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The Lithosphere of Earth Igneous Processes and Volcanic Activity 1. Why study? • Thermal state • Thermal history • Composition of interior • Geothermal / Hazards • Comparative planetology 2. Volcanism and plate boundaries • Divergent - Continental breakup (Flood basalts) - Mid-ocean ridge • Convergent - Domes, flows, explosive, composite volcanoes • Intraplate Volcanism - Strombolian style - Hawaiian style The Lithosphere of Earth - Volcanism Strombolian Hawaiian Plinian Volcanic Styles Plinian Activity Strombolian Activity Spatter Cone Hawaiian Activity Produces turbulent, buoyant cloud, Rises to great heights Cinder Cone Bubble Rise Rate > Magma Rise Rate Cloud collapses to pyroclastic flows Dome Growth Degasses Brittle lid Fracture & Growth Viscous gasrich magma Magma Rise Rate > Gas Rise Rate Atmosphere sucked in, heated Exit velocity high Low viscosity gas-clast mixture Pressure greatly exceeds atmospheric pressure