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Chapter 2 Atoms, Ions, and the Periodic Table Learning Objectives Introduction Describe ancient ideas about atoms that led to the modern model of the atom. Distinguish between the primary elements in the human body and the essential minerals. 2.1 Dalton’s Atomic Theory Discuss the evidence that suggests that matter is composed of atoms. Understand the significance of the Law of Conservation of Mass and the Law of Definite Proportions. Summarize Dalton’s atomic theory. 2.2 Structure of the Atom Use the structure of atoms to describe how the composition of atoms can differ. Understand the experiments used to determine the structure of the atom. Compare the properties of protons, electrons, and neutrons. Determine the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons for any atom. Explain the difference between isotopes of a given element. Determine the atomic number, mass number, and neutron number for any atom and use this information to write its isotope symbol. Describe how isotopes are useful in our lives. 2.3 Ions Describe how ions differ from atoms of the same element. Distinguish cations from anions. Determine the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons for any ion. Write isotope symbols for ions. 2.4 Atomic Mass Compare different methods for describing the mass of atoms of an element. Describe the atomic mass scale. Understand how relative atomic masses are determined from masses of isotopes and relative abundance. Determine the isotopic composition of an element from its relative atomic mass and the atomic masses of the isotopes. Calculate relative atomic mass of an element from its isotopic composition and the atomic masses of the isotopes. 2.5 The Periodic Table Relate the arrangement of the periodic table to the structure and behavior of atoms. Describe the important features of the periodic table. Label the different classes of elements in the periodic table. Understand how to use the periodic table to explain some properties of elements. Distinguish among metals, nonmetals, and metalloids. Predict the charges of simple ions.