Download Name: Period: ___ Date

Name: __________________________________ Period: ___ Date: __________________
BIOLOGY SPRING REVIEW
RNA and Protein Synthesis: (p. 300 – 306)
RNA
* Use a Venn diagram to compare and contrast RNA to DNA, be sure to include sugars,
bases, number of strands, location and purpose:
DNA

BOTH
RNA
What cell organelle packages the protein and "ships it out" of the cell? _Golgi body
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: (PG. 300-306)
*
What is Transcription (include type(s) of RNA, location of the process, and the
name given to a triplet of bases on the mRNA strand? ___DNA---mRNA in
nucleus. DNA is copied by mRNA (codon)
*
What is Translation (include type(s) of RNA, location of the process, and the
name given to the triplet of bases on the tRNA strand?
mRNA--tRNA--proteins. mRNA attaches to ribosome, tRNA
(anticodon) brings amino acids to mRNA to form proteins
*
What are the building blocks of proteins? _amino acids
*
How does your body use proteins? Structure- bone,muscle, hair, blood,
skin, enzymes, antibodies
*
What are some sources of protein? Meat , eggs
MUTATIONS: (P. 307-308)

Define the term mutation: any change in the sequence of bases (DNA)

What is a frameshift mutation and give an example: when a nucleotide is
added or deleted, every “3” following change will move over

ACC CCG GAC ----ACC CGG AC
What is a point mutation and give an example: _a change in 1 or few
nucleotides (substitution)

Below is the base sequence for the normal protein for normal hemoglobin and
the base sequence for the sickle cell hemoglobin.
Normal DNA Code for Protein: GGG CTT CTT TTT
Mutated DNA for Sickle Cell:
GGG CAT CTT TTT
a. Transcribe (mRNA) and translate (amino acid) the normal and sickle cell DNA.
CCC GAA GAA AAA
Pro
sequence
normal mRNA
normal amino acid
_____________________________________________ mutation mRNA
_____________________________________________ mutated amino acid
sequence
b. Would this be a point or frameshift mutation? __Point__ Explain
your answer: it does NOT shift every codon after mutation
Draw an example of the following chromosomal mutations: (PG. 308)
Deletion
Duplication
Inversion
Translocation
GENETIC TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING: (p. 318-326)

How is a DNA fingerprint prepared? __1) extract DNA 2) cut with
enzyme 3) separate DNA using gel electrophoresis
What is the difference between an inked fingerprint and a DNA fingerprint?
Inking is reproduction of ridges in finger with black ink. DNA f’print is
a method of mapping parts of a person’s DNA to identify them

List several examples of how DNA technology has been used? Convict
criminals, identify criminals discover inherited diseases*

What is Gel Electrophoresis and what is it used for? It is used to separate
DNA fragments to compare with other fragments

Describe how genetic engineering has been used to produce vaccines:
Vaccinations against disease involves injecting killed or weaken
pathogens into a person

What is recombinant DNA? __combining different sources of DNA

What are restriction enzymes? __used to cut DNA into fragments

What is Selective Breeding and how is it used? __only certain
animals/plants are allowed to breed (those with desirable traits)

