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Question 1 Cooler, older, oceanic lithosphere sinks into the mantle at ____________. subduction zones along convergent plate boundaries transform fault zones along divergent plate boundaries rift zones along mid-ocean ridges sites of long-lived, hot spot volcanism in the ocean basins Question 2 All of the following are secondary effects of earthquakes except which one? landslides fires ground subsidence magma Question 3 In the early part of the 20th century, ____________ argued forcefully for continental drift. Karl Wagner Peter Rommel Alfred Wegener Bill Kohl Question 4 Most of our knowledge about Earth’s interior comes from ________. Answer drill holes volcanic eruptions seismic waves examination of deep mine shafts Question 5 Major damage occurred 400 km from this 8.1 magnitude earthquake in what city in 1985? Answer Mexico City Messina, Italy Bam, Iran Kobe, Japan Question 6 What type of geological event has generated many mountain belts such as the Alps, Urals, and Applachians? deformation tensional stresses folds continental collisions Question 7 Subduction of oceanic lithosphere under a continental block gives rise to what type of geologic structure that is characterized by a continental volcanic arc and associated igneous plutons? Answer Andean-type plate margin dome continental collision dip-slip fault Question 8 When an earthquake occurs, energy radiates in all directions from its source. The source is also referred to as the ____________. Answer inertial point epicenter focus seismic zone Question 9 The former, late Paleozoic super continent is known as _________. Answer Pandomonia Pancakea Pangaea Panatopia Question 10 Most divergent plate boundaries are situated along the crests of ______. convergent rifts trenches subduction zones oceanic ridges Question 11 How are faults, foci, and epicenters related? Faults that are experiencing no active creep (relatively consistent yet minor movements) may be considered “safe”. Rebut or defend this statement. Question 12 How were earthquake intensities measured before the advent of the Richter Scale? What were the problems with that scale and how is the Richter scale far superior? Question 13 Would earthquakes of similar magnitudes in different regions of the Earth cause approximately the same levels of damage necessarily? In your discussions, consider both geologic and humaninduced factors. Week IV Question 1 Which of the following statements is false? Answer Cinder cones are built from ejected lava fragments and are usually less than 300 meters high. Calderas are large collapse depressions having a more or less circular form. Most volcanoes are fed magma through short conduits, called pipes, that connect a magma chamber to the surface. Sills are tabular discordant bodies that are produced when magma is injected into fractures. Question 2 The two general shapes of intrusive igneous bodies are ________ and __________. Answer lahar; batholith lacolith; sperolith tabular; massive shield cones; nuee ardente Question 3 What is the name of fossils that are widespread geographically and are limited to a short span of geologic time? These fossils can provide an important method of matching rocks of the same age. Answer fossil succession elements paleontological fossils superpositional fossils index fossils Question 4 Who wrote, “The results, therefore, of our present enquiry is, that we find no vestige of a beginning – no prospect of an end”? Answer John Wesley Powell James Hutton Charles Darwin Albert Einstein Question 5 Magma tends to rise toward Earth's surface principally because Answer water is an abundant constituent of magma. silica is abundant in magma. magma is a fluid. rocks become less dense when they melt. Question 6 The most deadly and destructive of the pyroclastic flows from composite cone volcanoes are known as ________. Answer nuee ardentes calderas sills laccoliths Question 7 Which type of basaltic lava flow has a fairly smooth surface that resembles the twisted braids of ropes? Answer aa pegmatitic pahoehoe scoria Question 8 The age of the Earth has been estimated to be ______ years old and dinosaurs became extinct about _______ years ago. Answer 2.21 billion … 1.1 million 6 billion … 2.1 million 4.5 billion … 65 million 7.5 billion … 37 million Question 9 The Deccan Plateau Hot Spots and Hawaii Hot Spots are examples of ___________. Answer divergent plate volcanism convergent plate volcanism intraplate volcanism (oceanic and continental) batholiths Question 10 Which of the following is not a basic type of unconformity? Answer nonconformity disconformity angular unconformity misconformity Question 11 Discuss volcanic hazards. Although commonly thought to be associated with most volcanic eruptions (by the general public), lava is rarely responsible for the loss of life. Which hazards would tend to be more deadly? Finally, indicate and discuss those hazards that are a direct result of a volcanic eruption as well as those hazards that are indirectly linked. (hint: Think of ‘indirectly associated’ hazards as ‘side effects’) Answer Question 12 Contrast the philosophies of Catastrophism and Uniformitarianism. What are the major differences in how each philosophy addresses the age of the Earth? Finally, while neither philosophy should be taken too literally, which philosophy has been deemed more accurate by the scientific community and why? Question 13 You are asked to interpret the geologic history of a county in California where the geology is quite complex. Aside from visiting various sites in the county for observing geologic sites firsthand, you are permitted to request four or five different pieces of information or data to aid in your interpretation. What would you ask for and why?