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Unit 3 Biology Chapter 1: The Chemical Nature of Cells 1. What are the four main elements that make up an organism? ____________________________________________________________________________ 2. What is the difference between an atom, element, molecule and compound? Give an example of each ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 3. What is the difference between an inorganic and an organic molecule? Give some examples of each type ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 4. Explain the difference between covalent and hydrogen bonds in a water molecule ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 5. What is meant by the terms polar and non polar? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 6. Water molecules are said to be cohesive and have surface tension. What is meant by this and why is this significant? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 7. Why is water described as a universal solvent? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 8. Why are non polar molecules said to be hydrophobic and polar molecules said to be hydrophilic? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 9. What is meant by the term pH? ____________________________________________________________________________ 10. Why is the pH level critical to cellular function? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 11. Draw and label the pH scale including 3 examples from the human body 12. What are the four main types of organic molecules and what are they used for in the body? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 13. Describe what is meant by the terms monomer and polymer and give 4 examples ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 14. Explain the difference between simple and complex carbohydrates ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 15. State the subunits of carbohydrates and outline the differences between mono, di and polysaccharides. Give an example of each type. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ 16. What is the chemical formula for glucose and why is this sugar so important? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 17. What is the polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants and bacteria? ____________________________________________________________________________ 18. What monomers are the building blocks for proteins? Draw an example of one of these and explain the significance of the R group. 19. Explain the four different levels of protein structure ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ 20. What is a conjugated protein and where in the cell are these commonly found? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 21. What is the proteome of a cell? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 22. List 3 examples of lipid molecules and explain why they are very high in energy ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 23. Explain how lipids can form an effective barrier between two watery environments ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 24. Explain what a phospholipid is and where it would be found in the cell ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Unit 3 Biology Chapter 1: The Chemical Nature of Cells 1. Explain the difference between DNA and RNA ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 2. Describe, using a diagram how DNA is formed and how the nucleotide bases are paired 3. Where are DNA and RNA found in cells? ____________________________________________________________________________ 4. How does DNA code for production of proteins in cells? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ 5.Why does the nuclear membrane have pores? ____________________________________________________________________________ 6. Use a flow diagram to show how amino acids are assembled into a protein and then secreted by the cell.
