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Igneous Rocks Extrusive Rock: Formed from lava that erupts from volcanoes then cools and hardens on Earth’s surface Igneous Rocks Extrusive Rock: Formed from lava that erupts from volcanoes then cools And hardens on Earth’s surface glassy Minerals are not organized into crystals. scoria pumice Igneous Rocks Extrusive Rock: Formed from lava that erupts from volcanoes then cools And hardens on Earth’s surface glassy Minerals are not organized into crystals. Fine-grained Crystals are too small to be seen without a microscope basalt rhyolite Igneous Rocks Intrusive Rock: Formed from magma that cools and hardens inside the Earth Igneous Rocks Intrusive Rock: Formed from magma that cools and hardens inside the Earth Course grained Larger crystals all roughly the same size pegmatite granite diorite Igneous Rocks Intrusive Rock: Formed from magma that cools and hardens inside the Earth Course grained porphyry Larger crystals all roughly the same size Porphyritic Large crystals are scattered on a background of small or microscopic crystals andesite Igneous Rocks Extrusive Rock: Formed from lava that erupts from volcanoes then cools And hardens on Earth’s surface glassy Minerals are not organized into crystals. Fine-grained Crystals are too small to be seen without a microscope Intrusive Rock: Formed from magma that cools and hardens inside the Earth Course grained Larger crystals all roughly the same size Porphyritic Large crystals are scattered on a background of small or microscopic crystals Sedimentary Rock 1. Clastic: Made of fragments of previously existing rocks Sedimentary Rock 1. Clastic: Made of fragments of previously existing rocks Rounded pebbles cemented by clay, mud, and sand puddingstone conglomerate breccia Sedimentary Rock 1. Clastic: Made of fragments of previously existing rocks Rounded pebbles cemented by clay, mud, and sand Small sand-sized grains sandstone arkose feldspar Sedimentary Rock 1. Clastic: Made of fragments of previously existing rocks Rounded pebbles cemented by clay, mud, and sand Small sand-sized grains Grains smaller than sand. Composed of silt and clay-sized mineral particles that we call “mud” shale 2. Organic: made of organisms: directly or indirectly from material that was once living. 2. Organic: made of organisms: directly or indirectly from material that was once living. • Made of shells of sea creatures limestone Calcareous Tufa chalk 2. Organic: made of organisms: directly or indirectly from material that was once living. • Made of shells of sea creatures • Formed from the remains of plants: coal 3. chemical: formed when a lake dries up, leaving large amounts of minerals that were dissolved in the water Mineral rich water drips into the cave Metamorphic Rocks When rocks are buried deep within the Earth, tremendous heat, great pressure, and chemical reactions may cause them to change into different rocks with different textures and structures Metamorphic Rocks When rocks are buried deep within the Earth, tremendous heat, great pressure, and chemical reactions may cause them to change into different rocks with different textures and structures Mineral crystals are arranged In parallel, thin, flat layers or bands (foliated) slate schist gneiss or Garnet schist = gneiss Metamorphic Rocks When rocks are buried deep within the Earth, tremendous heat, great pressure, and chemical reactions may cause them to change into different rocks with different textures and structures NOT arranged in layers and do not break into layers (unfoliated) marble limestone = = talc = coal anthracite quartzite hornblende amphibolite