Download Microbiology - El Camino College

Biology 10 Lecture
Microbiology
I. Overview
A. Viruses
B. Prokaryotes
C. Protists
D. Fungi
II. Viruses
A. Viruses are ____________; most are composed of two main parts
1. ________ – outer protein coat that surrounds the inner
2. Nucleic acid (_____ or ______) genetic material
3. Animal viruses have an outer ___________ around the capsid
B. Viruses are ____________ – they require a host cell to reproduce
1. ____ viruses enter a host cell and incorporate their DNA into the host’s DNA, causing
the host to manufacture more ____ viruses
2. _____ viruses (______viruses) also contain
a. _________ ___________ that carries out reverse transcription of their RNA →
______ in a host cell
b. The viral cDNA is then incorporated into the host cell DNA, and causes the host to
produce more viral _____
III. Prokaryotes – Domain ________ and Domain _________
A. _____________ are single-celled organisms that
1. Lack a membrane bound _________
2. Have a single, circular ___________, and some have extra rings of DNA called
__________
3. Lack membrane bound __________
4. Have _____________ for protein synthesis
5. Have a plasma ____________ surrounded by a cell wall and a _________ or slime
layer
6. Some have _______ or flagella for movement
B. _____________ is by binary fission and some also reproduce via conjugation
1. In ________________, the single chromosome (and plasmid, if present) is replicated
and the cell divides into 2 genetically identical cells (asexual reproduction – similar to
________)
2. In ____________, one prokaryote forms a tube to another and transfers some DNA
(e.g., ________) to the other prokaryote (similar to __________ reproduction)
C. Some bacteria can survive harsh conditions by forming tough ___________ until
conditions become favorable again (e.g., Clostridium botulinum that produces botulism)
D. ____________ is obtained several ways among prokaryotes
1. Most are heterotrophic ____________ that carry on external digestion of _______
organic matter and absorb nutrients across their plasma membrane
2. _________________ (blue-green algae) contain chlorophyll and are _______synthetic,
thus can use sunlight energy to produce their own food; important for oxygen
production
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3. _________synthetic bacteria and archae can oxidize _________ materials for energy
to produce their own food
E. _____________ is needed by some bacteria, but not by others
1. ____________ bacteria require oxygen to live
2. __________ anaerobes cannot live in the presence of oxygen
3. ____________ anaerobes can live in the presence of absence of oxygen
F. Many prokaryotes are _______________ - they live in association with other organisms
1. _____________ prokaryotes include _________-fixing bacteria that live in legume
roots and help them to use atmospheric nitrogen; in return the plants provide food for
the bacteria
2. _______________ bacteria live on our skin, and generally cause no problems
3. _______________ bacteria cause a large number of plant and animal diseases
G. Bacteria occur in 3 basic __________:
1. _________ – rod-shaped bacteria (e.g., E. coli)
2. _________ – spherical-shaped (e.g., bacteria that cause staph and strep infections)
3. ___________ (or spirochete) – spiral-shaped (e.g., Tryponema pallidum that causes
syphilis)
H. Bacteria are __________ as either gram positive or gram negative
1. Gram _____________ bacteria take up gram stain
2. Gram _____________ bacteria do not take up gram stain
I. __________ are similar to bacteria, but have tougher cell walls and are found in
____________ environments
1. _____________ are found in anaerobic swamps and in animal intestinal tracts; they
produce _________ (CH4) gas during ATP formation
2. ____________ live in highly saline areas, such as the Dead Sea
3. Thermoacidophiles live in _____, _______ areas, such as hot springs and thermal
vents deep in the ocean
IV. Kingdom Protista
A. _________ are eukaryotes that are mostly single-celled, but some are colonial or
multicellular; they may be
1. ____________, such as unicellular & multicellular ________, that synthesize their
own food via photosynthesis
2. ____________, such as _____________ and slime molds, that must consume organic
matter
3. Some single-celled organisms, such as _________, are difficult to classify because
they are autotrophic in light but heterotrophic in the absence of light
B. Protists are thought to have arisen from ____________ and given rise to all other
eukaryotic organisms
C. Photosynthetic protists are called __________
1. Algae have cell walls and _______________, thus can obtain nutrients via
photosynthesis
2. Algae may be ________-celled, colonial, or multicellular
3. ___________ are plant-like multicellular marine algae , but lack true roots, stems,
leaves, and vascular systems found in plants.
