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Pre-AP Social Studies Unit #3 – Vocabulary Terms Quiz Date: Friday, October 7 1. 2. 3. 4. Aryans – An Indo-European people who, about 1500 B.C., began to migrate into the Indian subcontinent. Brahma – A Hindu god considered the creator of the world. Brahmin – In Aryan society, a member of the social class made up of priests. caste – One of the four classes of people in the social system of the Aryans who settled in India –priests, warriors, peasants or traders, and non-Aryan laborers or craftsmen. 5. Eightfold Path – Fourth of the Four Noble Truths that is the system to achieve spiritual enlightenment and cease suffering; also called the Middle Path or Middle Way. 6. Enlightenment – In Buddhism, a state of perfect wisdom in which one understands basic truths about the universe. 7. Four Noble Truths – The doctrines of Buddha that are the essence of Buddhism; all life is suffering, the cause of suffering is ignorant desire, this desire can be destroyed, the means to this is the Eightfold Path. 8. Green Revolution – A 20th-century attempt to increase food resources worldwide, involving the use of fertilizers and pesticides and the development of disease-resistant crops. 9. Gupta Empire – the second empire in India, founded by Chandra Gupta I in A.D. 320. 10. Harappan civilization – another name for the Indus Valley civilization that arose along the Indus River, possibly as early as 7000 B.C.; characterized by sophisticated city planning. 11. Hindu Kush – Mountain range that stretches between central Afghanistan and northern Pakistan. 12. Jainism – A religion founded in India in the sixth century B.C., whose members believe that everything in the universe has a soul and therefore should not be harmed. 13. karma – In Hinduism and Buddhism, the totality of the good and bad deeds performed by a person, which is believed to determine his or her fate after rebirth. 14. Khyber Pass – Mountain pass connecting Afghanistan and Pakistan. 15. Mahabharata – A great Indian epic poem, reflecting the struggles of the Aryans as they moved south into India. 16. Mahayana – A sect of Buddhism that offers salvation to all and allows popular worship. 17. Mauryan Empire – The first empire in India, founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 321 B.C. 18. monastery – A religious community of men (called monks) who have given up their possessions to devote themselves to a life of prayer and worship. 19. monsoon – Seasonal wind that affects climates and ways of life in southern Asia. 20. nirvana - In Buddhism, the release from pain and suffering achieved after enlightenment. 21. People of the Book – In Islamic thought, the followers of Abrahamic monotheistic religions (mainly Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians) that predate Islam. 22. reincarnation – In Hinduism and Buddhism, the process by which a soul is reborn continuously until it achieves perfect understanding. 23. Sanskrit – A literary classical language of India which is still used as a sacred religious and ceremonial language in Hinduism. 24. Shiva – A Hindu god considered the destroyer of the world. 25. Sind – Historical term for the lower Indus valley, now part of SE Pakistan. 26. Stupa – Mounded stone structures built over Buddhist holy relics. 27. subcontinent – A large landmass that forms a distinct part of a continent. 28. Theravada – A sect of Buddhism focusing on the strict spiritual discipline originally advocated by the Buddha. 29. Vedas – Four collections of scared writings produced by the Aryans during an early stage of their settlement in India. 30. Vishnu – A Hindu god considered the preserver of the world.