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WARWICKSHIRE HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT RECORD Information for record number WA3200 Site Name and Summary Phase one of the building of Kenilworth Castle shows that it was originally built as a motte and bailey Castle from 1122 onwards . The motte is still visible as an earthwork, inside the later great keep. Type: Period: Castle, Motte, Bailey, Motte And Bailey, Findspot, Feature Medieval (1066 AD - 1539 AD) Location Parish: District: Grid Reference: Kenilworth Warwick, Warwickshire SP 27 72 Level of Protection Old SMR PrefRef Monument (Grade: 04/01/1996) Description Source Number 1 The stone castle is built on the remains of an earlier mount and court fort, some of the earth foundations of which are still traceable. The spot where the castle stands is well chosen for defensive purposes; it is a knoll of rock and gravel forming a headland just below the junction of two streams. Upon this strong site a mount and court fort of earth and timber was constructed. The original moated mound was probably close to John of Gaunt's Hall, or alternatively on the site of the Norman keep. The keep still encloses within its walls an artificial mount about 3 to 4.6m high. The inner ward of the later castle probably occupies the site of the courtyard and is about 0.53 ha in extent. The ground falls steeply on all sides except the E where there is a deep ditch. The early castle may have had a secondary courtyard of 3.1 ha. 2 Geoffrey de Clinton may have been the first to build here soon after 1122. It has been argued that a motte and bailey castle existed first, but for this there is no evidence. The keep may represent the first phase. 3 The masonry keep is probably late 12th century and could postdate a motte and bailey castle. An excavation in 1960 indicated that the outer ditch was either dug or cleaned out in the 12th century and located a post hole, possibly from a Norman palisade. 4 Ancient Monument List. Previously Scheduled as Warwickshire Monument No 1. 5 SAM List. 6 Listed Building List. An important early 12th century keep. The late 14th century banqueting hall is comparable with Westminster Hall. There are associations with John of Gaunt and Queen Elizabeth I. 7 excavations at Leicester's Stables (which is built against the curtain wall between Lunn's Tower and the Water Tower) revealed 5 phases of building spanning the 13th to 20th centuries. 8 Plans. 9 Brief details of unpublished excavations in the Kitchen area (1938); Gaunts Tower (1956); the Gallery Tower (1968); and west of the hall (1983). 10 Watching brief south of the Swan Tower by Warwick Museum in March 1990. 11 Revised Scheduling information. 12 Observation of 2 areas to the north and south of the Gatehouse revealed the west face of the 16th century moat bridge, together with demolition material associated with the slighting All Information (c) Warwickshire County Council of the castle in 1651. An undated floor or trackway were recorded close to Mortimer's Tower and garden features associated with the 17th to 20th century domestic occupation of the Gatehouse were recorded. 13 A fine stone oil lamp found in 1848 at the castle. The lamp has a reservoir for oil in which a wick would be floated, this is of a type called a cresset lamp, in use in the medieval period. 14 A programme of resistivity survey and Ground Penetrating Radar Survey centred upon SP 280 722 recorded several anomalies which had a high potential to be of archaeological origin. These included high and low resistance area anomalies, complex Ground Penetrating Radar responses and inclined events. Due to the small area of the survey the significance of these features is unknown and may require further investigation. Sources Source No: Source Type: Title: Author/Originator: Date: Page Number: Volume/Sheet: 4 Bibliographic reference AM7 DoE Source No: Source Type: Title: Author/Originator: Date: Page Number: Volume/Sheet: 1 Bibliographic reference Victoria County History, vol 1, Warwickshire Doubleday H A & Page W (eds) 1904 Source No: Source Type: Title: Author/Originator: Date: Page Number: Volume/Sheet: 10 Bibliographic reference Bibliographic reference Jones R 1990 Source No: Source Type: Title: Author/Originator: Date: Page Number: Volume/Sheet: 13 Bibliographic reference TBAS vol 58 Stone Implements of Warwickshire Shotton FW 1934 Source No: Source Type: Title: Author/Originator: Date: Page Number: Volume/Sheet: 6 Descriptive Text LBL DoE Source No: Source Type: 3 Excavation Report 1 58 All Information (c) Warwickshire County Council Title: Author/Originator: Date: Page Number: Volume/Sheet: TBAS vol 81 Rahtz P 1963 55-73 81 Source No: Source Type: Title: 14 Geophysical Survey Report A Report for English Heritage on a Geophysical Survey Carried out at Kenilworth Castle, Warwickshire