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4.
Algae phyla are named for the type of _________ they contain:
a. ________phyta = green algae
b. ________phyta = red algae
c. ________phyta = brown algae
d. ________phyta = golden algae
D. ______ algae (Phylum Chlorophyta) are the most diverse; include unicellular or colonial
flagellates, filamentous and multicellular algae
1. ____________ green algae sometimes include ____________, a motile, doubleflagellated alga found in soil, lakes, and ditches
2. __________ green algae include ______, a cluster of flagellated cells that beat their
flagella in unison to move the colony
3. ____________ green algae include ________, which reproduces asexually via mitosis,
as well as sexually via conjugation
4. _______cellular green algae includes ______ (sea lettuce), which is thought to be an
ancestor of land plants, and is used as a food source in several countries
E. ________ algae (Phylum Phaeophyta) – the largest of the multicellular seaweeds; include
fucus (rockweed), sargassum, laminaria
1. Has a plant-like body called a _________ composed of
a. _________ –root-like structure that anchors the thallus
b. ________ – stem-like structure that supports the blades
c. ________ – leaf-like structure for photosynthesis
2. _______ forests provide food and habitat for ocean organisms
3. Brown algae is harvested for human ________ and fertilizer
F. ______ algae (Phylum Rhodophyta) – multicellular seaweeds that grow in warm waters
and are generally smaller than brown algae
1. __________ algae have cell walls containing calcium carbonate, and contribute to the
formation of ________ reefs
2. Red algae is a source of ______, which is used for pill capsules, cosmetics, bacterial
cultures, and in jellies
G. __________ (Phylum Chrysophyta) are unicellular golden brown marine algae. Features
include:
1. Cell walls composed of _______, with markings that form beautiful patterns under a
microscope
2. Among the most ___________ unicellular marine organisms
3. Provide ______ for other marine organisms, and __________ for our atmosphere
4. _____________ earth is used in pool filters, pesticides, scouring powders
H. __________________ (Phylum Euglenophyta) include mostly freshwater, flagellated,
unicellular green algae.
1. May be ____________, heterotrophic, or saprophytic depending upon environmental
conditions.
2. Are surrounded by a flexible ___________, composed of protein, and have an eyespot
that can sense light.
I. _______________ are single-celled protists that ingest their food (heterotrophic)
1. Protozoans thrive in all __________ environments, from water drops to inside
animals
2. Protozoans are classified according to their type of __________
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3.
Four common _______ of protozoans are amoebas, ciliates, zooflagellates, and
sporozoans
a. ___________ do not have permanent locomotor organs; most move by means of
___________ (temporary cell extensions). Amoebas obtain their food via
endocytosis
b. Ciliates use ______ to move and feed and are found in aquatic environments.
The _______________ is a free living (nonparasitic) fresh water ciliate.
c. Zooflagellates are mostly nonparasitic and move by means of _____________.
One parasitic type is Trypanosoma, which is carried by the ________ fly and
causes African sleeping sickness
d. _______________ are all parasitic and some cause human diseases. Plasmodium,
carried by the Anopheles mosquito, causes ____________ and is in this group
V. Kingdom Fungi
A. _______ are mostly multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophic
______________ and have cell walls
1. Many ________ & fungi form mutually beneficial relationships, with each other
a. ________________ are fungi/plant root associations
b. The fungus portion absorbs ________ & soil minerals and makes them available
to the plant
c. The plant produces ________ that nourish the fungus
d. This association allowed fungi & plants to move onto _____ together
3. Some fungi are _________, obtaining their nutrients from living plants or other
organisms (e.g., athlete’s foot fungi)
4. Many fungi __________ dead organisms, breaking the organic matter down to
inorganic nutrients that plants can use
B. Fungi __________ food after digesting it outside their bodies
1. Fungi are _____________ in their own kingdom due to their common characteristics
a. They have cell walls made of ________, rather than cellulose
b. They lack _____________, thus cannot photosynthesize
c. They are heterotophic eukaryotes that digest their food __________ and absorb
the resulting nutrients
d. They reproduce both sexually & _____________
e. Most are multicellular, except for single-celled _______
2. Typical fungi include _______ and mushrooms & consist of the following structures
a. _______ – root-like filaments that grow into other organisms, branch repeatedly,
and secrete ________ that digest their host
1) Most fungal hyphae consist of chains of _______, each cell separated by
perforated crosswalls called __________
2) In some fungi (bread mold = Rhizopus), the hyphae have many nuclei within a
single mass of cytoplasm (_______)
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3) In both cases, the hyphae are surrounded by a plasma ____________
surrounded by a cell wall (of ________)
b. _________ - a network of hyphae; allows the fungus to grow at a rapid rate
C. Three major fungi ____________ are Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota
1. _____________ fungi (Zygomycetes) include the bread molds (Rhizopus) and have
the following characteristics
a. Their hyphae lack ________
b. Their asexual spores are __________
c. Their sexual spores (the fungal equivalent of seeds) are called ___________ and
are formed within zygosporangia
2.
