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Patient JA: Surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy Andrew Venteicher Visiting sub-intern Stanford University July 2010 Patient JA ID/CC: 24yo right-handed F with medically refractory epilepsy HPI: 2001: right temporal craniotomy for partial resection of epidermoid cyst of CP angle 2001 – 2010: • first seizure was on POD 0 • on medication, she has weekly episodes of strange noise and taste in mouth followed by LOC, vocalizations, repetitive oral movements, and convulsive activity. • incomplete seizure control on trials of oxcarbazepine, lamotrigene. • embarrassing post-ictal behavior, afraid to leave her house. • on disability for epilepsy. her Patient JA (cont) PMH/PSH: Allergies: Outpatient meds: FH: SH: ROS: C-section 2004 phenytoin topiramate 200mg BID, levetiracetam 1000mg BID No history of CNS tumors, seizure disorder. Seven-month old daughter. Daily marijuana, no other drug use. Poor memory, depressed mood. Exam: Memory: 2/3 at five minutes Unable to perform simple arithmetic (may be secondary to effort) Otherwise neurologically intact (CN, motor, sensory, cerebellar, reflexes) Pre-op MRI: Axial T2 • T2 hyperintensity of right inferior and middle temporal gyri, correlated well with epileptiform discharges on EEG/MEG • Progression of incompletely resected epidermoid of right cerebellopontine angle, relative to MRIs at outside hospital Pre-op MRI: Coronal FLAIR T1 post-gad • Hyperintensity on FLAIR of right inferior temporal lobe • Non-enhancing right pontine lesion Operative plan 1. Resection for epileptic focus: Right anterior temporal lobectomy 2. Microscopic dissection of epidermoid 1. Resection of epileptic focus Neocortical structures • Corticoectomy of middle temporal gyrus • Extended inferiorly to middle fossa floor • Extended anteriorly to temporal tip • Removed anterior 2cm of superior temporal lobe Netter Mesiotemporal structures • Entered temporal horn of lateral ventricle to access hippocampus • Interoperative corticography: eight-lead electrode recorded frequent spikes from anterior hippocampus • Anterior hippocampus and amygdala resected • Entered medial pia to access ambient cistern Dr. Nahed/Dr. Eskandar 2a. Initial resection of epidermoid • Approach through medial aspect of temporal lobe A P • Gross: encountered pearly white mass • Path: stratified squamous epithelium, keratin, cholesterol • Rad: T1 dark, T2 bright, typically no enhancement Dr. Nahed/Dr. Eskandar 2b. Dissection to anterior pons • Approach through medial aspect of temporal lobe A P • Gross: encountered pearly white mass • Path: stratified squamous epithelium, keratin, cholesterol • Rad: T1 dark, T2 bright, typically no enhancement Dr. Nahed/Dr. Eskandar 2c. Resection of tumor off basilar artery • Approach through medial aspect of temporal lobe A P • Gross: encountered pearly white mass • Path: stratified squamous epithelium, keratin, cholesterol • Rad: T1 dark, T2 bright, typically no enhancement Dr. Nahed/Dr. Eskandar Post-operative course • Maintained on home doses of topiramate and levetiracetam • Interval development of superior quadrantanopsia Pre-op Post-op Temporal lobe epilepsy 1. Background 2. Choosing a surgical approach Background: Temporal lobe epilepsy • • • 20-40% of epilepsy patients have medically refractory epilepsy (400,000 patients in the U.S.) Etiologies: 1. Mesial temporal sclerosis 2. Infections: Systemic, CNS 3. Vascular: AVMs, cavernomas 4. Neoplasia 5. Congenital: cortical dysplasias 6. Traumatic: TBI, post-operative 7. Genetics • Familial lateral temporal lobe epilepsy with auditory features (AD) • Familial mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (usually AD) Indications for surgery: medically refractory, negatively impacts patient’s quality of life Up To Date 2010. Background: Surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy - 80 patients randomized - median of 5 seizures/month - complications: 55% surgical group developed VF defect (rare memory deficit, infarct, infection) Wiebe et al. NEJM 2001. Choosing the surgical approach Outcomes: Seizure frequency Neuropsychological outcomes Approaches: Anterior temporal lobectomy ATL with sparing of superior temporal gyrus Selective amygdalo-hippocampectomy Controversial: Variety of approaches Lack of randomized trials Schramm. Epilepsia 2008. Three RCTs of surgical approaches: 1. ATL with partial or full hippocampectomy Patients: 70. Subjects: age 18-40 , complex partial seizures, originate from medial temporal lobe (EEG), IQ > 69, no foreign lesions Operation: ATL of 4.5cm (superior, middle, and inferior), with either partial or full hippocampectomy Results: - At one year, 69% (total) versus 38% (partial) were seizure-free after surgery - At 6 months, no difference in several memory tests Wyler et al. Neurosurgery 1995. Three RCTs of surgical approaches: 2. Left ATL +/- sparing of superior temporal gyrus Patients: 28. Subjects: complex partial seizures, originate from left temporal lobe (EEG), left dominant (WADA), IQ > 69, no foreign lesions Operation: ATL of 4-4.5cm of middle/inferior temporal lobe +/- STG, with full hippocampectomy Results: - At 6-8 months, no difference in proportion seizure-free (60% vs 55%) - At 6-8 months, no difference in change in visual naming ability Hermann et al. Epilepsia 1999. 3. Three RCTs of surgical approaches: Transsylvian vs transcortical approach for SAH Transsylvian - UC Irvine website Patients: 80. Subjects: diagnosis of hippocampal sclerosis, age > 16, IQ > 69, not left-handed Operation: transsylvian – pterional crani then through lateral ventricle transcortical – crani centered on MTG Results: - Variety of tests: memory, attention, and executive function - 73% vs 77% were seizure -free at 7 months (NS) - word fluency improved only in pts with transcortical approach (no other differences in many other tests) Lutz et al. Epilepsia 2004. Three RCTs of surgical approaches First author Journal / Year Pts Wyler Neurosurgery 1995 70 Hermann Epilepsia 1999 30 Lutz Epilepsia 2004 • • • Operation ATL + full or partial hippocampect. 80 Outcomes 69% vs 38% seizure-free at 1 yr No difference in memory Left ATL + / - STG resection 60% vs 55% seizure-free (N.S.) No change in naming transcortical vs transsylvian AH 75% seizure-free at 7 months (no difference) Slight difference in neuropsych Tailor to experience of surgeon/institution Tailor to patient’s pre-op localization studies More RCTs may be helpful, incorporating QOL/neuropsychologic outcomes Thank you Pre-operative planning Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) • Most common indication for epilepsy surgery • “Mesial auras” – rising epigastrium, olfactory/gustatory, and fear • MRI: volume loss and T2/FLAIR hyperintensity in hippocampus Neocortical temporal lobe epilepsy (NTLE) • Rarer • “Lateral auras” – auditory, visual, somatosensory • Usually structural : post-trauma, tumor, vascular malformation Pre-op assessment • • • • Interdisiplinary team MRI w/ and w/o contrast EEG, MEG, video-EEG Neuropsychological testing Up To Date 2010. Berg. Curr Op Neurol 2008. Bender. J Neurosurg 2009. “Quest for optimal resection” • Controversial • Few randomized trials • Variety of methods Schramm. Epilepsia 2008. Pre-op EEG/MEG Papaniculaou et al. J Neurosurg 1999. • Left-dominant language center • Right >> left temporal interictal epileptiform discharges • Discharges correlate to T2 signal abnormalities in right temporal lobe