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Foundations* - Chapter 9, 10, and 11 Exam rift valleys Plates Pangaea plate tectonics mechanism oceanic mountain belts divergent lithosphere Seafloor spreading 1. In the continental drift hypothesis, a supercontinent called ____________________ was proposed. 2. One type of evidence that supports Wegener’s continental drift hypothesis is the existence of ____________________ that begin on one continent and continue on another. 3. Most scientists in Wegener’s day rejected his hypothesis for continental drift because he could not explain a(n) ____________________ for how continents can move. 4. The theory of ____________________ states that Earth’s rigid outer shell is divided into about seven major segments. 5. Earth’s rigid outer layer, consisting of the crust and uppermost mantle, is called the ____________________. 6. The theory of plate tectonics states that Earth’s rigid outer shell is divided into several individual segments called ____________________. 7. The type of plate boundary where plates move apart, resulting in upwelling of material from the mantle to create new seafloor, is referred to as a(n) ____________________ plate boundary. 8. ____________________ is the mechanism responsible for producing the new oceanic crust between two diverging plates. 9. During the breakup of a continent along a divergent plate boundary, deep faulted structures called ____________________ are generated. 10. A subduction zone occurs when one ____________________ plate is forced beneath a second plate. mantle plumes volcanic island arc increases slab-pull convergent oceanic continental reverse polarity transform fault boundary hot spots shallow 11. At a(n) ______________________________ boundary, oceanic lithosphere plunges beneath an overriding continental plate. 12. A chain of small volcanic islands that forms when two oceanic plates converge, one descending beneath the other, is called a(n) ____________________. 13. A(n) _________________________ occurs where two plates grind pass each other without creating or destroying lithosphere. 14. Rocks that exhibit magnetism that is opposite to the current magnetic field are said to have ____________________. 15. Plumes of molten rock originating deep within the mantle are known as ____________________. 16. The age of the deepest ocean sediments ____________________ with increasing distance from an ocean ridge crest. 17. Earthquakes associated with divergent boundaries have ____________________ foci. 18. The primary forces that cause plate motion are made possible by a mechanism called ____________________. 19. The appearance of hot spots and volcanoes at Earth’s surface is evidence of ____________________.