal 9. A downward, trough-like fold in a rock layer 10. An upward arching fold in a rock layer 14. How fast do tectonic plates move? 15. How do scientists measure the movement of tectonic plates? 12 a. Anticline b. Monocline c. Syncline 11. When rock layers break, the resulting surface they break and slide on is a. Wall c. Fault b. Slide d. Fold 12. When tension pulls rocks apart, it creates a a. Normal fault c. Reverse fault b. Fold d. Strike-slip fault 13. When compression pushes rocks together it creates a a. Normal Fault c. Reverse fault b. Mid-ocean ridge d. Strike-slip fault 14. When opposing forces cause rock to break and move horizontally a. Normal fault c. Reverse fault b. Fold d. Strike-slip fault 15. When a fault is not vertical, a hanging and a(n) ______________________ are formed. 16. The hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall in a(n) _________________________ 17. The hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall in a(n) ________________________. 18. When tectonic plates collide, folds and faults can become a. b. c. d. Folded mountains Fault-block mountains Volcanic mountains Strike-slip mountains 22. Appalachian Mountains 23. Tetons 24. Ring of Fire a. Volcanic mountains b. Folded mountains c. Fault-block mountains 25. The rising of Earth’s crust to higher elevations is called a. Uplift c. Subsidence b. Rebound d. Uprise 26. The sinking of regions of the Earth’s crust to lower elevations is called a. Uplift c. Subsidence b. Rebound d. Uprise 27. When the Earth’s crust slowly springs back to its original elevation, it is called a. Uplift c. Subsidence b. Rebound d. Uprise 28. What happens to the ocean floor the farther the oceanic lithosphere is from a mid-ocean ridge? a. Volcanoes c. Mountain ranges b. Transform boundaries d. Divergent boundaries 19. What kind of mountain range is formed when rock layers are squeezed and forced upward? 29. A set of cracks that form when two tectonic plates are pulled away from each other is known as a(n) _______________________. a. Folded mountains c. Volcanic mountains b. Fault-block mountains d. Strike-slip mountains 20. What kind of mountain range is formed when tension causes large blocks of crust to drop down? a. Folded mountains c. Volcanic mountains b. Fault-block mountains d. Strike-slip mountains 21. What kind of mountain is formed when magma rises to the surface and erupts? 13 Chapter 5 Vocabulary Inside Restless Earth 1. Seismology Chapter 5; Section 1 Pages 130-135 Directed Reading A 2. Deformation 1. What is seismology? 2. The scientists who study earthquakes are called ______ 3. Where do most earthquakes take place? 4. Giant pieces of Earth’s thin, outermost layer are called 5. When tectonic plates move and slip past each other, they cause _______ in Earth’s crust. 6. Why do earthquakes occur along faults? 3. Elastic Rebound 4. Strike-slip fault 5. Reverse fault 6. Normal fault 7. Seismic waves 7. Rock deformation that is like a stretched rubber band and leads to earthquakes 8. Change in the shape of rocks in response to stress 9. Sudden return of elastically deformed rock to its undeformed shape 10. Rock deformation that is like a piece of molded clay and does not lead to earthquakes 8. P wave 9. S wave 10. L wave 11. Seismograph 12. Seismogram 13. Epicenter a. b. c. d. e. deformation plastic deformation elastic deformation plastic rebound elastic rebound 14. Focus 11. What causes rock deformation? 15. Gap hypothesis 12. What occurs when more pressure is applied to a rock than it can withstand? 16. Seismic gap 13. During elastic rebound, energy is released that travels as seismic waves. What do the seismic waves cause? 14. Places where a large number of faults are located are called 14 15. What type of motion occurs where two plates slip past each other? 16. What type of motion occurs where two plates push together? 17. What type of plate motion occurs where two plates pull away from each other? 18. Where do most earthquakes happen? 19. What are seismic waves? Chapter 5; Section 2 Directed Reading A Pages 136-139; Earthquake Measurement 1. The point on Earth’s surface directly above an earthquake’s starting point is called _____________________. 2. The instrument that records vibrations in the ground and 20. What are the three types of seismic waves? 21. What are the properties of P Waves? determines the location and strength of an earthquake is a ____________________. 3. Tracing of earthquake motion detected by a seismograph is called a __________________. 4. The point in Earth’s interior where an earthquake begins is the ________________________. 5. Name 2 uses for seismograms. 22. What are the properties of S Waves? 23. What are the properties of Surface Waves? 6. Perhaps the simplest method seismologists use to find an earthquake’s epicenter is the _____________________. 7. The first step in finding an earthquake’s epicenter is to collect several ___________________ from different seismographic stations. 8. By using a time-distance graph, a seismologist can find the distance from each station to the earthquake’s _____________. 9. If you know the distance from the epicenter to three stations, how could you find the location of an epicenter? 24. On what does the speed of seismic waves depend? 25. Which are always the first waves of an earthquake to be detected? 26. Which type of wave always arrives second? 27. How are surface waves different from body waves? 