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NAME____ANSWER KEY_______
WORLD II
FINAL
REVIEW
GUIDE
EWALD
Asia & the 1500s
1. Who is Akbar? Ruler in India; “Golden Age” of the empire
2. Who is Suleiman? Ruler of Ottoman Enpire; “Golden Age” of the empire
3. Who is Shah Jahan? Built Taj Mahal (in India)
4. What was the original name of the capital of the Ottoman Empire? What did it change to?
Constantinople; Istanbul
Renaissance
1. What caused the Black Death? Infested rats (fleas)
2. What was the Renaissance a rebirth of? Classical art & learning
3. What does recant mean? To take back
4. Why was the development of the printing press important? Increased literacy
5. What are indulgences? Pardons being sold by Church clergy, excusing them from penalties and allowing them
a “ticket” to heaven
6. What was Martin Luther’s major work called and why was it important? 95 Theses; expressed his
disagreement with the practice of selling indulgences; led to development of new religions
7. What is predestination? Belief that a person’s salvation is decided before he/she is born
Age of Exploration
1. Who first circumnavigated the globe? Magellan
2. Who established a school for navigators & scientists in Portugal? Prince Henry
3. Who is Bartolomeu Dias? First explorer to round the southern tip of Africa; named it the Cape of Good
Hope
4. Who is Christopher Columbus? Discovered the New World
5. What is the Columbian Exchange? Vast global exchange of people, plants, technologies, diseases, & cultures
6. What is the Triangular Trade? Movement of manufactured goods from Europe to Africa, slaves from Africa
to Americas, and raw goods from America to Europe
7. What is mercantilism? Belief that a nation’s wealth is measured by its gold and silver reserves
8. What is capitalism? Economic system that encourages investment of money for profit; private ownership of
business; little government interference
9. When Emperor Montezuma in Mexico first came upon Cortez, what did he believe him to be? A God
10. Who is Tokugawa Ieyasu? Unified Japan
Scientific Revolution
1. What was the “new” scientific revolution based on? Observation, experimentation, & mathematics
2. Who first came up with the geocentric theory? Aristotle & Ptolemy
3. Who first came up with the heliocentric theory? Copernicus
4. What invention is Galileo associated with? Telescope
5. Who first explained gravity? Newton
6. Who was Kepler? First to determine the planets orbit the sun elliptically
7. Who was Harvey? First to describe the circulation of blood and importance of the heart
8. Who was Vesalius? First to dissect a human body & publish his findings
Enlightenment
1. Who was John Locke? Believed man was good and government was supposed to protect them, but can be
overthrown
2. Who was Thomas Hobbes? Believed man couldn’t govern himself properly & needed strong government to
interfere
3. What body or office in the U.S. is similar to the British Parliament? Congress
Absolutism
1. Who is Frederick the Great? Absolute ruler of Prussia; built it into a powerful force
2. Who is Peter the Great? What is westernization? Absolute ruler of Russia; to make something modern –
study western technology, economics, & politics
3. Who was Louis XIV? What did he build and why was it important? Absolute ruler of France; Palace of
Versailles – to symbolize his power and wealth
4. Who was Charles I? Absolute ruler of England during the English Civil War
5. What happened during the English Civil War? War between the Royalists (supported King Charles I) and
