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CHAPTER FIVE: THE ROAD TO REVOLUTION A. INTRODUCTION IMPERIAL WARFARE DAY ONE: pp. 127 through 135 a. EMPHASIS: The Seven Years War 1. KING GEORGE’S WAR (The French and Indian War) 2. A FRAGILE PEACE 3. THE SEVEN YEARS WAR IN AMERICA B. IMPERIAL REORGANIZATION 5. FRICTION AMONG ALLIES 6. THE WRITS OF ASSISTANCE DAY TWO: pp. 135 - 143 7. THE SUGAR ACT a. EMPHASIS: The Stamp Act and the THE STAMP ACT resistance to the act 8.THE COLONIAL PERSPECTIVE 9. RESISTING THE STAMP ACT 10. IDEOLOGY, RELIGION AND RESISTANCE C. ANGLO-AMERICAN CRISIS DAY THREE: pp. 143 - 152 1. THE QUARTERING ACT a. EMPHASIS: Customs Racketeering 2. THE TOWNSHEND DUTIES b. EMPHASIS: The Boston Massacre 3. THE COLONISTS’ REACTION and the Committees of 4. “WILKES AND LIBERTY” Correspondence 5. WOMEN AND COLONIAL RESISTANCE 6. CUSTOMS RACKETEERING 7. REPEAL OF THE TOWNSHEND DUTIES 8. THE BOSTON MASSACRE 9. THE COMMITTEES OF CORRESPONDENCE DAY FOUR: pp. 152 - 158 10. FRONTIER TENSIONS a. EMPHASIS: The Tea Party and the TOWARD INDEPENDENCE Coercive Acts 1. THE TEA ACT b. EMPHASIS: Lexington and Concord 2. THE COERCIVE ACTS c. EMPHASIS: Declaration of Independence 3. THE FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS 4. THE FIGHTING BEGINS 5. THE FAILURE OF RECONCILIATION 6. CONCORD, MASSACHUSETTS 7. INDEPENDENCE AT LAST ADVANCED PLACEMENT ESSAY QUESTIONS FOR THIS CHAPTER AP ESSAY QUESTION: The American Revolution should really be called the “The British Revolution” because marked changes in British colonial policy were more responsible for the final political division than were American actions. Assess the validity of this statement for the period 1763 – 1776. (1982 EXAM) AP ESSAY QUESTION: “Despite the view of some historians that the conflict between Great Britain and its thirteen North American colonies was economic in origin, in fact the American Revolution had its roots in politics and other areas of American life.” Assess the validity of this statement. (1986 EXAM) AP ESSAY QUESTION: “Britain’s wars for empire, far more than its mercantilist policies, dictated the economic fortunes of Britain’s North American colonies in the eighteenth century.” Assess the validity of this statement. (1987 EXAM) AP ESSAY QUESTION: “This history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpation, all having, in direct object, the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States.” Evaluate this accusation made against George III in the Declaration of Independence. (1988 Exam) AP ESSAY QUESTION: “In the two decades before the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, a profound shift occurred in the way many Americans thought and felt about the British government and their colonial governments.” Assess the validity of this statement in view of the political and constitutional debates of these decades. (1989 EXAM) AP ESSAY QUESTION: Evaluate the relative importance of the following as factors prompting Americans to rebel in 1776: (1992 EXAM) Parliamentary taxation Restriction of civil liberties British military measures The legacy of colonial religious and political ideas AP ESSAY QUESTION: Analyze the extent to which the American Revolution represented a radical alteration in American political ideas and institutions. (1997 EXAM) AP DBQ ESSAY QUESTION: To what extent had the colonists developed a sense of their identity and unity as Americans by the eve of the Revolution. Use documents to answer the question. (1999 EXAM) CHAPTER FIVE: THE ROAD TO REVOLUTION 1. INTRODUCTION (p. 127) a. BEN FRANKLIN, Agent to England b. British efforts to centralize the colonies DAY ONE c. Reactions by the colonists d. Americans move from loyal subjects to Rebellion e. Britain attempts to move from salutary neglect to more control 2. IMPERIAL WARFARE (p. 128) a. Wars between France and England between England FOCUS: Early Wars And France AREA OF INTEREST: PREVIOUS WARS BETWEEN ENGLAND AND FRANCE: JENKINS’S EAR 1. One of these wars between England and France was the War of Jenkins’s Ear. When Captain Jenkins was detained by Spanish authorities (allies of the French), an officer cut off his ear with his sword. The Spanish commander’s comment was, “Carry this home to the King, your master, whom, if he were present, I would serve in like fashion.” Can you picture Jenkins standing there in the well of the House of Commons describing in great detail his harrowing experience and showing the ministers his withered ear. No wonder there was a war. 3. KING GEORGE’S WAR: (1740 to 1748) a. Few large battles -- raids and counterraids b. American colonists take fort at Louisbourg (1) captured cannons from the French used to attack the fort c. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1) Louisbourg exchanged AREA OF FOCUS: Can you imagine how angry the colonists must have been when they had worked so hard to gain control of the Louisbourg fortress, and then have the British give it back to the French in exchange for something in India. The colonists were beginning to believe that the British did not care about them. You might want to show how attitudes were changing… how American colonists were moving from loyal British subjects to rebels. One of the key areas was the rebellion of the mind. That had to happen before there was a revolution. 4. A FRAGILE PEACE a. STRUGGLE OVER THE OHIO VALLEY (1) Refugee Native Americans move into the area FOCUS: Events that led to the French (2) The Native Americans sought to balance the English and War… and France against each other a. Washington: Diplomat and (3) Competing French and English claims soldier… (a) The French build a chain of forts b. Albany Plan of Union (b) George Washington sent to demand the c. General Braddock’s defeat French abandon their forts – refused d. French victories b. WASHINGTON LEADS FORCES TO OHIO AREA e. William Pitt – Prime Minister (1) French were constructing Fort Duquesne f. Battle of Quebec (2) Washington wins a small skirmish g. Treaty of Paris (3) Washington builds Fort Necessity h. Results of the War (4) French attack defeating Washington – He was allowed to return home Historical irony – He surrenders to French on July 4, 1754 (5) After #2 in this list – the French commander was killed. Washington said, “I heard the bullets whistle and believe me there is something charming in the sound.” c. ALBANY PLAN