_____ fungi (Ascomycetes) - called “sac fungi” because their sexual reproduction
involves the formation of a sac-like _____. Their characteristics include:
a. __________ hyphae
b. They reproduce asexually via ________ and ________spores borne at the tips of
conidiophores (modified hyphae)
c. Their sexual spores are called ___________, formed within the _______ sacs
d. Ascomycetes include fungi such as morels, truffles, _______, and those that cause
chestnut blight and Dutch elm disease
3. ________ fungi (Basidiomycetes) include _____________, stinkhorns, puffballs,
shelf fungi, rusts, & smuts. Their characteristics include:
a. Porous, ___________ hyphae
b. They reproduce asexually via _________ and __________
c. Their sexual spores are called ___________spores borne outside the club-shaped
spore producing basidium (e.g.: mushroom cap)
D. Many fungi have three distinct ___________ in their life cycle
1. Some fungi (yeasts) reproduce only ____________ via mitosis
2. Others reproduce both __________ and asexually, with haploid and diploid phases
and a unique _____________ phase in which the cells contain 2 haploid nuclei
3. The life cycle of the ____________ is a example
a. The mushroom is called a _________ body, and consists of a stem and a cap with
_______ on the underside
b. Numerous ________ develop in specialized cells in the gills, via the fusion of 2
haploid ________ (not sperm & egg); this is the only diploid stage in the life
cycle
c. The zygotes undergo _______, and haploid spores are formed
d. The fruiting body releases masses of these _________
e. If the spores land on moist organic matter, they will germinate and grow into
haploid __________
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f.
g.
The haploid mycelia are of two __________ types, each containing distinct nuclei
If the hyphae of two compatible mycelia grow together, the ________ (but not the
nuclei) fuse, forming a ___________ mycelium, with two genetically different
haploid nuclei
h. The __________ body grows from the dikaryotic mycelium and the cycle begins
again
4. Some dikaryotic mycelia are among the world’s __________ and largest organisms;
one in Michigan extends over 30 acres and grew from a spore deposited an estimated
______ years ago
E. _______ consist of fungi living mutualistically with photosynthetic organisms
1. Lichens are associations of green ______ or cyanobacteria within a mass of fungal
________
a. The fungus receives _____ from its photosynthetic partner
b. The algae receive housing, ______, and some minerals from the fungus
2. Lichens can reproduce asexually by ______________ or by dispersing units
containing both fungus and photosynthetic cells
3. The fungus and its partner can also reproduce individually, either asexually or
___________, but must reassociate for the fungus to survive
4. Lichens exist in 3 basic growth _______
a. ___________ (crusty)
b. ___________ (leaflike)
c. ___________ (bushlike)
4. Lichens are able to survive in harsh environments where there is little or no ______,
thus they are pioneers on barren land
a. Lichens grow into rock crevices, ___________ the rocks and paving the way for
future plant growth
b. Carpets of lichens cover the arctic ________, providing food for caribou
c. Lichens can remain in “____________ animation” indefinitely during drought,
then absorb rainfall and resume photosynthesis
5. Some lichens are thousands of years old and are used as dyes, perfumes, and
____________
F. Fungi provide many beneficial uses for humans, including edible mushrooms, _________,
beers & wines, and antibiotics (e.g., penicillin)