Roundheads (supported Parliament, led by Oliver Cromwell)
Religion
1. What religion has the most followers today? Christianity
2. What is Judaism? Monotheistic religion of the Hebrews, founded by Abraham
3. What is Islam? Monotheistic religion that developed in Arabia
4. What is Christianity? Monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus
5. What is Hinduism? Began in India; believes in reincarnation and belief in the interconnectedness of all life
6. What is Buddhism? Stresses happiness is achieved through eliminating attachment from worldly things
7. What is the dominant religion in Russia? Eastern Orthodox Christianity
French Revolution
1. What happened with the storming of the Bastille? Mob wanted to steal gunpowder & weapons in case the
king’s army attacked
2. Who became the emperor during the French Revolution? Napoleon
3. Who was the leader of the Reign of Terror? Robespierre
4. Who was the First Estate? Church clergy (>1%)
5. Who was the Second Estate? Nobles (2%)
6. Who was the Third Estate? Peasants, workers, and Bourgeoisie (98%)
7. Who were the Bourgeoisie? Middle class bankers, merchants, doctors, lawyers, etc. at the top of the Third
Estate
Industrial Revolution
1. What natural resources gave Britain an advantage in the Industrial Revolution? Coal and iron
2. What was needed, in addition to technology, to lead to industrialization? Money & natural resources
3. What does subsistent mean? To rely on yourself for your own needs
4. Why did skilled artisans (craftsmen) sometimes protest the changes of the Industrial Revolution? Because
the new technology made their jobs useless
5. What best describes the living conditions in the slums of cities? Harsh and crowded
6. Why did Britain take the lead in the Industrial Revolution? Availability of natural resources
7. What happened to the women’s workday as the industrial revolution progressed? It expanded; worked 12 or
more hours outside of the home
8. What did Karl Marx believe created poverty for many people? Capitalism
9. Who encouraged laissez-faire economics? Adam Smith
10. What is urbanization? Growth of cities and increasing urban populations
11. What was one reason that parents accepted child labor? Additional source of income
12. What is an entrepreneur? buisnessman
13. What is capitalism and what does it rely upon? Privately owned business; supply and demand
14. What invention greatly reduced the amount of time people spent spinning threads into cloth? Spinning
Jenny
15. What were some of the challenges faced by growing industrial cities? No building codes, no sanitation,
overpopulation
Imperialism
1. What is assimilation? In time, policy that the home country wants the colony to become completely
absorbed into the home country’s culture (language, religion, beliefs, etc)
2. What is sphere of influence? A foreign region in which a nation has control over trade and other economic
activities
3. What is the difference between direct rule and indirect rule? Direct: focuses on restrictive trading rights
& exert total political influence; Indirect: local ruler stays in place & takes advice from motherland
4. Why were European armies able to outperform African armies in the early 20th Century? In other words,
as a result of what invention? Machine gun
5. What Indian industry benefited Britain the most during colonialism? Textile
6. Why did the British consider India to be the “jewel in the crown?” Had a large population to sell goods to,
massive supplier of raw materials, good transportation after improved railroads by the British