OF UNION (1) Ben Franklin – mutual defense AP QST: The purpose of the Albany (2) A Grand Council – President General Plan of Union? (3) Could demand funds (4) No colonial legislature would approve it (5) “Join or Die” cartoon by B. Franklin AREA OF EMPHASIS 1. GEORGE WASHINGTON GOES TO THE OHIO VALLEY In 1752, Washington was sent to the Ohio Valley to discover what the French were doing in the region. Many Virginians had speculated in lands in the region and information was needed. Washington discovered the French building forts in the region. The twenty-one year old surveyor warned the French to leave the region. The French politely declined. In 1754, Washington returned with a detachment of Virginians. When they encountered a small group of French soldiers, Washington’s troops fired and killed the French commander. His troops, however, retreated and warned the soldiers at Fort Duquesne of the invasion. Washington’s comment after the battle was, “I heard the bullets whistle and believe me there is something charming in the sound.” As the text stated… the charm ended quickly. Recognizing that the French would soon return with reinforcements, Washington ordered the completion of a small defensive structure called Fort Necessity. Washington’s forces were outnumbered and there were questions about where he decided to defend. After ten hours, the result would be defeat. Ironically, the date of this event was July 4th. The French allowed him to march his troops back to Virginia with full honors of war. 2. THE ALBANY PLAN OF UNION Delegates from New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia met with the Iroquois at Albany, New York. They wanted Iroquois aid against the French. The Iroquois politely listened to the proposals and accepted the generous collection of gifts, but they refused to make any promises of support to the Americans. They might well have been still angry about the greed of American land speculators pressuring for their lands. When the Iroquois departed, Benjamin Franklin proposed the colonies unite under a plan of union. He proposed that the Union government would control western lands, provide joint defense and deal with the Native Americans. They even talked of joint taxation policies. This plan really had no chance of being accepted. No colony would give up such powers as taxation, even on a limited scale. And, even if they had accepted the plan, the British would have vetoed it. They had no desire to see the colonies unite. 5. THE SEVEN YEARS WAR IN AMERICA a. GENERAL EDWARD BRADDOCK (1) Stubborn Braddock ambushed in Ohio (2) British defeated – Braddock killed (3) Washington organizes the retreat (4) Washington later wrote – “When we came to the French fort, we were attacked by a body of French and Indians, who’s number…did not exceed 300 men. Ours consisted of about 1300 well-armed troops, chiefly of b. c. d. e. f. the English soldiers, who were struck with such a panic that they…broke and ran as sheep pursued by dogs; and it was impossible to rally them.” The British of course were convinced it was the fault of accompanying colonial militiamen who were ill-disciplined and could “only fight behind trees”. FRENCH VICTORIES FOLLOWED (1) Nativ Americans join with the French (2) British take Nova Scotia – drive Acadians From their homes – dispersed… Many to Louisiana (3) French victories in America – Montcalm Takes the offensive – threatens NY AMERICANS BALK AT SUPPLYING MEN… (1) Men sent with very little training (2) British angry at the quality of these troops TREATY AT EASTON (1) Native Americans feared French successes and power— Played the Balance of Power game – (2) Signed the treaty with the British to maintain the balance of power WILLIAM PITT BECAME PRIME MINISTER AP QST: Why did the British (1) Pitt saw himself as the man who could save Britain and American colonists win the (2) Pitt worked to mobilize American forces – he French and Indian War? Promised that Parliament would bear the costs (3) Unprecedented American response FRENCH DEFEATS (1) General Amherst defeated Fort Duquesne and Louisbourg (2) The Battle at Quebec a. James Wolfe defeated Montcalm on the Plains of Abraham at Quebec. (3) Montreal surrendered in 1760 g. THE TREATY OF PARIS, 1763 AP QUESTION: The French and (1) France ceded all territories on the North American Indian War was a pivotal point in mainland (it kept some islands). America’s relationship to Great a. Britain gained all lands east of the Mississippi Britain because it led Britain to: b. Spain gained lands west of the Mississippi as a. encourage colonial business Well as New Orleans b. impose revenue taxes c. restrict immigration d. ignore the colonies e. grant selfgovernment AREAS OF INTEREST: 1. GENERAL BRADDOCK’S DEFEAT AT FORT DUQUESNE a. Great Britain sent one of their ablest generals to take on the French. The haughty, stubborn Major General Edward Braddock led 1400 men toward Fort Duquesne. Unable to gather more than a few Native American guides and ignoring the advice of Washington, he dragged artillery and created a road into the wilderness. Observers commented that he seemed to want to stop, hack down all the trees and put logs over the swamps rather than go around them. Obviously, his forces would not surprise anyone. The French and Native Americans prepared their own surprise. b. A few miles from Fort Duquesne, the expedition was ambushed. Braddock had believed that the French and Native Americans would not dare challenge his redcoats. He was so wrong. The British were not ready for the withering fire coming from behind the trees. Braddock did all he could to rally his men, but he, too, was shot dead. It was Washington who finally organized the retreat. c. Do you have any idea how close we came to losing the “Father of our Country.” Washington had two horses shot out from underneath him, had two bullet holes in his hat and four bullet holes in his coat. Washington’s attitude about the British soldiers… he stated that “they ran as sheep pursued by dogs and it was impossible to rally them.” d. Braddock was buried in his road. The wagons destroyed all signs of where he was buried. Washington wanted to hide the grave to prevent Indians from desecrating it. 2. WILLIAM PITT: PRIME MINISTER a. A superlative leader… tall, imposing, hawkfaced… He was known as the Great Commoner. The common people were the source of his