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1. Explain the utilitarian justification for preserving endangered species. Provide three examples of endangered species preservation with a utilitarian justification. Pollinators 6. Describe what happens, over time, to an animal population confined in a smallprotected area. Make up a case study in which an arbitrary park boundary causes the local extinction of a species. Air and O2 production Decreased genetic diversity Water filtration/purification Inadequate range for territories Possible food sources Proper food web not supported Medicines Inadequate producers Pest controls Abiotic conditions altered by boundaries Soil renewal and creation Increased edge effects for sensitive species (core) Pioneer species Ecotourism Trillions of $ in services Nutrient cycling Protection of coastlines Protection of aquatic food sources Zoos and aquariums Indicator species for water, air and soil quality 2. Explain the ecological justification for preserving endangered species. Provide three examples of endangered species preservation with an ecological justification. Role in ecosystem Potential collapse Loss of keystone species Maintenance of ecosystem Nutrient cycling Biodiversity Loss of top predators occuring at much higher rate 3. Explain the aesthetic, cultural and moral justifications for preserving endangered species. Provide three examples (one each) of endangered species preservation with an aesthetic, cultural and moral justification. edge species displaced 7. Describe the conflicts that arise when a forest is used simultaneously for wildlife management, watershed, and recreation. Some species may be intolerant to human interaction or vice versa Any human activities can degrade habitat Watershed area may have many uses for the water that drains from it including organisms dwelling in it to depending on ithuman use like agriculture, animal husbandry and industry can negatively impact water recreation can damage land, increase erosion 8. A pristine area has begun to suffer from deforestation as a result of a large influx of people. Outline a strategy for solving this problem. Include a detailed plan to improve the condition of the forest. Create a protected core area Decrease travel on interior roadways Restrict or limit logging Replanting logged areas with native polyculture Evaluate condition of food web Reintroduction of key species Intrinsic value 9. Distinguish between the agencies, which are responsible for overseeing federal lands in the United States. Beauty to enjoy FWS (US Fish and Wildlife services) Many organisms place unique value in some cultures (ie whales) USFS (US Forestry Services) Bequest value 4. Differentiate between the first five mass extinctions of life on Earth and the “sixth”. Considering the statement "extinction is the rule of nature," explain the rationale for concern about species going extinct. First 5 major extinctions occurred after major events, ice ages, volcanic eruptions meteor strike current quick and insidious secondary to human presence HIPPCO EPA NPS (US National Park Service) 10. Explain why whales were and still are so desirable to humans, and the countries that are proponents of whaling. Identify some of the ongoing challenges to the protection of whales. Used for energy source Cultural and religious connection Background extinction normal part of evolution. Enable better adapted organisms to fill in but loss is exceeding open roles 5. Identify three pieces of legislation that are vital to preserving endangered species. Explain precisely what each legislates, its historical significance, and scope. ESA The ESA prohibits harassing, harming, pursuing, hunting, shooting, wounding, killing, trapping, capturing and collecting listed species, unless specifically permitted, or attempting to engage in such activities within the United States or its territorial seas. CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CBD the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) convened the Ad Hoc Working Group of Experts on Biological Diversity in November 1988 to explore the need for an. international convention on biological diversity. Soon after, in May 1989, it established the Ad Hoc Working Group of Technical and Legal Experts to prepare an international legal instrument for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. Marine Mammal Protection Act The MMPA, enacted in 1972, established a moratorium on the taking and importation of marine mammals except under permit. The Lacey Act prohibited this interstate commerce in protected species. The Lacey Act prohibits the import, export, transportation, sale, receipt, acquisition or purchase of fish, wildlife or plants that are taken, possessed, transported or sold in violation of any federal, state, tribal or foreign law. The Humane and Healthful Transport of Wild Mammals and Birds into the United States are regulations authorized by Congress in 1981 under the Lacey Act. African Elephant Conservation Act The purpose of this Act, passed in 1988, is to provide additional protection for the African Elephant. The Act established an assistance program to the countries of Africa where Elephants are indigenous and provided for the establishment of an African Elephant Conservation Fund. Signed in 1918, the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) between Great Britain on behalf of Canada and the United States prohibited the Huge potential food source-Norway, Iceland, Intuits, Japanese Used for other commercial products Connection with mammals that are similar to us Whale watching form of ecotourism The International Whaling Commission-IWC is a voluntary international organization that is not backed up by treaty. The IWC adopted a moratorium on commercial whaling in 1986, killing of non-game migratory birds. Eagle Protection Act Passed in 1940, this Act makes it illegal to import, export, or take Bald or Golden Eagles or to sell, purchase, or barter parts, nests, eggs or products made from the animals. The Wild Bird Conservation Act (WBCA) of 1992 is an extremely important law restricting the massive importation of wild birds into the United States for the cage bird trade. This law bans the importation into the United States of the majority of wild-caught birds.