7. Where was European influence the greatest, even as late as 1880, in Africa? Along the coast
8. By 1914, what two African countries remained independent? Liberia and Ethiopia
9. Why did Imperialism start? Industrial Revolution; needs for more raw materials, need for new market for
goods to sell
10. What was a result of the reliance on cash crops in India? Food production decreased, resulting in famines
11. What happened as a result of the Berlin Conference in 1884-85? Europeans divided Africa into colonies
without consulting African leaders
12. What is nationalism? Pride in one’s country
13. Why did Britain take control of the Suez Canal? Egypt couldn’t pay its debt from modernization attempts
14. What movement of the 17th & 18th centuries resulted in the need for new markets? Industrial Revolution
15. What was a major cause of the Sepoy Mutiny (Rebellion)? Lack of respect for the Indian culture by the
British
16. Like the Congress of Vienna, what did the Berlin Conference attempt to establish? Balance of power
between European nations
17. What country claimed rights to the Congo during the Age of Imperialism? Belgium
18. What is a cash crop? Crop sold on the world market (cotton, tobacco, sugar, etc.)
19. What is the 100-mile waterway that links the Mediterranean with the Red Sea? Suez Canal
20. What is a trade deficit? Importing goods more than exporting goods (spending more money than earning)
World War I
1. What weapon contributed the most to the stalemate on the western front during World War I? Maxim
automatic machine gun
2. What had the greatest impact on the conclusion of World War I? Involvement of the U.S.
3. Why was World War I more destructive than earlier wars? Modern, mechanized weapons were far more
deadly for troops
4. World War I was the first type of this war. What kind of war was it? Mechanized war; used trench
warfare
5. Name some of the consequences of World War I. Death of 8.5 million people
6. Following WWI, what goal for the postwar did Britain & France share? Avoid another war with Germany
7. What did the Allies use their colonies for during WWI? Natural resources, men as troops, weapon
manufacturers
8. What was the goal of the Schlieffen Plan? To avoid a two-front war for Germany
9. Through what method was public opinion controlled during WWI? Media
10. On the eve of WWI, who ruled Bosnia-Herzegovina? Austria-Hungary
11. What are some of the causes of international tension in the early 1900s? Imperialism
12. What is an armistice? An agreement to stop fighting
13. Who helped the government war effort more than ever before in World War I? women
14. What is total war? War that affects soldiers, civilians, & all aspects of society/government
15. What Allied power suffered huge casualties on the Eastern Front in World War I? Russia
16. The stalemate among the battlefields of France in World War I became known as what? Western Front
17. What did Europe look like in 1918? Following the war, everything was in ruins
18. President Wilson’s desires for the postwar world were most clearly expressed in what? The Fourteen
Points
19. Who were the members of the Central Powers in WWI? Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire
20. What country still remained neutral in late 1915? U.S.
21. What is militarism? Glorification of military power & preparation for war
22. Who is credited with unifying Germany in the late 19th Century? Bismarck
23. Who were the members of the Allied Powers in WWI? Britain, France, Russia, U.S.
24. Where was the treaty conference to determine the terms of the peace following WWI held? Palace of
Versailles
25. What were some of the long term causes of WWI? Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism
26. What were the reasons the US decided to enter WWI? Undeclared submarine warfare, Zimmerman
Telegram
27. What is self-determination? Freedom to choose own government and leaders
28. What was President Wilson’s proposal for peace called? League of Nations
29. What were the problems or hardships faced by Russia during WWI? Military was too vast; not enough
weapons and supplies for all the soldiers
30. What are some of the results of mechanized war? Massive destruction to land, slower moving war with
stalemates, large number of deaths
31. What were the new weapons introduced in WWI? Tanks, machine guns, planes, poison gas, gas masks
32. What land remained under Ottoman control following WWI? Turkey
33. What did many Americans believe was the best way to approach the post-war world (after WWI)? Be
isolationist
34. Following WWI, many territories in Africa and Asia were no longer considered colonies. Instead, they
were known as what? Mandates
35. What were the results of World War I? Environmental ruins, disparity in Europe, millions wounded
36. The “war guilt clause” of the Treaty of Versailles was economically and politically harsh, leaving the
German people feeling what? Resentful
37. What organization did President Wilson propose that could peacefully negotiate solutions to world
problems? League of Nations
38. During WWI, the stretch of battlefield along the Russian-German border became known as what? Eastern
Front
39. In order to invade France, the German military moved through what neutral nation in 1914, precipitating
the British declaration of war? Belgium
40. What were some of the actions the government took during World War I? Rationing, propaganda, set
wages, set prices
Interwar Years
1. In 1928, the pledge to “…renounce war as an instrument of national policy” was signed by almost every