List some of the dangers of inbreeding: __defects caused by 2 recessive
alleles. Blindness, joint deformaties….
GENETICS: (p. 262-274 and 341-354)
Define the following terms:
a. homozygous__TT or tt
b. heterozygous __Tt
c. dominant __trait that is always seen if present (TT or Tt)
d. recessive _trait that is ONLY seen when paired with another recessive (tt)
e. gene ___chemical factor that determines traits
f. genotype _genetic combo TT or Tt or tt
g. phenotype ___physical appearance. HOW you look.
*
In humans, which parent determines the sex of the baby? male_ Why?
_he is Xy, and has an option. Female is XX, and cannot make change
*
What sex chromosomes produce a normal male? Xy normal female? _XX_
*
What is a punnett square used for? _predicting probable outcome
*
What would be the results of the following crosses (Tall (T) is dominant and (t) short is
recessive)? Give the genotype and the phenotype ratios.
a. homozygous tall x homozygous short
b. heterozygous x short
a.
b.
Tt
Tt
Tt
genotype %:
genotype %:
Phenotype %:
phenotype %:
Tt
*
Define Incomplete Dominance and give an example: __one allele is NOT
completely dominant over the other “blend” RR (red) x (WW) white =RW PINK
*
Define Co-Dominance and give an example: __BOTH are dominant, BOTH are
expressed Type A blood from mom, Type B blood from pa = Type AB for
junior**also example of MULTIPLE ALLELE (ABO group)
*
What are Polygenetic Traits? __traits controlled by 2 or MORE genes.
Anything with variety…hair, skin, eye color, height
EVOLUTION (pg 230 – 250)
Define the following terms:
a.
evolution - _change over time
b.
species – group so similar that it can breed successfully
* Structures that are similar in how they look and function are called _HOMOlogous
structures.
* Give 3 examples: your hand and a bat wing (both bone, skin, muscle)
* Structures that are alike in their function (like flying) but different in how they look are
called Analogous_ structures.
* Give 2 examples: bird wing and butterfly wing (not the same material)
* Structures that are present but are no longer used in an organism are called Vestigial_
structures.
* Give 2 examples: appendix, tail, wisdom teeth
HUMAN BODY (pg 891 – 896)
Define the following terms:
a.
same
homeostasis - _all processes that keep the body “balanced” normal,
b.
anatomy - _structure_how does it look
c.
physiology - _function how does it work
* How does form relate to function? _the structure DETERMINES the function
IMMUNE SYSTEM (pg 1036 – 1047 also see notes you took)
Define the following terms:
a.
antigen - _causes a reaction/response (dust, bacteria,pollen)
b.
histamine - _chemical “sos” released from cells in trouble..calls in backup
c.
antibody – protein made by your body to fight invaders_
*
What is the first line of defense in the immune system? Skin,tears, sweat, mucus
*
How does this first line of defense function? __prevents pathogens from entering
the body
*
Define the word Phagocyte and its role in the immune system: ___”engulfing
cell” that cleans up
*
Describe the specific line of defense in the immune system (be sure to list all of the
cells involved in the process): _Cell mediated-T cells TARGET and TERMINATE,
Humoral B cells (antibodies) that fight pathogens outside the cell
What is an antigen and how does it work in the immune system? _is any invader,
triggers a response from the immune system
What is an antibody and how does it function in the immune system? ___proteins
that fight invaders and bind to antigens to make them useless
What is an autoimmune disease and give some examples: ___caused when self
does not recognize self. YOUR body attacks itself. Arthritis_
REPRODUCTION (pg 997 – 1023)
*
What are the male gonads called? _Testes
*
What are the female gonads called? __ Ovaries
*
Explain the function of the placenta. __connects mom to baby, provides needed
and carries away wastes._ What harmful materials can cross the placenta? _drugs,
alcohol, smoke, diseases (AIDS)
*
What is the muscular, pear-shaped organ that contains the fetus during pregnancy
called? uterus
*
Where are eggs usually fertilized? Fallopian tube
*
The process by which an egg cell is released from the ovary is called ovulation.
*
Which hormones are responsible for secondary sex characteristics in females?
estrogen__& _progesterone In males? testosterone
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES:
*
List examples of sexually transmitted diseases caused by a virus: _Herpes, AIDS,
warts, CANNOT be treated with antibiotics
List examples of sexually transmitted diseases caused by a bacteria: __chlamydia,
syphilis, gonorrhea (can be treated, but often too late)
How are STD’s transmitted? __sexual contact_
What is HIV? _Human Immunodeficiency Virus
How does it affect the immune system? KILLS T cells..leaves body defenseless
against infection
*
What is a vaccine? _weakened or killed pathogens used cause production of
antibodies by your own body
*
What are antibiotics? Chemicals that fight BACTERIAL infections
*
What are antiviral medications?_interferon, interferes with life cycle of virus
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM (pg 943 – 955)
*
What protein in the red blood cells carries oxygen to the cells? hemoglobin
*
The two top chambers of the heart are called __ATRIA_ and it _receives _ the blood
from body. The bottom two chambers are called _ventricles_ and pump blood out of
the heart.
*
Where are blood cells produced? _red marrow in spongy bone
*
What structure in veins prevent the backward flow of blood? Valves