political power… when he rode his horse through the streets, people rushed to kiss his horse… Pitt did not lack confidence. He was certain that he was the only man in England who could win this war and save the country. b. Pitt decided to spend whatever money necessary to win the war. He did not worry about the expanding debt. He stopped begging for help from the colonial legislatures. He simply stated that England would pay the expenses. He also decided to replace older, more senior officers with young officers with energy and ideas. One of these officers included Jeffrey Amherst who, in order to defeat the Native American allies of the French, gave them blankets contaminated with smallpox (is this the first example of germ warfare). Amherst won a number of key victories. Pitt also appointed James Wolfe who would defeat the French at Quebec in the key victory of the war. 3. THE PRACTICE OF SCALPING (Jeri Roberts) a. Native Americans from western PA through NC raided western settlements once they got within 80 miles of Philadelphia b. Things got so bad, the English began to offer bounties for Native American scalps $50 for a Native American woman’s scalp -- $130 for a brave’s scalp c. The scalps included the ears and the hair… believe it or not, there were a few individuals who were scalped and survived. They really were not pretty sights. D. IMPERIAL REORGANIZATION (p. 132) 1. FRICTION AMONG ALLIES a. BRITISH DISDAIN FOR AMERICAN SOLDIERS 1. The beginning of the reign of King George III EMPHASIS: Results of the War a. Determined, wished to have an effect Attitudes towards the British b. Prime Ministers Lord Bute, George Grenville towards Colonists Marquis Of Rockingham, William Pitt a. and b. British National Debt 2. `British public opinion credited British soldiers with c. New territories to control the victory – yet William Pitt had used colonial (1) Pontiac’s rebellion troops in key positions (2) Proclamation b. ANGER OVER LACK OF AMERICAN SUPPORT of 1763 1. Unwillingness to provide food and shelter 2. Refusal to vote funds for the war 3. Pitt promised reimbursement to colonies 4. Americans who continued illicit trade with French Islands during the war c. BRITAIN’S ECONOMY DEPENDENT ON AMERICA 1. British national debt from the war doubled 2. Higher taxes in Great Britain – grumbled… 3. Higher prices for goods (in the colonies) Many colonists went into debt – wanted to maintain their lifestyle 4. Costs of maintaining troops in America e. PONTIAC’S REBELLION 1. Native Americans fear British pressures on their lands – No Longer were the French there 2. Delaware Prophet Neolin Repudiation of white culture 3. Pontiac: attack on British forts Shortages of food, smallpox (germ warfare by the British – gave infected blankets to Native Americans s) f. THE PROCLAMATION OF 1763 AP QUESTION: The Proclamation of 1763 did what? 1. Temporary – Native Americans s to the west, settlers to the east of the line in the Appalachian Mountains 3. The British decided to keep 10,000 troops in The colonies – expense – ill –feelings AREAS OF INTEREST: A. PONTIAC’S REBELLION a. Pontiac, war chief of the Ottawa, saw that only unity could stop the white invasion of their lands. With the defeat of the French, he expected the English to only increase their pressures. Using his powers of persuasion, he organized the Huron, Chippewas, Potawatomis, Delawares and Shawnee. b. Surprising the English, the Native Americans laid siege to every fort in the west. Taking all but three of the forts, they killed over 2000 colonists. The whites cruelly retaliated. One commander ordered blankets infected with smallpox to be distributed. Conflict finally ended when Pontiac broke off his siege of Detroit when most of the Native Americans returned to their villages for the winter (a common Native American custom was not to fight wars during the harsh winters). A treaty ending the war was signed in 1766. c. In Pennsylvania, some Scotch-Irish frontiersmen sought revenge against the Native American raids. These Pennsylvanians from the township of Paxton could not find any of the hostile Native Americanss, so they instead attacked a peaceful band of Christian converts killing twenty people. B. THE PROCLAMATION OF 1763 a. Land hungry colonials burst into the Appalachian areas. When, out of the clear blue sky, London issued a proclamation prohibiting further settlements. The colonists were to stay on one side of the Appalachians and the Native Americanss were to remain on the other side. b. This proclamation was not designed to oppress the colonies. They just wanted time to work out the Native American problem fairly and to prevent another Pontiac’s Rebellion. \ c. The colonists were dismayed. They saw the lands to the west as their birthright. They believed that they had spilled blood in the 7 years war to earn those lands. Needless to say, a paper document would not keep them from those lands. The roads were clogged with settlers. An estimated 1000 wagons rolled through Salisbury on their way west. What happens when the laws of a nation are broken so easily? Is rebellion far away? 2. THE WRITS OF ASSISTANCE ----------------------------------------- DAY TWO a. A general search warrant 1. Stop smuggling… unconstitutional of Assistance EMPHASIS: Writs b. James Otis challenges the Writ Vice Admiralty courts 1. Effective tool to stop smuggling 2. Otis challenged their constitutionality 3. Otis lost the case, but made his point Smuggling c. The unwritten British Constitution 1. Do colonists have the rights of Englishmen? 2. Are there limits on Parliament 3. THE SUGAR ACT a. Britain passed the Sugar Act to raise revenue 1. $100,000 goal – 1/5th of expenses in the colonies 2. This was a revenue, not a regulatory act 3. Navigation Acts made little money b. Amendment of the Old Molasses Act 1. Molasses act not a revenue act 2. Import French molasses ,,, bribes c. Colonial objections to the Act 1. Other exports had to go through England 2. Forced to buy from Britain d. Problems for shipping captains 1. Confusing documents 2. More trade regulated than ever before e. Disregard of the right to a fair trial 1. Smuggling cases heard in Vice-Admiralty Courts, not in colonial courts 2. Halifax, Canada… not in the colony 3. Defendant had to prove innocence f. Grenville ordered the act enforced 1. Navy enforcement was vigorous g. American smuggling continued 1. Britain tried to lower the tax to slow Smuggling – less than the usual bribe 2. Massachusetts, New York, Penn. Hit Hardest. 