Download Wild Loquat Uapaca kirkiana (Müell) Arg

Wild Loquat Uapaca kirkiana (Müell) Arg. Family Euphorbiaceae # 97
Festus K. Akinnifesi1, T. Chilanga1 and F. Kwesiga2
1. International Centre of Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF), SADC-ICRAF Agroforestry
Project, Chitedze Agricultural Research Station, P.O. Box 30798,Lilongwe, Malawi (Author for
correspondence; [email protected] ). ICRAF Southern Africa Regional Programme, PO
Box 128, Mount Pleasant Harare, Zimbabwe.
Uapaca kirkiana (Family Euphorbiaceae), known as wild loquat, is a tropical indigenous
fruit tree native to the miombo ecological zone. The ecological zone stretches over eight
countries in central and southern Africa, from Angola and northern Namibia in the West across
northern Botswana and northern South Africa, Zimbabwe, Zambia, south of the Democratic
Republic of Congo and Malawi, to Tanzania and Mozambique in the East. The zone is mostly
deciduous, non-spinescent woodland with a shrub layer of variable density and composition.
The total flora consists of about 650 species, including more than 50 indigenous fruit tree
species.
Ethnobotanical surveys conducted in 451 households surveyed in Malawi, Tanzania,
Zambia and Zimbabwe, have shown that wild loquat is the preferred fruit tree in the region. This
preference in southern Africa is based on its role in food security, potential for income
generation, and nutrition. The fruit forms a vital part of the diet in rural households, and plays a
significant role during periods of famine in Malawi, Zambia, and Mozambique. Since Uapaca
kirkiana occurs in eight southern Africa countries, it has many vernacular names (Table 1). A
number of them simply reflect different ways of spelling the same word in the different Bantu
languages or dialects.
World Production and Yield
The market is largely informal and there is no standard pricing system or product
differentiation. Substantial amount of trade and consumption of the fruit exist in both rural and
urban areas. Fruit are collected from the wild or semi-wild conditions. Numerous collectors and
retailers exist but few wholesalers. About 95% of the fruit traded in Malawi were collected from
the wild and sold at roadsides. Fruit production varies between trees within populations, with tree
size, with seasons in the miombo. Fruit loads exceeding 2,000 fruit per tree have been reported in
Zaire, Zambia, and Malawi. In Zambia, tree with cream fruit trees bare most frequently and
were the most productive.
Uses and nutritional composition
The fruit is the only part of the plant used as a food source and it is consumed fresh. The
fleshy yellow pulp of the ripe fruit is sweet with a pear-like taste. The sugary pulp forms 40 to
60% of the fresh fruit. The skin accounts for approximately 38% of the total fruit weight. The
fruit is processed by women to produce a refreshing beverage and a variety of local beer and
wines, juice and jams, in Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. A private company is producing jam
in Zimbabwe. The fruit is low in fat and high in potassium (Table 2).
The wood is uniform, pale pink-red when freshly cut, changing to deep pink-red when
exposed. The texture is medium and even, and is used to make domestic utensils, furniture,
carvings and boxes. It is also used for construction of houses and fences and as a source of
firewood and charcoal. A salt for seasoning food is obtained from the wood ash
The leaf, bark, and root are used as traditional medicines. An infusion of the roots is
boiled as a local remedy for indigestion, dysentery and intestinal problems. A blue dye is made
from the roots. The thick and broad leaves are used as wrappers for storing processed food. The
flush of leaves at the end of the dry season is used by cattle as fodder in the absence of palatable
alternatives. The tree provides good shade in homesteads and on farms during the dry and hot
season.
BOTANY
Description
This profusely branched evergreen or semi-deciduous tree has a short trunk and spreading
branches that form a dense rounded crown. It commonly reaches 5 to 13m, averaging 9m. The
stem is generally short but sometimes can have up to a 9m clear bole. The diameters of mature
trees fall within the range of 15 to 25cm with diameters of up to 40cm being recorded in
Zimbabwe. The stem bears stout and short branches with prominent leaf scars. The bark is dark
grey or grey-brown, thick and deeply fissured in mature individuals.
The root system is a mass of small laterals and deeply penetrating root emerging from the
base of the stem. Taproot length varies with tree size, and generally ranges from 50 to 150cm.
The dark, shiny green leaves are usually clustered at the ends of the branches, in a spiral
arrangement. When young, the leaves have short grey to rust colored woolly hairs beneath and
become glabrescent when mature. Dimensions vary but most fall within the range 12 to 36cm
long and 8 to 24cm wide. The smallest leaf is 7 cm long and 4 cm wide. The shape is obovate or
sub circular-obovate with a rounded apex and a cuneat base. The leaves have a prominent
midrib and 12 to 24 pairs of prominent parallel secondary veins, diverging almost at right angles
from the midrib. The petioles are velvety, short (up to 3.5cm long) and stout. The stipules are
pubescent, 3 to 4mm long and deciduous.