*
Which chamber of the heart is responsible for each of the following:
a.
receiving deoxygenated blood from the body: _rt atria
b.
receiving oxygenated blood from the lungs: left atria
c.
pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs: rt ventricle
d.
pumping oxygenated blood to the body: _left ventricle
*
The liquid part of the blood is called _PLASMA.
*
Identify the solid components of blood which does the following:
*
*
a.
transports oxygen to the cells - RBC
b.
destroys microorganisms by phagocytosis - WBC
c.
helps the blood clot - _platelets
Identify the blood vessels that perform the following functions:
a.
carries the blood away from the heart to the body - aorta
b.
carries the blood away from the heart to the lungs - _pulmonary artery
c.
carries blood to the heart from the body - _Vena Cavas
d.
carries blood to the heart from the lungs - _pulmonary veins
e.
allows waste products to move out of the cells & into the blood -capillaries
f.
allows gas exchange between the blood and tissues - __capillaries
How many chambers does a human heart have? 4
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (pg 956 – 963)
*
What is the major function of the respiratory system? Exchange of Ox and CO2
*
What does your nose do to the air when you breathe in? warms, Moistens
and cleans
*
The respiratory system supplies Ox to the cells and removes carbon dioxide from the
cells.
*
Describe the path of oxygen upon inhalation, be sure to include ALL the structures that
air passes through to the lungs. Nose pharynx larynx trachea bronchi bronchioles
alveoli
What is asthma? ________________________________________________________
*
What is bronchitis? ______________________________________________________
*
What gas in cigarette smoke attaches to the hemoglobin instead of oxygen? __carbon
MONOXIDE
*
What is the function of the diaphragm? __breathing muscle
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (pg 978 – 984)
*
Both chemical and mechanical digestion begins in the _mouth_.
*
Why is it important for the small intestines to have villi? __increase area of absorption_
*
List the structures that contribute digestive enzymes to digestion but food never passes
through them: _pancreas and liver
Give the function of :
a.
esophagus: __food tube
b.
stomach: ________________________________________________________
c.
small intestines: digestion and absorption
d.
large intestines: __reabsorbs water from wastes
e.
rectum & anus: ___________________________________________________
EXCRETORY SYSTEM (pg 985 – 989)
*
Give the function of:
a.
kidney – filters the blood, removes waste and maintains water balance
b.
ureter - __tube from kidney to bladder
c.
bladder - __stores urine
d.
urethra - ___tube carries urine out of the body
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:
*
What disease is caused by a defective pancreas? _diabetes
*
What hormone is not being produced? insulin
*
Thyroxine, a hormone produced by the thyroid gland, controls __metabolism (like
the idle on a car , regulates how fast you burn your calories)
*
The adrenal gland produces what hormone? __adrenaline
*
What is the function of the Pituitary Gland? ___controls ALL glands and growth
SKELETON AND MUSCLES (pg 921 – 932)
*
The major mineral deposited in the human body is _calcium
*
Define compact bone: _dense
*
Define spongy bone: __porous
*
Define bone marrow: _red marrow makes RBC
*
Cartilage: flexible found in nose, ears and all of baby
Define the following freely moveable joints and give an example of each:
Ball and Socket: _hips and shoulders
Hinge: _elbow and knees
Gliding: _wrists _
*
Given an example of an Immovable joint: __skull
Define the following:
*
Arthritis: ____________________________________________________________
*
Bursitis: ____________________________________________________________
*
Osteoporosis: ________________________________________________________
MUSCLES:
*
Distinguish between ligaments and tendons: __L=B+B
T=M+B
*
Specialized tissue that can contract is called ____________________ tissue.
*
When a muscle contracts, what happens to it? _______________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
*
Tell where each of the following types of muscles may be found:
a.
smooth - _digestive tract, iris of eyes
b.
cardiac - _heart
c.
striated - __SKELETAL attached to skeleton
*
What is a voluntary muscle? __YOU control
*
What is an involuntary muscle? You do NOT control
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (pg 933 – 936)
*
What does the Integumentary system consist of? Skin hair nails
*
What is the most important function of the Integumentary system? _PROTECTION
*
List the four functions of the Integumentary system: _________________________,
________________________________, _________________________________,
________________________________
*
The outer layer of the skin called _epidermis_.
*
The inner layer of skin is called __dermis__.
*
What is the name of the dark brown pigment in skin? _melanin
*
What keeps the skin smooth and supple? __oil glands
*
List the two types of glands contained in the dermis: __sweat__, ____oil____
NERVOUS SYSTEM (pg 897 – 904)
Identify the parts of the following neuron and give the functions of each of the following:
dendrite, axon, myelin sheath, nucleus, and cell body
*
What is a synapse? ___GAP between neurons (and muscle, gland or another
neuron)
*
What is a reflex arc? Involuntary reaction to stimuli that goes to spinal cord
FIRST, then brain.
Give an example: blinking, flinching