4. THE STAMP ACT a. CONTINUED BRITISH FINANCIAL CRISIS 1. Debts continued to rise EMPHASIS: THE STAMP ACT 2. Taxes were higher in England than in America A revenue tax (a) this was caused by American costs Virtual Representation Resistance to the Stamp Act Patrick Henry’s b. STAMP ACT – A REVENUE TAX Protest 1. Stamps on newspapers, customs documents, licenses, Loyal Nine Diplomas, deeds… Oliver and Hutchinson 2. Violators would be tried in Vice Admiralty courts Sons of Liberty 3. An internal tax (not on customs—but within the colony) Stamp Act Congress 4. Designed simply to raise revenues Boycott c. COLONIES BENEFITTED FROM EMPIRE Repeal of the Stamp Act 1. A small price for the benefits of being in Declaratory Act the empire – protection, trade in the empire… d. VIRTUAL AND ACTUAL REPRESENTATION 1. Americans complained that they lacked representation AP QUESTION: The argument in Parliament… therefore it should not tax them… they between Great Britain and the complained of their lack of actual representation American colonies over “virtual 2. Britain responded that each minister in Parliament representation” concerned what? represented all of the empire… not just the area where they were elected from – Virtual Representation 3. Britain did not accept local assemblies as anything more than town councils… not real legislative bodies AREAS OF EMPHASIS: A. THE STAMP ACT 1. Can you imagine a tax that would cause more uproar than the Stamp Act? Let see whom it was imposed on. It was placed on newspapers. Can you imagine the next day’s editorials after that tax was levied? It was placed on legal documents. I have not met a group of people who would complain more vociferously than the lawyers. It was even placed on playing cards. Can you imagine the conversations at the taverns after this tax was imposed? 2. Grenville was not asking colonists to pay for the British national debt. He believed they should simply pay for a share of the colonial defense. He did not see this stamp act as oppressive. The British had had a stamp tax far heavier than the colonial stamp act for over two generations. 3. The Stamp Act violators were to be tried in vice-admiralty courts where only judges heard the cases and where you had to prove your innocence (rather than having to be proven guilty). Also, judges were from England. When the judges were from the colonies, they tended to acquit most cases. Not so, these new judges. 5. THE COLONIAL PERSPECTIVE a. THE RIGHTS OF SELF-GOVERNMENT AP QUESTION: The Stamp Act 1. Colonists believed that few in Parliament shared crisis was important in the the interests of the colonies – not represented coming of the American b. PARLIAMENT’S INDIFFERENCE NOTED Revolution for all of the following 1. The colony’s lobbying efforts were ignored when reasons except: they opposed the bill – indifference a. use of violence by Americans… c. COLONISTS DID GRANT THAT PARLIAMENT b. British troops garrisoned… COULD PASS SOME LAWS FOR THE COLONIES c. British inflexibility 1. Standardize laws in the colonies… d. British deny independence 2. Accept that Britain should regulate foreign trade… e. Patriots denied birthrights d. AMERICAN LOYALTY TO THE CROWN 1. Americans were loyal to the crown, but wanted a loose federation to govern them… not the strict rule of Britain 6. RESISTING THE STAMP ACT a. ALL RANKS OF SOCIETY RESISTED were most hurt by the 1. artisans, workers, merchants, farmers, planters 2. blacks, whites, women and men b. PATRICK HENRY’S PROTEST 1. Protested the Stamp Act – close to treason did Patrick Henry’s 2. House of Burgesses official protest What did he say? c. LOYAL NINE REBELLION AP QST: Who Stamp Act? AP QST: What speech protest? 1. businessmen organized 2. go after the stamp collectors Sons of Liberty form from them – both are little more than vigilante groups who “enforced” the boycotts, ransacked stamp houses, etc. d. BOSTON’S ECONOMIC DISTRESS 1. recession in Boston -- recover from a fire e. ANDREW OLIVER 1. A stamp collector 2. Hanged in effigy – his building destroyed 3. Moved on his house… destroyed f. DEMOLISHED HUTCHINSON’S HOME 1. Seen as a Chief Justice and a symbol of wealth 2. Ironically, he too opposed the Stamp Act g. VIOLENCE IN RHODE ISLAND 1. Attacked the stamp collectors and also the merchants… h. SONS OF LIBERTY AP QST: The role of colonial violence in 1. More controlled mob – property… allow the the events leading to the Revolution? Individual to escape… 2. Leaders coordinated and controlled assaults No weapons… martyrs i. STAMP ACT CONGRESS 1. remarkable sign of unity 2. protest Britain’s claim of authority in America j. RESIGNATION OF STAMP COLLECTORS 1. refusal to collect the tax 2. threats to withhold their pay – normal procedure began again k. THE BOYCOTT 1. NY merchants boycott British goods AP QST: The effectiveness of the boycott? 2. Colonial leaders replace rabble as leaders 3. Boycott spread to other colonies 4. Colonies bought about 40% of Britain’s goods She could not afford this boycott – panic among British merchants 5. Women got involved by spinning and weaving their own cloth (wool) rather than buying English wool. Wearing “home-spun” was a sign of support for the boycott even though it was generally more like gunnysacks than the cloth from England. Americans at this time turn away from eating lamb and mutton because it is important to keep the sheep for shearing purposes. l. ROCKINGHAM REPLACES GRENVILLE 1. Parliament furious at colonial defiance 2. William Pitt called for repeal – supporters m. REPEAL – THEN THE DECLARATORY ACT 1. 