country in the world. What was this agreement called? Kellogg-Briand Pact
2. What did fascism emphasize? Loyalty to your country and obedience to one leader
3. In Italy, who was Il Duce? Mussolini
4. What were the results of the weak governments of Europe? Frequent changes in government leadership,
poor economic conditions, little experience with how to run a government
5. What was Hitler’s main method for achieving lebensraum? Conquer other countries
6. Following the Stock Market Crash (1928), in 1933 how many American workers were unemployed? 25%
7. Name a reason why Germans started taking Adolf Hitler and his message seriously. The economic collapse
brought on by the Great Depression
8. What were some of Hitler’s goals? Nationalism, lebensraum, “cleansing” the German population
9. Which country was resentful and angry about the conditions of the Treaty of Versailles, particularly the
“War Guilt Clause?” Germany
10. What was the event that was considered to mark the beginning of an active and official policy of antiSemitism? Kristillnacht
11. What is inflation? Prices rise but salaries stay the same
12. Who were the “Big Three” of the postwar conference talks? FDR, Churchill, Stalin
13. Who did Hitler sign a non-aggression pact with? Stalin
14. How did the Japanese try to build a Pacific empire? Took over land in eastern Asia
15. What best describes the actions taken by the League of Nations in response to Japanese, Italian, and
German aggression in the 1930s? Ineffective
16. What was the policy of appeasement? To give in to aggression to keep the peace
17. In the US, FDR was elected and began a program of reform called what? New Deal
World War II
1. What was German warfare called? Blitzkrieg
2. What countries were members of the Axis Powers by the end of 1936? Germany, Italy, Japan
3. Why were thousands of Japanese Americans interned in relocation camps? Because of paranoia regarding
their ancestry
4. From North Africa in 1943, where did the Allied forces move north to? Italy
5. Again in late 1942, why were the German forces unable to defeat the Russians despite their strong
advances? Harsh winter
6. What did Stalin ask of the Allies in late 1941 and early 1942? Open up a second front to attack Hitler from
the western end
7. Operation Barbarossa was Hitler’s plan to invade what? Russia
8. What were the actions made by Hitler because the League of Nations was powerless? Took over the
Rhineland and Sudetenland, built up a strong military
9. Who was the British Prime Minister by the time Operation Sea Lion began? Churchill
10. What agreement or pronouncement between Churchill and Roosevelt promised free trade and selfdetermination? Atlantic Charter
11. In September 1940, Rommel ordered his troops in Libya to march east and invade what British-controlled
territory? Egypt
12. Briefly describe the events of D-Day. Allied invasion of the beaches of Normandy in France
13. What system was actively encouraged by the Soviet Union following WWII? Communism
14. What international organization was formed in 1945 to protect its members against aggression? United
Nations
15. Who was the leader of the Soviet Union after WWII? Khrushchev
16. What are some of the consequences of WWII? Mass destruction of lands, millions of casualties, United
Nations
17. During WWII, what new invention was used to detect aircraft? Radar
18. What island did the Japanese nickname “the Island of Death”? Guadalcanal
19. What event turned the tide of war in the Pacific against Japan and allowed Allies to take the offensive?
Battle of Midway
20. What type of government did Japan become after World War II? Constitutional Monarchy
21. What Allied commander planned the “island hopping” campaign in WWII? MacArthur
22. What was one major goal for the Soviet Union following WWII? Spread Communism
Post-WWII/Cold War
1. Who was the first prime minister of India in 1947? Nehru
2. What was the name of Eisenhower’s policy that was used to justify an increased American presence in
Vietnam? Brinkmanship
3. What was the Cuban Missile Crisis? The dangerous standoff between the U.S. and U.S.S.R. over the
presence of Soviet missiles in Cuba
4. What was the name of the military alliance formed in 1955 between the USSR and Eastern European
countries? Warsaw Pact
5. What was the name of the defensive military alliance of ten Western European nations, the US, and Canada
that was formed in 1949? NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
6. What was the name of the assistance program (encouraged by American Secretary of State in June 1947)
that gave economic aid to any country that needed it? Marshall Plan
7. What was brinkmanship? Term for willingness of the U.S. and U.S.S.R to push each other to the edge of war
8. What was the name of President Truman’s foreign policy that aimed to directly block Soviet influence and
prevent the expansion of communism? Containment
9. What was segregation in South Africa called? Apartheid
10. Who was the leader of the nationalist independent movement in Kenya in the 1960s? Kenyatta
11. Who was the leader of the Viet Minh and Viet Cong who fought for the independence and unification of
Vietnam? Ho Chi Minh
12. What country were student protestors killed in 1989 in Tiananmen Square? China
13. What was the partition? Term that described the division of India and Pakistan
14. What new country was created in 1948 in the Middle East? Israel
15. Under which program did Gorbachev attempt to modify the economic structure of the Soviet economy by
allowing some private enterprise? Perestroika