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CHAPTER 1
SECTION 2:
THE EUROPEAN WORLD
EUROPEANS
• DRIVEN BY A DESIRE
FOR WEALTH & A
SENSE OF DUTY TO
SPREAD THEIR
RELIGION
THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES
• AD 500- 1300 MEDIEVAL PERIOD
• EUROPEAN INVASIONS
– GERMAN FRANKS SETTLED ACROSS
EUROPE
– FROM THE NORTH VIKINGS LOOTED &
BURNED VILLAGES
– MUSLIMS SOUGHT TO SPREAD THEIR
RELIGION
FEUDALISM
• TO PROTECT THEMSELVES AGAINST
THESE THREATS, EUROPEANS CREATED
FEUDALISM.
• POWERFUL NOBLE OR LORD DIVIDED HIS
LARGE LANDHOLDINGS AMONG LESS
LORDS, WHO IN RETURN OWED HIM
MILITARY SERVICE & OTHER SERVICES
• BASIS WAS THE MANOR (LARGE ESTATE
OF THE LORD)
• PEASANTS (SERFS) FARMED THE LAND &
GAVE THEIR LORD A PORTION OF THE
HARVEST IN EXCHANGE FOR SHELTER &
PROTECTION
– FORBIDDEN TO LEAVE
• MANOR PRODUCED EVERYTHING A
FEUDAL SOCIETY NEEDED AS A RESULT
EUROPEAN FOREIGN TRADE DIED OUT
MEDIEVAL RELIGION
• ROMAN CATHOLIC GOVERED THE
SPIRITUAL LIFE OF MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANS.
• POPE HAD AUTHORITY OVER EMPERORS
& KINGS
• CLERGY PERFORMED RELIGIOUS
CEREMONIES, OWNED LARGE PLOTS OF
LAND & WERE LORDS OF MANORS
• CLERGYS POWER CAME FROM THE FACT
THEY WERE THE ONLY EDUCATED
PEOPLE IN MEDIEVAL EUROPE.
• EVERY
CHRISTIAN WAS
EXPECTED TO
SHOW
UNQUESTIONING
OBEDIENCE TO
CHURCH
AUTHORITY
THE LATE MIDDLE AGES
• AROUND THE YEAR 1000
• NEW FARMING METHODS LED TO
MORE POPULATION &
COMPETITION FOR LAND
• NEW TRADE ROUTES TO ASIA
THE CRUSADES
• MUSLIM EMPIRE POWER GREW.
• 1077- MUSLIMS FROM TURKEY SEIZED
JERUSALEM.
• 1096-1291 CHURCH ORGANIZED A
SERIES OF MILITARY CAMPAIGNS TO
TAKE JERUSALEM BACK (FAILED)
• THE CRUSADES REAL IMPACT- INCREASED
EUROPEAN AWARENESS OF THE WORLD
BEYOND THEIR BORDERS & ACCELERATED
ECONOMIC CHANGE
• CRUSADERS BROUGHT BACK SPICES,
PERFUMES, FABRICS FROM ASIA
• 1271- MARCO POLO WENT TO CHINA
– WROTE ABOUT HIS EXPERIENCES THAT SENT
EUROPEAN MERCHANTS SCRAMBLING TO SET
UP TRADING MISSIONS TO THE EAST.
THE GROWTH OF CITIES
• MERCHANTS SOLD THEIR
FOREIGN GOODS AT FARES SET
UP ALONG WATER & TRADE
ROUTES
• GROWTH OF CITIES AND TRADE
IN EUROPE HAD 3 MAJOR
EFFECTS.
• THREE EFFECTS
–CREATED A MIDDLE CLASS
–REVIVED A MONEY
ECONOMY
–CONTRIBUTED TO THE
EVENTUAL BREAKDOWN OF
THE FEUDAL SYSTEM
THE RISE OF MONARCHS
• EUROPES GROWING WEALTH INCREASED THE
POWER OF THE MONARCHS. (THOSE WHO RULE
OVER A STATE OR TERRITORY)
• ATTRACTED THE LOYALTY OF THE MIDDLE
CLASS BY PROTECTING TRADE ROUTES &
KEEPING THE PEACE
• OFTEN LED TO CLASHES BETWEEN KINGS OR
NOBLES
• KING JOHN OF ENGLAND WAS FORCED TO SIGN
THE MAGNA CARTA IN 1215 “GREAT CHARTER”
GREAT CHARTER
• NOT ONLY SHAPED BRITISH LAW AND
GOVERNMENT BUT BECAME THE
FOUNDATION FOR FUTURE AMERICAN
IDEALS OF LIBERTY AND JUSTICE.