1766—repeal of the Stamp Act – added the Declaratory Act 2. general language – stated that Parliament had the right to pass laws and to tax the colonies n. COLONISTS EAGERLY ACCEPTED IT 1. Praised the King and Parliament 2. Sons of Liberty disband AREAS OF INTEREST: A. RESISTENCE TO THE STAMP ACT 1. The cry, “No taxation without representation” was heard throughout the land. A little bit of irony since these same colonial towns had often denied settlers from their frontier areas representation in their legislatures… although they had little problem imposing taxes on them. (Bailey) 2. Our delegate to England, Ben Franklin, warned about this Stamp Act. He argued that if Parliament did not change its policies, there would probably be rebellion. He stated that Americans dearly loved their Mother England, but they loved their liberties even more. (Boorstin) 3. Patrick Henry recalled that when he made his famous speech that he was “young, inexperienced, unacquainted with the forms of the house and the members that composed it.” He was also appalled by his fellow legislators’ unwillingness to oppose the Stamp Act. Without help, he wrote the Virginia Stamp Act Resolves on a blank leaf of an old law book. (Norton) 4. There is no genuine account of Henry’s speech. There is little doubt that, when Patrick Henry stated “Give me liberty or give me death,” the king might well have given him death. Even though we have only hearsay about the speech, there was an anonymous French traveler who wrote what happened after the speech. The traveler spoke of the Speaker of the House of Burgesses calling this speech treason, and that he regretted no one had risen to stop the young delegate before he had gone so far. The traveler then spoke of Henry, rising, apologizing to the body, declaring his loyalty to England, but also stating that what he had said needed to be said. (Cayton) 5. Nicholas Cresswell, a Tory, observed that “The New Englanders by their canting, whining, insinuating tricks have persuaded the rest of the Colonies that the Government is going to make absolute slaves of them.” (Bailey) 7. IDEOLOGY, RELIGION AND RESISTANCE a. DIVISION BETWEEN ENGLAND AND COLONIES 1. Sensing a sinister quality in England b. JOHN LOCKE 1. Man originated in a state of nature REBELLION IDEOLOGY EMPHASIS: c. d. e. f. g. h. i. 2. Natural Rights: life, liberty and property John Locke 3. A social contract Ministers role 4. Government protects those rights 5. If it does not… the right of revolution OPPOSITIONISTS 1. called for the rights of the people—protested the effort to use government resources for politicians 2. a conspiracy against liberty… 3. challenged the king’s party ARTIFICIAL POWER AND NATURAL LIBERTIES 1. new thinking about politics 2. artificial power vs. natural liberty 3. avoid corruption, protest tyranny FEARED A ROYAL CONSPIRACY 1. saw conspiracies in British actions in the colonies 2. denounced the efforts to “enslave” the colonists… DRAW ON ANCIENTS FOR INSPIRATION 1. A Christian Sparta… linking religion and history NEW ENGLAND CLERGYMENT ALSO PROTEST 1. stand up for God and liberty… 2. Only Anglican ministers supported the King BLACK REGIMENT OF CLERGYMEN 1. Tremendous impact by these clergymen EBBING OF STAMP CRISIS EASED TENSIONS 1. But still divided over the issues… E. ANGLO-AMERICAN CRISIS 1. THE QUARTERING ACT -------------------------------------------------------------- DAY THREE a. William Pitt takes over as Prime Minister 1. Pitt could have compromised… EMPHASIS: THE QUARTERING ACT 2. His health collapsed b. Charles Townshend takes over 1. Chancellor of the Exchequer c. The Quartering Act and its impact 1. provide shelter for soldiers 2. not required to take them into homes 3. collected money from the legislature not from the colonists themselves… 4. like the prior Quartering Act of 1765 colonists had to supply British soldiers with not only quarters but also fire (wood, charcoal, etc. to burn), candles, vinegar, salt, bedding, beer, cider, and rum d. New York’s resistance 1. anti-American feeling in Parliament 2. Townshend to punish NY 3. NY appropriated the funds 2. THE TOWNSHEND DUTIES a. British anger at the lack of colonial revenues b. Townshend’s use of external taxes c. Would the colonists accept the Townshend Acts (1) a revenue tax … not a regulatory tax d. Townshend wanted to use revenues to pay the Colonial governor’s salary… (1) loosen the control of colonial legislatures e. The duties cost more to enforce than they brought in revenue CHARLES TOWNSHEND: Champagne Charley Townshend could deliver brilliant speeches to the House of Commons in England even while intoxicated. He promised Parliament that he could pluck the feathers from the colonial goose with a minimum of squawking. He was wrong. (Bailey) 3. THE COLONISTS’ REACTION a. The Act went into effect quickly to avoid reaction b. John Dickinson “Letters from a Farmer in Penn.” (1) Parliament could regulate trade through small Taxes… not revenue taxes c. Sam Adams: the circular letter (1) go to the other Colonies EMPHASIS: SAM ADAMS AND THE (2) Adams (Harvard educated…rabble rouser) CIRCULAR LETTER d. Virginia’s circular letter e. Massachusetts seen as almost in rebellion Ordered to disown the letter… 1. widespread opposition f. Nonimportation Agreements were effective 1. sometimes not effective unless merchants joined in AREA OF INTEREST: A. SAM ADAMS: Who was this man? A Bostonian, he earned a master’s degree from Harvard where he studied Latin and Greek (two really pragmatic, useful subjects). He went into his father’s brewery business (it has only slight connections with Sam Adams beer of today… its name) where he lost his father’s money. When he became a tax collector (oh the irony), he failed to turn all of the money over to the government and got into trouble. He was always in debt and many in Boston considered him to be a shady character. Where he was remarkably talented was as a local agitator. He could smell tyranny in the breeze. Every affront by the British would only lead to slavery for the colonies. Incidents, tragic as they were, became massacres to Sam Adams. B. THE CIRCULAR LETTERS: These were brilliant propaganda tools that operated to inform and unite the colonies. It is interesting to question what role Sam Adams actually had in causing rebellion. The English certainly were impressed by his efforts. (Boorstin) 4. “WILKES AND LIBERTY” a. British merchants hurt by boycott 1. protests by the poorer classes b. John Wilkes rebellion 1. A member of Parliament – arrested for sedition 2. Continued criticisms of Parliament 3. Massacre of St. George’s Fields c. Wilkes cause applied to the American situation 1. correspondence with the Sons of Liberty 2. sharpened political thinking in England 3. Wilkes a rabble rouser… 5. WOMEN AND COLONIAL RESISTANCE a. Enlistment of women in the protest b. Daughters of Liberty c. A highly visible role d. Spinning bees e. Boycott of tea 6. CUSTOMS RACKETEERING a. Closer British control of trade (1) American Board of Customs Commissioners EMPHASIS: CUSTOMS (2) A coastal coast guard RACKETEERING (3) Widespread bribery a. Board of Customs b. Rigged juries b. British abuses rd (1) Informers got 1/3 if there was a conviction c. John Hancock and the Liberty c. Technical violations (1) Customs agents made charges on technicalities AP QUESTION: The North American (2) No way to be legal… colonies took advantage of Great Britains d. The sailor’s chest policy of salutary neglect to: (1) private property… excuse to seize the ship… a. establish religious freedom e. “customs racketeering” b. work trade arrangements (1) legalized piracy … c. introduce slavery (2) popular violence against informers d. establish an army f. colonial hatred of the customs officers e. make a favorable territorial settlement (1) victims of violence as well… with the French (2) chances to get even… g. John Hancock’s Liberty ship (1) Customs claimed the ship – towed it (2) Based on a perjured statement (3) Triple charges… (4) Endangered property rights h. British began to reform their service (1) Charges against Hancock were dropped (2) Honest officials were sent… (3) The damage was done AREA OF INTEREST: The treatment of Wilkes in England was well known to the colonists. The American patriots used the number 45 as a symbol. That was from Wilkes’ essay entitled The North Briton No. 45, which led to his being jailed. The silversmith, Paul Revere made a punchbowl that weighed 42 pounds. James Otis, John Adams and others drank 45 toasts from it. (was anyone ever sober during these times…) In Charleston, tradesmen decorated a tree with 45 lights and set off 45 rockets… Carrying 45 candles, they went to a tavern that had 45 tables, 45 bowls of wine (was anyone ever sober…), 45 bowls of punch (whew… there was someone sober…), and 92 glasses. (Norton) 7. REPEAL OF THE TOWNSHEND DUTIES a. Lord North: new Prime Minister b. Repeal of the Townshend Acts c. The tax on tea remained in effect d. Voluntary agreements to not drink tea 8. THE BOSTON MASSACRE a. 1700 British troops land in Boston b. The atmosphere of an occupied city (1) Irish Catholic soldiers… blacks MASSACRE (2) Soldiers competed for jobs Committees of Correspondence c. Little trouble initially d. e. f. g. EMPHASIS: BOSTON The Gaspee (1) ½ of the soldiers return to England The shooting of a boy AP QST: Impact of the Boston Massacre (1) unpopular customs informer shot him on events leading to the Revolution? (2) horror of the child’s death The army was the target of rage (1) The army not involved… but they were blamed… Events of the “massacre” (1) guards post – Crispus Attucks leads a mob (2) rocks – one guard fired – others followed (3) eleven hit, five killed (including Attucks) Propaganda and reactions (1) Governor Hutchinson promised justice (2) John Adams served as their attorney (3) Hatreds… propaganda AREA OF INTEREST: A. The role of Sam Adams: He managed to turn this tragic event into a massacre with his propaganda… remember John Adams, his cousin and a fellow “patriot”, was the defense attorney for the British soldiers. By the time Sam Adams was done, blood was flowing in the streets of Boston… B. Tensions: There had been considerable tensions building for months. Much of this had to do with the competition between local laborers and poorly paid redcoats who would work during their off-duty hours. C. Insults: The colonist verbally assaulted the soldiers calling them “Bloody Backs” and “Lobster Backs.” When the events occurred, the crowd hurled firewood, snowballs, stones in the snowballs, oyster shells, etc. at the soldiers. D. Crispus Attucks – well known around the docks – some said he was a runaway slave – others said he was from the West Indies. A friend stated that “his very looks were enough to terrify any person.” Attucks was one of those who grabbed a soldier and threw him down. The soldiers then fired their muskets. The bodies of the men who were killed lied in state at Faneuil Hall where town meetings were held. 9. THE COMMITTEES OF CORRESPONDENCE a. The Gaspee Events (1) British customs ship runs aground b. c. d. e. (2) Burned to the waterline (3) British commission – stonewalled… Payment of the Governor’s salary (1) effort to free governor’s from legislature Correspondence committee letters Sam Adams – instigator (1) maintain close cooperation with other towns (2) attacked Hutchinson’s comments Virginia joined the Committees of Correspondence AREA OF INTEREST: A. THE GASPEE: The British customs schooner GASPEE – Rhode Island – Sailors from the ship often went ashore where they stole pigs and chickens and cut down their fruit trees for fire wood… they were hardly popular. – When the ship ran aground, eight boatloads of men rowed out to the ship, wounded the captain, removed its crew, and burned it to the waterline. B. THE COMMISSION: Britain sent a commission to seek out the guilty. The Rhode Islanders “knew nothing” and totally frustrated the commission (Jordan) 10. FRONTIER TENSION ----------------------------------------------------------- DAY FOUR a. A sense of crisis among the Native Americans (1) White penetration into Native Americanlands b. The Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1) British unable to stop violations (2) The treaty took lands from the Native Americans and Gave it to Pennsylvania and Virginia c. Frontier Disputes (1) Massachusetts settlers oppose NY landlords (2) Green Mountain Boys in New Hampshire d. The Regulator Movement ` EMPHASIS: THE REGULATOR (1) North Carolina – frontiersmen underrepresented MOVEMENT (2) Battle of Alamance Creek (3) Defeated by the Royal Governor (4) Just one more example, along with Bacon’s Rebellion, Leisler’s Rebellion, and the Paxton Boys – all show that when the colonists were upset, they would take up arms against the government and/or establishment. TOWARD INDEPENDENCE 11. THE TEA ACT a. The British East India Company b. c. d. e. 1. Colonial smuggling hurt the monopoly EMPHASIS: THE TEA ACT AND THE 2. Brink of bankruptcy COERCIVE ACTS 3. Importance to England – in India a. The East India Tea Company Parliament tries to aid the company b. Monopoly conditions 1. Eliminated the taxes on American tea c. Boston Tea Party lowering its price below the price of d. Coercive Acts smuggled tea. e. The Quebec Act The Tea Act angered Americans f. Colonial Reactions 1. Cheaper tea – but angered over the menace to colonial representative government – the ability to pay royal governors with tea revenues Colonial Resistance to the Tea Act 1. Company agents were told not to land the tea a. Philadelphia “Committee on Tarring and Feathering” The Boston Tea Party 1. The tea ship did not have permission to depart 2. Gov. Hutchinson’s insistence of landing the tea 3. 