Stratascan 2003 Author/Originator: Date: Page Number: Volume/Sheet: Source No: Source Type: Title: Author/Originator: Date: Page Number: Volume/Sheet: Source No: Source Type: Title: Author/Originator: Date: Page Number: Volume/Sheet: Observation Report Archaeological Observation of Test Pits at Kenilworth Castle Mere, Warwickshire Jones C 1999 12 Observation Report Archaeological Observation in the Outer Court of Kenilworth Castle, Warwickshire Coutts C & Jones C 2001 Source No: Source Type: Title: Author/Originator: Date: Page Number: Volume/Sheet: 8 Plan TBAS vol 99 Ellis P 1995 81-116 99 Source No: Source Type: Title: Author/Originator: Date: Page Number: Volume/Sheet: 2 Serial TBAS vol 67 Chatwin P B 1947 Source No: Source Type: Title: Author/Originator: Date: Page Number: Volume/Sheet: 7 Serial TBAS vol 99 Ellis P 1995 100-102 99 67 All Information (c) Warwickshire County Council Source No: Source Type: Title: Author/Originator: Date: Page Number: Volume/Sheet: 9 Serial TBAS vol 99 Ellis P 1995 100-102 99 Source No: Source Type: Title: Author/Originator: Date: Page Number: Volume/Sheet: 11 Scheduling record SAM Description English Heritage 1996 Source No: Source Type: Title: Author/Originator: Date: Page Number: Volume/Sheet: 5 Scheduling record SAM list DoE 1985 Source No: Source Type: Title: Author/Originator: Date: Page Number: Volume/Sheet: 21578 Unpublished document Transaction Record for the Compton Verney Estate Eglington, Samuel (?) 1769 Word or Phrase Listed Building Description Buildings and structures, such as bridges, that are of architectural or historical importance are placed on a statutory list. These buildings are protected by planning and conservation acts that ensure that their special features of interest are considered before any alterations are made to them. on how important the buildings are they are classed as Grade I, Grade II* or Grade II. Grade I buildings are those of exceptional interest. Grade II* are particularly important buildings of more than special interest. Those listed as Grade II are those buildings that are regarded of special interest. LBL Listed Building List. Buildings and structures, such as bridges, that are of architectural or historical importance are placed on a list. Buildings placed on the list are protected through various planning and conservation acts which ensure that their special features of interest are considered before any alterations are made to them. The Listed Buildings List is compiled and maintained by English Heritage. It includes details of where the building is, when it was built, a description of its appearance, and any other special features. Scheduled Ancient Monument List. A list or schedule of archaelogical and historic monuments that are considered to be of Scheduled Ancient Monument List All Information (c) Warwickshire County Council TBAS Geophysical Survey Resistivity Survey Ground Penetrating Radar Earthwork Excavation (also known as 'digging') national importance. The list contains a detailed description of each Scheduled Ancient Monument (SAM) and a map showing their location and extent. By being placed on the schedule, SAMs are protected by law from any unauthorised distrubance. The list has been compiled and is maintained by English Heritage. It is updated periodically. Transactions of the Birmingham and Warwickshire Archaeological Society is a journal produced by the society annually. It contains articles about archaeological field work that has taken place in Birmingham and Warwickshire in previous years. Copies of the journal are kept by the Warwickshire Sites and Monuments Record. The measuring and recording of electrical resistivity or magnetism in order to determine the existence and outline of buried features such as walls and ditches. Geophysical techniques include resistivity survey, magnetometer survey and ground penetrating radar. A resistivity survey measures the electrical resistance of the soil and any buried features within it. Where there are buried pits and ditches, there is less resistance to the flow of electricity. Where there are archaeological remains made from stone, for example a wall, the resistance is greater. These differences in resistance are measured and recorded by archaeologists using a resistivity meter. The measurements can then be used to plot features that exist below the ground. See also geophysical survey. Ground-penetrating radar is a geophysical technique that sends electromagnetic pulses into the ground and records the pattern of their reflection. A radar antenna is towed along the ground surface and radar waves are sent into the ground. As they reflect off any archaeological buried features some of the waves are reflected back to the surface and are measured by another receiving antenna. The radar travel times are measured and stored on a computer. The