28. Wave of energy that travels through Earth, away from an earthquake in all directions 29. Seismic wave that causes particles of rock to move in a back-andforth direction 30. Seismic wave that causes particles of rock to move in a side-to-side direction a. S wave b. Seismic wave c. P wave 10. Seismograms are used to find an earthquake’s a. Hazard c. Depth b. Damage d. Strength 11. What is the Richter magnitude scale used to measure? a. Earthquake epicenter c. Earthquake strength b. Earthquake focus d. Earthquake intensisty 15 12. What is the measure of strength of an earthquake called? a. Magnitude c. Velocity b. Intensity d. Richters 13. How many times stronger is an earthquake with a magnitude of 5.0 than an earthquake with a magnitude of 4.0? a. 1 c. 10 b. 5 d. 100 14. The degree to which people feel an earthquake and the amount of damage it causes is called a. Magnitude c. Velocity b. Intensity d. Richters 15. What is the highest intensity level on the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale? a. I c. X b. V d. XII 16. The lowest level of intensity on the Modified Mercalli Scale describes an earthquake a. Not felt by most people b. Not detected by seismographs c. With great damage d. With fires 17. How is the Richter magnitude scale used to find the strength of an earthquake? Chapter 5; Section 3 Directed Reading A Pages 140-145; Earthquakes and Society 1. What is earthquake hazard? 2. Which part of the continental United States has the highest earthquake hazard level? 3. How is the strength of earthquakes related to how often they occur? 4. The theory that states that sections of active faults that have had relatively few earthquakes are likely to be the sites of strong earthquake sin the future is called the ____________________________. 5. The areas along a fault where relatively few earthquakes have taken place are called ___________________. 6. Weaker earthquakes that follow a stronger earthquake are known as ______________________. 7. Not all seismologists believe that the _______________________ is an accurate way to forecast earthquakes. 8. The process of making older buildings more earthquake resistant is called a. Quake proofing c. Mass dampening b. Shock insulating d. Retrofitting 9. What do architects and engineers use to design and build structures to withstand earthquakes? a. Retrofitting c. Newest technology b. Gap filling d. Old building methods 18. Where are intensity values of an earthquake usually highest? 10. In an earthquake-resistant building, what structures act as shock absorbers? a. Mass dampers c. Active tendon systems b. Base isolators d. Cross braces 16 11. The shifting weights placed in the roof of some earthquakeresistant buildings are called a. Mass dampers c. Active tendon systems b. Base isolators d. Cross braces Chapter 6 Vocabulary Inside Restless Earth 12. What do engineers place between floors to counteract the pressures on the sides of buildings during earthquakes? a. Flexible pipes c. Mass dampers b. Steel crossbraces d. Base isolators 1. Volcano 2. Magma chamber 3. Vent 13. In an earthquake-resistant building, ___________________ help prevent waterlines and gas lines from breaking. 4. Pyroclastic material 14. What is a common way to retrofit an older home? 5. Crater 15. Explain how an active tendon system works. 6. Caldera 7. Lava plateau 16. What can you do to make your home safer before an earthquake starts? 8. Rift Zone 17. What are some plans you can make now for things to do during an earthquake? 9. Hot spot 18. What can you do to help yourself now if waterlines, power lines, and roads are damaged during an earthquake? 19. What is he best thing to do if you are indoors during an earthquake? 20. What is the best thing to do if you are outside during an earthquake? 17 16. Silica-rich magma a. Has a thin, runny consistency b. Allows gases to escape easily c. Causes explosive eruptions d. Is rarely associated with explosive eruptions 17. The more water contained in magma, the _________ the chances an explosive eruption will occur. 18. The main product of a nonexplosive eruption is ___________. 19. The main product of an explosive eruption is _______________. 20. Pyroclastic material forms when ___________ is blasted into the air and hardens. a. Aa lava 21. Forms underwater in rounded lumps b. Pillow lava 22. Flows slowly, like dripping wax c. Pahoehoe lava 23. Has a brittle, jagged crust d. Blocky lava 24. Cool, stiff lava that forms jumbled heaps Chapter 6; Section 1 Pages 156-161 Directed Reading A 1. Volcanic eruptions can be ____________ times stronger than the explosion produced by the first atomic bomb. 2. What is magma? 3. Magma that flows onto the Earth’s surface is called ______________. 4. What is a volcano? 5. Which of the following can happen during nonexplosive eruptions? a. Violent explosions b. Tons of rock blasted into the air c. Huge lava flows d. Fire shooting into the air 6. The most common type of volcanic eruption is _____________. 7. Large areas of the Earth are covered with ______________ from nonexplosive eruptions, 8. Volcanic eruptions occur on land and on the _____________floor. 9. Which of the following would you expect to see during an explosive volcanic eruption? a. Calm lava flows b. Hot debris, ash, and gas shooting into the air c. A rainbow d. Lava fountains 10. In a volcanic eruption, molten rock is blown into dust-sized particles called _________________. 