50 men, disguised as Indians, tossed the tea into the harbor AREAS OF INTEREST: A. They tossed 342 chests into the harbor Most Americans felt this was wanton destruction until North and Parliament enacted the Coercive Acts B. John Adams wrote of the Tea Party – “The die is cast: The people have passed the river and cut away the bridge…This is the grandest event which has ever yet happened since the controversy with the British opened. (Jeri Roberts) C. There were incidents in other colonies besides Boston… In Annapolis, Marylanders burned both the cargo and the vessel proclaiming liberty and Independence or “ death in pursuit of it.” (Bailey) D. When Sam Adams stated that he knew nothing more that could be done… it was almost like a signal. There were cries of “Boston harbor a tea-pot tonight? The Mohawks are come!” – 60 men, badly disguised… everyone knew it was Joe the tailor… there were five masons, eleven carpenters and builders, three leatherworkers, a balcksmith, a hatter, three coopers, two barbers, a coachmaker, a silversmith and 12 apprentices among the socalled Indians… there were also four farmers, ten merchants, two doctors, a teacher (you always have to watch those teachers…) and a bookseller -three ships – a cargo worth 10,000 British pounds. (Norton) 12. THE COERCIVE ACTS AP QST: The impact of the Coercive a. The British were outraged at the Boston Tea Party Acts – in leading to the Revolution? 1. Edmund Burke argued vainly for the Americans b. The Coercive Acts 1. Boston Port Bill: the port was closed until the tea was paid for – economic distress for Boston 2. Massachusetts Government Act: revoked the Mass. Charter – less democratic legislature – one town meeting per year 3. Administration of Justice Act: persons charged with murder in doing their duty will be tried in England This was aimed at “protecting” British officials and the army 4. The New Quartering Act: requisition empty buildings 5. Thomas Gage appointed as military commander c. The Quebec Act 1. Although separate from the Coercive Acts, it was QST: THE QUEBEC ACT associated with them 2. Catholicism declared the religion of Canada 3. Governor’s powers – no legislature 4. Territory south to the Ohio River… d. Reaction to these Intolerable Acts by the colonies 1. Other colonies feared such laws might apply to them 2. Crushing political dissent in the colonies 3. Colonies pushed near rebellion 4. Virginia planters solidified against these acts AP 13. THE FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS a. The First Continental Congress to convene in Philadelphia 1. 56 delegates – talented 2. Adams, Jay, Henry, Washington… EMPHASIS: THE COLONIES UNITE b. The Suffolk Resolves First Continental Congress 1. Passive rebellion – Colonies owed no obedience Suffolk Resolves 2. Call for defensive measures against the crown Association and boycott c. The Boycott Lexington and Concord 1. Continental Association enforced the boycott Olive Branch Petition d. The Congress was not united Paine’s Common Sense 1. Dickenson, Galloway and others opposed the Lee’s Motion for Independence Radical measures… Jefferson’s Declaration of e. Petition to the King Independence 1. Attempt to compromise – George III ignored it 2. But Parliament sent 25,000 more troops to the colonies AP QST: THE SUFFOLK RESOLVES AREA OF INTEREST: A. Leaders Socialize: Very important at this time was the socializing that went on between Sam Adams, John Adams, George Washington, and Patrick Henry. When they met, they formed friendships and trust that was necessary before the colonists could unite. Washington, over the 54 days, dined at his own lodgings only nine times. (Bailey) 14. THE FIGHTING BEGINS a. Friends split b. Coercion of the Loyalists (Tories) 1. Continental Association – vigilante moves 2. Voluntary military companies c. Lexington and Concord 1. General Gage to quell the “rude rabble” 2. William Dawes and Paul Revere – warnings 3. Lexington: skirmish – 8 colonists died 4. Concord: destroy arms and ammunition 5. Return to Boston – lost 273 Redcoats… d. Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys 1. Fort Ticonderoga – captured cannon e. Olive Branch Petition AP QST: THE OLIVE BRANCH 1. John Dickinson – compromise proposal PETITION 2. Ignored by the King f. Battle of Bunker Hill 1. Really fought on Breeds Hill in Boston 2. British suffered 1,154 casualties Colonists lost 311 The British assaulted the hill 3 times – the first two, the colonists turned them back. The 3rd time the colonists had run out of ammunition so the British were able to overcome. Considered a morale victory for the colonists. AREA OF INTEREST: LEXINGTON AND CONCORD A. THE MINUTEMEN: Special units of colonial militia training… stockpiled weapons and ammunition. The British had a low opinion of colonial military ability (Major General Grant claimed that he could march the length of the colonies with only 5000 men). General Gage ordered to attack the rebels in Lexington and Concord. B. “THE BRITISH ARE COMING”: Paul Revere, William Dawes and Samuel Prescott rode out to warn the minutemen that “The British are coming.” Revere was captured at a roadblock, but the others provided the warning. Prearranged warnings – the church bells rang… C. LEXINGTON: The British reached Lexington at dawn where they wanted to arrest Sam Adams and John Hancock (who were hiding in a cornfield). 