readings can then be plotted to create a three dimensional picture of the features below the ground. See also geophysical survey. Earthworks can take the form of banks, ditches and mounds. They are usually created for a specific purpose. A bank, for example, might be the remains of a boundary between two or more fields. Some earthworks may be all that remains of a collapsed building, for example, the grassed-over remains of building foundations. the winter, when the sun is lower in the sky than during the other seasons, earthworks have larger shadows. From the air, archaeologists are able to see the patterns of the earthworks more easily. Earthworks can sometimes be confusing when viewed at ground level, but from above, the general plan is much clearer. often carry out an aerial survey or an earthwork survey to help them understand the lumps and bumps they can see on the ground. Archaeologists excavate sites so that they can find information and recover archaeological materials before they are destroyed by erosion, construction or changes in land-use. on how complicated and widespread the archaeological deposits are, excavation can be done by hand or with heavy machinery. Archaeologists may excavate a site in a number of ways; either by open area excavation, by digging a test pit or a trial trench.[more] important part of any archaeological excavation is the recording of artefacts and deposits with measurements, plans and photographs. Archaeologists are just as interested in finding information about the context of artefacts as they are in the artefacts themselves. All Information (c) Warwickshire County Council an excavation, archaeologists will recover many kinds of samples. In addition to recording common artefacts, such as pieces of pottery, archaeologists take environmental samples. This is done so that they can find other materials such as pollen, plant parts, human and animal bone, and shell. Test Pit Medieval A small, exploratory excavation that helps archaeologists to find out how deep below the ground surface the archaeological layers extend. They are also dug to discover whether the topsoil contains particular concentrations of artefacts. Test pits are dug before a large excavation to determine a site's depth and contents. 1066 AD to 1539 AD (the 11th century AD to the 16th century AD) medieval period comes after the Saxon period and before the post medieval period. Medieval period begins in 1066 AD. was the year that the Normans, led by William the Conqueror (1066 – 1087), invaded England and defeated Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings in East Sussex. Medieval period includes the first half of the Tudor period (1485 – 1603 AD), when the Tudor family reigned in England and eventually in Scotland too. end of the Medieval period is marked by Henry VIII’s (1509 – 1547) order for the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the years running up to 1539 AD. The whole of this period is sometimes called the Middle Ages.[more] Normans are well known for building the first motte and bailey castles. There are a number of these in Warwickshire. Brinklow Castle and Boteler’s Castle, near Alcester, are fine examples. Warwick Castle and Kenilworth Castle began their long histories as motte and bailey castles. Domesday Book was written in the reign of William the Conqueror. It was completed in about 1086 AD. is a detailed statement of lands held by the king and his tenants and of the resources that went with those lands, for example which manors belonged to which estates. Book was probably put together so that William knew how much tax he was getting from the country. It provides archaeologists and historians with a detailed picture of the size of settlements and the population at the beginning of the medieval period. Many of these settlements were later deserted as a result of a number of causes, including changes to land tenure. In other cases the focal point of settlements physically shifted. Either way, Warwickshire is well known for the contrast in types of settlement between the Arden area of the north west and the Feldon area of the south and east. In the Arden area medieval settlements were of the small, dispersed type, whilst in the Feldon area the settlements developed into nucleated villages. Some medieval deserted settlements in Warwickshire can still be traced as earthworks. A good example exists at Wormleighton. of medieval farming survive in many parts of Warwickshire as earthworks of ridge and furrow cultivation. Ridge and furrow earthworks show where the land was ploughed so that crops could be grown. The ridges and furrows formed because successive years of ploughing caused the soil to be drawn up into ridges whilst the furrows lying between them became deeper. The fields were ploughed using a team of oxen pulling a small