11. How quickly can an explosive eruption demolish a mountainside? 12. During an explosive eruption, where do larger pieces of debris fall? 13. Hot liquid material below the surface 14. An opening in the Earth’s crust 15. Molten material flowing on the surface 25. The viscosity of lava tells how ___________ the lava is. 26. Lava that pours out quickly and forms a brittle crust is called ______________ lava. 27. Lava that flows slowly and has rounded wrinkles on its glassy surface is called ______________ lava. 28. Large blobs of magma that harden in the air 29. Solid rock blasted out of a volcano 30. Glass-like slivers from the walls of exploding gas bubbles 31. Pebble like bits of magma that cool in the air a. Volcanic blocks b. Volcanic Bombs c. Lapilli d. Volcanic ash 32. When large amounts of hot ash, dust and gases are ejected from a volcano, the result is a dangerous type of flow called a(n) ________________. 33. Pyroclastic materials can race downhill at speeds of more than _______________. a. Vent b. Magma c. Lava 18 Chapter 6; Section 2 Pages 162-165 Directed Reading A Place the following events in order to show how a single volcano can cause widespread disaster. 14. When the roof over a magma chamber collapses, it forms a a. Vent b. Caldera c. Crater d. Lava plateau 15. Craters, calderas, and lava plateaus are volcanic ____________. 16. A caldera is __________ than a crater. 17. A long crack in the Earth’s crust is called 18. After repeated eruptions of lava spread over a large area, ___________ is formed. 19. Lava plateaus are created by _____________ eruptions. 1. _________Less sunlight reaches Earth 2. _________There is a large-scale volcanic eruption 3. _________The Earth experiences longer, harsher winters and wetter, milder summers 4. _________The average global temperature drops 5. _________Worldwide food shortages occur because of widespread crop failures. 6. _________Volcanic ash and sulfur-rich gases spread through the atmosphere 7. The largest mountains on a. Shield volcano Earth b. Cinder Volcano 8. Forms from lava; not steep c. Composite 9. Often occurs in clusters Volcano 10. Forms from alternating layers of pyroclastic material and lava 11. Made entirely of pyroclastic materials 12. Sometimes called stratovolcano 13. The funnel-shaped pit around a volcano’s central vent is a(n) a. Magma chamber b. Caldera c. Crater d. Lava plateau 19 16. ____The mantle rock melts because of the decrease in pressure. Chapter 6; Section 3 Pages 166-171 Directed Reading A 17. Subduction is a. The movement of one tectonic plate against another b. The movement of one tectonic plate over another c. The movement of one tectonic plate under another d. The movement of one tectonic plate away from another 18. Convergent boundaries commonly exist where a. Tectonic plates move side by side b. Oceanic crust moves away from continental crust c. Continental crust is subducted under oceanic crust d. Tectonic plates collide with each other 19. As the ocean crust sinks deeper into the mantle 20. The oceanic crust is _____________ and _________________ than the continental crust. 21. The Hawaiian lands are located 22. What are hot spots? 23. Some scientists believe that hot spots form along in the Earths’ crust. Match each with the correct volcano type: 24. Have not erupted in thousands of years. 25. Have not erupted recently a. Active 26. Are erupting now b. Dormant 27. Probably won’t erupt again c. Extinct 28. Will probably erupt in the future 29. Will probably erupt in the near future 1. To help predict eruptions, scientists study _________________ coming from active volcanoes and look for changes in the volcanoes. 2. The rock of the Earth’s mantle a. Flows very quickly b. Has a puttylike consistency c. Is cooler than the Earth’s crust d. Is solid and rock-hard 3. Rock usually melts to form magma a. When there is an increase in pressure b. When there is a decrease in pressure c. When there is a decrease e in temperature d. When it is in a volcano 4. Magma forms in the deeper regions of the Earth’s ______________ and the uppermost layers of the _____________. 5. Changes in __________ and ____________ cause magma to form. 6. How does magma behave like air bubbles in a jar of honey? 7. About 80% of active volcanoes on land form where plates a. Join b. Collide b. Separate d. Slide past each other 8. Tectonic plate boundaries are areas where tectonic plates ______________________, ______________________, and/or _________________________. 9. Why are the plate boundaries surrounding the Pacific Ocean called the Ring of Fire? 10. A set of rifts between separating plates is called a(n) a. Divergent boundary c. Crater column b. Mantle rock d. Rift zone 11. Tectonic plates separate at a(n) ________________ boundary. Place the following in the correct order: 12. ____Magma rises to the surface of the surrounding rock. 13. ____Mantle material rises to fill the spaces between the plates. 14. ____The magma forms a new crust on the ocean floor 15. ____A rift forms as tectonic plates move apart 30. Just before an eruption, the number and intensity of small earthquakes ___________________. 31. Changes in the ratio of sulfur dioxide to carbon dioxide may indicate changes in the _____________ below. 32. Small changes in the volcanoes slope can be ________________. 33. What are 3 ways scientists can predict volcanic explosions? 34. What might cause a bulge in the slope of a volcano? 20