Download Hemorrhagic septicemia

GENUS PASTEURELLA
Order
Pasteurellales
Family
Pasteurellaceae
Genus
Pasteurella
Mannheimia
PASTEURELLA
Gram- coccobacilli to rod-shaped,
bi-polar staining, facultative anaerobe
do not form spore
glucose fermented (w/o gas)
oxidase +, catalase +
Habitat
mucosal commensals of oropharynx and
gastrointestinal tract of healthy mammals,
birds and reptile
Classification
5 Serogroups
Polysaccharide capsules A
B C D E and F
16 somatic types-serology on cell wall LPS
type A
- fowl cholera, rabbits snuffles
- bovine pneumonia
type B or E
- hemorrhagic septicemia
type D
- swine atrophic rhinitis
type F
- recovered primary from turkeys
the role is unclear
typed by agar gel precipitation
indirect hemagglutination of capsular antigen
Transmission
Endogenous;
* may invade tissue of immunosuppressed animals
Exogonous;
* direct contact
* aerosol
Pasteurella multocida
Hemorrhagic septicemia



acute, highly fatal disease of cattle water buffaloes*,
American bison caused by P. multocida B:2
(Asia, middle east, some southern European
countries), E:2 (Africa)
water buffaloes, most susceptible, sporadically in
goats, sheep, swine, deer, camels, and elephants
predisposing
- stress, weather change, poor nutrition,
overwork, poor body condition
Hemorrhagic septicemia (cont.)

morbidity & mortality 50-100%

clinical sign:
high fever, profuse salivation, depression
dyspnea, submucosal petichiation
subcutaneous edema around the throat
dewlap, brisket or perineum, occasional dysentery

death within 24 hr.

gross lesion: generalized petichiation
pulmonary edema, enteritis,
lymphadenopathy
bronchopneumonia
Bovine and Porcine pneumonia
severe fibrinous bronchopneumonia and
pleuropneumonia seen frequently in
young weaned animals
 opportunistic pathogen of low virulence that
invades 2ry to viral or bacterial pneumonias

Pneumonic lung & consolidation in calve
Hemophilus somnus & Pasteurella multocida (calve)
Fowl Cholera
highly contagious & affects a wide range of
domesticated and wild birds in most countries
 septicemia with high morbidity and mortality
(upto 70%), also occur in chronic form
 turkey, duck and geese are more susceptible
than chicken


mature chickens are more susceptible than
birds less than 16 weeks of age
Transmission



contaminated crates, feeders,
waterer may introduce FC to new birds
excretion from infected bird
directly & indirect
aerosol
acute
- septicemia
- fever, diarrhea, mucoid oral
discharge, ruffled feathers
and tachypnea
lesion
- hemorrhage on serous surface
and accumulation of fluid in body
cavities
- bipolar-staining organism can be
detected in blood smear
- P. multocida can be isolated from
blood, liver and spleen
Wattles & edema
Atrophic Rhinitis (AR)



upper respiratory disease of piglet 1-8 wks of age
toxigenic strain of P. multocida type D or A (AR+)
cause a severe progressive form of AR
infection with Bordetella bronchiseptica may cause
mild, non-progressive turbinate atrophy but
predispose to infection with P. multocida (AR+)
other factors include overstocking and poor
ventilation
Clinical sign




pig between 3 and 8 wks of age
are affected
excessive lacrimation, sneezing
and occasionally epitaxis
damage to turbinate bones may
predispose to 2ry bacterial
infection of the lower
respiratory tract
deviation of snout may develop
Rabbits Pasteurellosis
“snuffles”



Recurring purulent rhinitis
major concern for commercial
rabbitries and research facilities
half of conventionally raised rabbit
may have upper respiratory tract
colonization by P. multocida and many
are symptomatic
factors: temperature fluctuation,
increased ammonia level,
poor sanitation, old age may initiate
clinical disease
Clinical sign:


otitis media or interna pneumonia,
abscesses, conjunctivitis, mastitis, metritis,
septicemia
signs exhibited depend on the site infection
include oculonasal discharge, snuffing,
dypsnea, vaginal discharge, subcutaneous
swelling, and sudden death
Back abscess
Normal uterus
PATHOGENESIS

diverse with respect to host predilection and
antigenic variation
Fowl cholera :
enter tissues through of
mucous membrane of
pharynx, upper respiratory
passages, conjunctivae,
rarely through cutaneous
wound
Atrophic rhinitis
attach to the membranes
overlining nasal turbinates
dermonecrotic toxin
destroy osteoblast
osteoclastic lysis
turbinate destruction
VIRULENCE FACTOR
capsule
endotoxin
exotoxin
adhesin
- hyarulonic acid capsule are more
resistant to phagocytosis and
intracellular killing by macrophage
(LPS)
- pyrogenic
- leukotoxin (bovine)
- serogroup A, B, D have type 4 fimbriae
associated with adhesin to host epithelial
cell surfaces (colonization)
Swine strain: hemagglutinin and fimbriae
DIAGNOSIS
 isolation from affected tissues
- ferment of D-mannose differentiates
Pasteurella (+) from Mannheimia spp. (-)
 serologic test for diagnosis of FC
(plate agglutination or agar gel diffusion,
precipitation test)
have limited value in chronic disease and
no value in acute forms of disease
isolation & identification should be
followed
by tests to confirm toxigenic
strain, demonstrates of toxicity for tissue
culture cell
ELISA for toxin detection
 PCR for toxin gene
GENUS MANNHEIMIA

established in 1999 to include
trehalose-negative members of
Pasteurella haemolytica

all strain ferment mannitol but not
ferment D-mannose
(differentiated from genus Pasteurella)
Hosts and significance Mannheimia spp.
Species
Host(s)
Significance
M. haemolytica
cattle
sheep
pneumonia
pneumonia, septicemia, mastitis
M. granulomatis
cattle
panniculitis
M. glucosida
sheep
normal respiratory flora
M. rumimalis
cattle,
sheep
normal ruminal flora
M. varigina
pigs cattle septicemia, enteritis, pneumonia
septicemia, pneumonia, mastitis
Mannheimia haemolytica