THE RISE OF UNIVERSITIES
• NEEDED PEOPLE TO RUN
GOVERNMENTS OR IN CHURCH
• ANCIENT WRITINGS WERE
TRANSLATED INTO LATIN
• THESE WERE THE BEGINNINGS OF A
CULTURAL REVOLUTION SOON TO
SWEEP THE CONTINENT.
THE “BLACK DEATH”
• 1300’S “THE PLAGUE”
• KILLED 1/3 OF EUROPE’S
POPULATION
• CARRIED BY FLEAS ON RATS
• CAUSED STARVATION, RIOTS, &
ECONOMIC COLLAPSE
• CAME A LOSS OF RELIGIOUS
FAITH, PEOPLE BEGAN DOUBTING
CHURCH TEACHINGS
THE RENAISSANCE
• “REBIRTH”
• ENORMOUS CREATIVITY & RAPID
CHANGE
• THE PURSUIT OF LEARNING
–QUEST FOR KNOWLEDGE (ART,
LITERATURE, SCIENCE,
PHILOSOPHY, ECONOMICS, &
POLITICAL THOUGHT)
• MICHELANGELO, DA VINCI, &
SHAKESPEARE
• BROUGHT ORDER & UNITY TO
EUROPE
• BEGAN USING REASON &
EXPERIMENTATION TO UNDERSTAND
THE PHYSICAL WORLD
CULTURAL CHANGES IN ITALY
• THE RENAISSANCE
FLOURISHED IN THE CITIES
OF NORTHERN ITALY.
A GOLDEN AGE
• 1400’S AND 1500’S
• RENAISSANCE ART EXPLORED
THE PHYSICAL WORLD & THE
INDIVIDUAL ROLE IN IT
• THIS CORE PHILOSOPHY OF THE
PERIOD IS CALL
–HUMANISM
THE PRINTING PRESS
• JOHANN GUTENBERG
–FIRST BOOK WAS THE BIBLE
–COMMUNICATION REVOLUTION
• 200 MILLION BOOKS CAME
OFF EUROPEAN PRESS
THE REFORMATION
• 1517- MARTIN LUTHER LED
THE REFORMATION
–DECLARED THE BIBLE WAS
THE TRUE AUTHORITY
• PROTESTANTS- PROTESTED
CATHOLIC AUTHORITY
THE RISE OF NATIONS
• GOVERNMENT BY LOCAL
NOBLES & THE CHURCH
DECLINED
• EUROPE THOUGHT OF
THEMSELVES AS MEMBERS
OF NATIONS
SEAFARING TECHNOLOGY
• COMPETITION FOR ASIAN TRADE
• 1400- ONLY WAY TO REACH ASIA WAS
TO REACH BY LAND
• NEW TECHNOLOGY- COMPASS,
ASTROLABE (ancient astronomical
computer for solving problems relating to
time and the position of the Sun and stars
in the sky) & QUADRANT
PORTUGAL TAKES TO THE SEAS
• 1418- PRINCE HENRY
– “THE NAVIGATOR” ESTABLISHED A MARINERS
SCHOOLS
• DEVELOPED THE CARAVEL, THE FINAL
TOOL FOR LON RANGE VOYAGES. COULD
SAIL WITH THE WIND AND AGAINST IT.
• 1488- BARTHOLOMEU DIAS SAILED
AROUND THE SOUTHERN TIP OF AFRICA
“CAPE OF GOOD HOPE”
• 1497- VASCO DA GAMA SAILED TO INDIA.
THE FIRST SEA ROUTE FROM EUROPE TO
ASIA WAS OPEN.
COMPETITION TO THE SEAS
• FERDINAND & ISABELLA OF SPAIN
– LAUNCHED THE INQUISITION
• CAMPAIGN BASED ON RACIAL
PREJUDICE
• GOAL WAS TO DISCOVER & PUNISH
JEWS & MUSLIMS WHO WERE POSING
AS CHRISTIANS
• 1492- ALL JEWS REFUSING TO BE
BAPTIZED WERE EXPELLED FROM
SPAIN
• GOALS
–SURPASS PORTGUAL IN
THE SEA RACE
–BRING CHRISTIANITY TO
NEW LANDS