plough, which was very difficult to turn. This accounts for why the land was ploughed in long strips and why fields were left open i.e. without hedges, fences or walls dividing up the land into smaller pockets. All Information (c) Warwickshire County Council were much smaller in the medieval period. The people who farmed the land did not own it. The land belonged to the lord of the manor. The people farming the land were simply tenants who worked a strip of land or maybe several strips. This is why medieval farming is sometimes called strip farming. the time that Domesday Book was written the only town in what is now called Warwickshire was Warwick. Documentary evidence shows us that as the years went on more and more markets appeared in the county. By 1450 there were forty. towns that grew around the markets were different from the surrounding villages in their appearance and the type of people who lived in them. They were larger than the villages and had a more complicated network of streets and lanes. The towns had an open space in the centre where a market was held each week. The houses and workshops that lined the streets had long narrow strips of land behind them called tenements. Some historic maps show these medieval build PALISADE An enclosure of stakes driven into the ground, sometimes for defensive purposes. SITE Unclassifiable site with minimal information. Specify site type wherever possible. BUILDING A structure with a roof to provide shelter from the weather for occupants or contents. Use specific type where known. STONE Use only where stone is natural or where there is no indication of function. KEEP The major tower of a fortification, often acting as its last defence. FLOOR A layer of stone, brick or boards, etc, on which people tread. Use broader site type where known. FEATURE Areas of indeterminate function. KITCHEN A building or room where food is prepared and cooked. GARDEN FEATURE Unspecified landscape feature. Use more specific type where known. TOWER A tall building, either round, square or polygonal in plan, used for a variety of purposes, including defence, as a landmark, for the hanging of bells, industrial functions, etc. Use more specific type where known. FORT A permanently occupied position or building designed primarily for defence. MOAT A wide ditch surrounding a building, usually filled with water. Use for moated sites, not defensive moats. Use with relevant site type where known, eg. MANOR HOUSE, GARDEN, etc. CASTLE A fortress and dwelling, usually medieval in origin, and often consisting of a keep, curtain wall and towers etc. WATER TOWER A tower serving as a reservoir to deliver water at a required point. COURTYARD An uncovered area, surrounded or partially surrounded by buildings. GATEHOUSE A gateway with one or more chambers over the entrance arch; the flanking towers housing stairs and additional rooms. Use with wider site type where known. WELL A shaft or pit dug in the ground over a supply of spring-water. MUSEUM A building, group of buildings or space within a building, where objects of value such as works of art, antiquities, scientific specimens, or other artefacts are housed and displayed. BRIDGE A structure of wood, stone, iron, brick or concrete, etc, with one or more intervals under it to span a river or other space. Use specific type where known. MOTTE AND BAILEY An early form of castle consisting of a flat-top steep-sided earthen mound, supporting a wooden tower, and a bailey. DITCH A long and narrow hollow or trench dug in the ground, often used to All Information (c) Warwickshire County Council STABLE TRACKWAY STREAM MOUND CURTAIN WALL WALL POST HOLE DOMESTIC EARTHWORK MOTTE RESERVOIR carry water though it may be dry for much of the year. A building in which horses are accommodated. A pathway, not necessarily designed as such, beaten down by the feet of travellers. A natural flow or current of water issuing from a source. A natural or artificial elevation of earth or stones, such as the earth heaped upon a grave. Use more specific type where known. A wall between two towers or pavilions, usually surrounding a building, and often forming a major part of the defences. An enclosing structure composed of bricks, stones or similar materials, laid in courses. Use specific type where known. A hole dug to provide a firm base for an upright post, often with stone packing. Use broader monument type where known. This is the top term for the class. See DOMESTIC Class List for narrow terms. A bank or mound of earth used as a rampart or fortification. An artificial steep-sided earthen mound on, or in, which is set the principal tower of a castle. A large natural or artificial body of water, sometimes covered, used to collect and store water for a particular function, eg. industrial or public use. All Information (c) Warwickshire County Council