70 militia lined up on the green were warned to disperse. Lacking numbers, the militia began to move. From somewhere, a shot was fired. The British responded with a volley killing 8 minutemen and wounding 10 others. D. CONCORD: The British troops continued on to Concord. They drove off a small contingent of militia and moved to destroy weapons. The weapons and ammunition had already been hidden in the forest. All the British found was some flour, some digging tools and a few gun carriages. After burning the flour, the British prepared for the march home. After a small skirmish on the bridge (where the first British soldiers were killed), the British prepared for harassing actions. They were never ready for what they encountered. Ralph Waldo Emerson immortalized what happened on the bridge with these words: “By the rude bridge that arched the flood, Their flag to April’s breeze unfurled, Here once the embattled farmers stood, And fired the shot heard round the world.” E. THE RETURN TO BOSTON: Thousands of Minutemen attacked the British from behind trees and stones. The Redcoats fell by the dozens (272 casualties including 70 dead). Only reinforcements from Boston saved them from a true disaster. When they returned, they were bloodied and humiliated and bewildered. (Norton, Bailey, and Jordan) AREA OF INTEREST: THE BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL A. THE BRITISH MOVE TO DISLODGE AMERICANS FROM THE HEIGHTS: The British generals decided to remove the threatening Americans from the hills around Boston. Learning of their plans, the Americans moved to fortify Breed’s Hill. B. THE ATTACK ON BREED’S HILL: 2200 redcoats prepared to attack up the hill. They could have flanked the hill and won the victory, or they could have used the cover to avoid being shot. Not the British. They formed in customary broad lines at the bottom of the hill and prepared for a frontal assault. Climbing steadily, they stopped only occasionally to fire volleys which fell harmlessly on the mounds of dirt that the Americans had dug. The Americans held their fire until the last moment. When they finally opened fire, the exposed redcoats were cut down. The British retreated to reform at the base of the hill. Once again, they marched forward and, once again, they were massacred. Still not done, they marched a third time to a similar result. Finally, with the fourth assault, the Americans ran out of ammunition and were forced to retreat. The British won the hill. However, one more victory like that and they would not have many soldiers left. C. RESULTS OF THE BATTLE: The British sustained more than 1000 casualties (800 wounded and 228 killed). Also killed or wounded were a number of officers. The battle had been fought on Breed’s Hill. Journalists reported that it occurred on nearby Bunker Hill. The name stuck. (Norton and Jordan) 15. THE FAILURE OF RECONCILIATION a. Most hoped for reconciliation b. Believed that Parliament and not the King were responsible for the problems c. Thomas Paine’s Common Sense 1. the “royal brute” 2. no economic need for the empire 3. 100,000 copies 16. a. b. c. d. e. f. CONCORD, MASSACHUSETTS Alarm bell at Concord Boycott pledge Hid the guns and gunpowder in the woods Fighting at the bridge Burning of the courthouse Harrassment as they returned to Boston 17. INDEPENDENCE AT LAST a. Richard Henry Lee’s Motion for Independence b. Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence AP QUESTION: The Declaration of 1. Natural rights – government role to defend those Independence did all of the following Rights – If it does not… the right of revolution except: 2. List of grievances against England a. natural rights 3. Declaration of Independence b. abolish slavery 4. Signatures of the men who signed that document c. appeal for English people’s sympathy d. criticize the Quebec Act d. Accused George III of tyranny AREA OF INTEREST: A. THOMAS PAINE AND THE PAMPHLET, “COMMON SENSE” 1. There were still many Americans who retained their loyalty to the King. Even Washington’s officers toasted the king rather than the Congress. It would take some harsh British atrocities and Thomas Paine’s pamphlet to do that. 2. Paine was a poor corset-makers apprentice… His pamphlet sold 120,000 copies in a few months… it moved many from “on the fence” to patriots. 3. He branded the attitudes of the colonists as going against common sense… no where does a smaller heavenly body control the larger body… nor should smaller England control larger America. 4. Paine also attacked the King … he called him the Royal Brute of Great Britain… “O! ye that love mankind! Ye that dare oppose not only the tyranny but the tyrant, stand forth! Every spot of the Old World is overrun with oppression. Freedom hat been hunted round the globe. Asia and Africa have long expelled her. Europe hat given her warning to depart. O! receive the fugitive and prepare in time an asylum for mankind.” B. THOMAS JEFFERSON AND THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 1. Richard Henry Lee’s Resolution June 7, 1776: Lee’s motion: “These United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states…” The resolution was adopted on July 2, 1776. 2. A committee to write the Declaration Ben Franklin, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Roger Sherman and Robert Livington were chosen to write this document. The work fell to the reputed writer, Thomas Jefferson. Although John Adams and Ben Franklin made some suggestions, it was Jefferson’s ideas. 3. Natural Rights Theory Jefferson stated that all men have certain inalienable rights including life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness… John Locke, from whom Jefferson borrowed these ideas, had called for life, liberty and property… Jefferson changed that. 4. The role of government and the right of revolution Government has the role of protecting those rights. If government does not protect those rights, you have another right… the right to revolution… the right to change that government and create a new government. 5. Grievances against the King Jefferson then attacked the King stating that he had gone against the rights of man… that he had become a tyrant Imposing taxes without consent, abusing trial by jury, maintaining standing armies in the colonies, cutting off trade, etc. 6. Pledging their lives, fortunes and sacred honor At the end of the Declaration, Jefferson stated that the undersigned pledged their lives, their fortunes and their sacred honor. He meant it. If the king caught these men, they were traitors and would have been dealt with as such. Be n Franklin made the appropriate comment. He stated that the signers must all hang together or they would surely hang separately. 7. And King George meant it In 1802, King George II approved the death sentence of some Irish rebels. “you are to be hanged by the neck, but not until you are dead; for while you are still living your bodies are to be taken down, you bowels torn out, and your bodies divided each into four quarters, and your heads and quarters to be then at the king’s disposal; and may God have mercy on your souls.”