17 serotypes
IHA of capsular surface antigen

2 biotypes  A,T
(ferment L-arabinose or trehalose)
T biotype strain (serotype 3, 4, 10 and 15)
reclassified as Pasteurella trehalosi
serotype A11 - M. glucosida
A biotype strain - M. haemolytica



Habitat
 mucosal commensals of the oropharynx
and gastrointestinal tract of healthy
mammals, birds and reptiles
 survive poorly outside the host
Mannheima haemolytica
 most
important pathogen of domestic cattle
bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis
“ shipping fever ” (transported animals)
 serotype A1 – predominant strains
(60% pneumonic lung)
 multifactorial disease
- environment factors
infection with virus & other bacteria
shipping fever
(bovine pneumonia)
Transmission
organism shed from nasal cavity serve as
a source of infection of other animals



inhalation of bacteria-containing
droplets
direct nose-to-nose contact
ingestion of food contaminated with
nasal discharge
PATHOGENESIS
impairing host defense – virus, mycoplasma
synergy with M. haemolytica
proliferation of serotype A1 in nasopharynx
reaching lung infect alveolar epithelium
pulmonary damage
(bacterial product & leukocyte platelet-mediated injury)
acute fibrinous pleuropneumonia
VIRULENCE FACTORS
Leukotoxin - (1ry virulent) pore-forming cytolysin
- impair pulmonary macrophage function
LPS
- stimulate production of
proinflammatory cytokines
capsule polysac.- mucosa inhibit phagocytosis
resist to complement- mediate
lysis neutrophil chemoattractant
fimbriae
- adherent
siderophore - iron acquisition
Hemorrhage and pus
in goat
DIAGNOSIS

isolation from clinical specimens
Blood agar
glucose agar plate + serum
colony morphology
biochemical test
GENUS RIEMERELLA
Rimerella anatipestifer (Pasteurella anatipestifer)
Gram- rod
grow on enriched media
non - motile
atmosphere of 5-10% CO2
asaccharolytic
dose not grow on MacConkey agar
oxidase +, catalase +

important pathogen of ducks
infectious serositis
new duck disease
duck septicemia
anatipestifer septicemia
21 serotypes
 serotype 1, 2, 3, 5 and 15
are most prevalent in severe
outbreak of infectious serositis
 high mortality, decreased growth
poor feed conversion,
increased condemnation
Disease
acute or chronic septicemia:
air sacculitis, fibrinous pericarditis,
perihepatitis, caseous salpingitis,
meningitis
 organism has been recovered from wild
birds, and rarely from pigs

mechanism of infection becomes in a
flock is unknown, because routes of
natural infection have not been
definitively established
 may be a normal component of the
pharyngeal flora of healthy duck
 skin puncture, particular feet,
are a possible route of infection

disease in turkeys may be
transmitted by arthropod vectors
 predisposing factors:
- adverse environment condition
- concomitant bacterial or
viral infection

VIRULENCE FACTOR

have not been identified
gene homology to virulence-associated
protein of other bacteria
 CAMP cohemolysin-maybe an
iron-scavenging mechanism

Duck septicemia
DIAGNOSIS
bacterial culture
- biochemical tests
gelatin
arginine
hippurate etc
bacterin and live vaccine confer protection
against homologous serotypes but no crossprotection against heterologous serotype
exposure
GENUS ORNITHOBACTERIUM
Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT)
- 1st characterized with respiratory
disease, increased mortality,
good retardation in poultry
- since been isolated from
diseased
duck, pigeon, pheasant,
quail,
many kind of birds
*- turkey & chickens
throughout the
world,
phenotypically similar
bacteria – Riemerella anapestifer
1990s
Transmission
aerosol – horizontal
possibly by the egg
(transovarion or cloacal contamination)
highly contagious, especially in turkey
 nasal discharge, coughing with bloody
expectoration
 disease severity:
- poor ventilation
- increased stock density
- high pneumonia level
- concurrent disease

7 serotypes : A-G
gel precipitation
serotype A probably predominant
virulence factors
- no specific virulence factors
have been identified
ORT attaches to ciliated epithelium on air sac
congestion, edema, macrophage infiltration
progress to air sacculitis
lung become inflitrated & necrotic
severe necrotizing fibrinopurulent pneumonia
hepatomegaly, suppurative pericarditis
Pleuritis&edema
DIAGNOSIS
 bacteriological culture of affected lung or
air sac the organism grow > 48 hrs.
5% - 7% CO2 at 37 0C
oxidase +, catalase motility Immunohistochem – detect organism in tissue
 ELISA
 PCR