The tree is dioecious and therefore allogamous. The unisexual inflorescences originate
from axillary positions among the leaves or more often below them on the second or third
seasons wood of the branchlets. The staminate and pistillate flowers are yellow in color and
globose in shape. The staminate peduncles (up to 10mm long in bud sometimes extending to
20mm) occur in fascicles, usually of 4 to 8, but sometimes with more than 12 inflorescences.
Each staminate inflorescence consists of 4 to 8 oblong-elliptic or broadly elliptic pale yellowgreen bracts. When fully open, the head of the flowers is 5 to 10mm long and 12 to 18 mm
across, each of the 10 to 20 flowers with 5 triangular and laciniate or linear calyx lobes (2mm
long and 5 to 7 in number). Pistillate peduncles are about 6 to 8mm long but sometimes exceed
10mm in length. Pistillate bracts are tinged pink and resemble those of staminate flowers. Within
the bracts, the pistillate flowers are solitary, with a shallow copular 5 to 8-lobed calyx. The ovary
is ovoid sub-globose and usually 3 to 4 locular, 3 to 4 mm long and wide and densely fulvous–
tomentose. The number of styles matches the number of locules. Each style is flabelliform and
about 4 mm long, ending in a truncate and laciniate apex. The styles are reflexed on to the
surface of the ovary.
The fruit is a drupe and borne on a thick short peduncle, usually less than 10mm. The
tough skin is smooth, pubescent-puberulous at first but glabrescent later. Fruit may have thick or
thin skin. At the mature stage, a hard thick exocarp encloses a thin yellow mesocarp of about
1.5mm thick when dry. The round mature fruit is yellow, yellow-brown, brown or reddish and
3.3 cm in diameter, ranging from 2 to 4 cm. Additional fruit colour variations reported to include
cream, brownish-red or brownish yellow.
The yellow fruit pulp encloses three to five seeds (pyrenes), but 3-4 seeds are most
common and are generally whitish, cordate, carinate and apiculate with a tough fibrous
sclerotesta. The 4-seeded fruit are larger, have thinner skins and contain more pulp. Seed
lengths of up to 2cm long and 1.4cm wide have been noted, all with a rather brittle seed coat.
One side is almost flat and on the opposite side, there is a longitudinal ridge terminating with a
sharp edge at the base. The seed has an inner membrane, endosperm and two leafy green
cotyledons. There are 2,500 seeds per kilogram. The seed has a moisture content of about 48% .
Taxonomy
Known by the natives of the miombo ecological zone for centuries, the species has not
been explicitly described until recently. The species is a member of the family Euphorbiaceae
(synonym Uapacaeceae and formerly referred to as “Airy Shaw”) subfamily Phyllanthoideae in
the tribe Antidesmeae, and Uapaca is the sole genus in the subtribe Uapacinae. The name
Uapaca is derived from the Malagasy name “Voa-paca” used for the Madagascar species
Uapaca thouarsii, scientifically described by Baillon in 1858. The genus is distinctive within the
Euphorbiaceae based on wood, vegetative, and floral characters.
The genus Uapaca includes 61 species but there has been no recent revision on a
continental scale and the number of distinct species is probably less. The greatest diversity
occurs in the Zaire basin and further south in the miombo region. Uapaca kirkiana has five
synonyms: U. albida, U. banguelensis, U. goetzei, U. homblei, and U. greenwayi. Other
important close relatives of U. kirkiana are: U. nitida, U. paludosa (syn. U. guineensis) and U.
sansibarica (syn. U. macrocephala).
Ecology
Uapaca may occur in extensive pure stands in deciduous woodlands, upland wooded
grasslands and along streams, often on stony soils, or rocky slopes, from 700 to 2000m. The
rainfall of this eco-zone ranges between 600 to 1000 mm on average, and is unimodal. Three
seasons are distinguished: hot-dry (September to November), hot-wet season
(November/December to March) and cool dry season (April – August). The main cropping
season is November to April.
In natural populations, U. kirkiana is easily distinguished from other Uapaca species on
account of its distinctive broad and leathery leaves and rounded crown. It is widespread and
abundant in mixed communities of Brachystegia-Julbernardia woodland vegetation either as a
dominant or co-dominant species and is usually gregarious, forming very dense groves. Where
rainfall is greater than 1200 mm, it forms pure woodland communities with either closed or open
canopies. Under such situations, the ground flora is sparse or absent due to the shade cast by the
large leaves.
The zone has a range of soil with a prevalence of ferralsols and luvisols. It also grows on
acrisols, cambisols and regosols in parts of Tanzania, on arenosols in Angola, Zaire and Zambia
and on nitosols in Malawi, Tanzania and Zimbabwe. Uapaca is general associated with sandy or
gravelly soils that have good drainage on the middle slopes of escarpments where Uapaca
dominates over Brachystegia species. The soils are characterized by low cation exchange
capacity, low organic matter content and low macro-nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and
potassium). The species is totally absent from hydromorphic soils with high organic matter
content that overlie gravelly soils and where seasonal flooding occurs. The tree is regarded as an
indicator for poor agricultural soils.
Reproductive Biology
The juvenile period is from 9 to 10 years for unimproved material while vegatively
propagated trees in Malawi fruited in three years. In Zambian populations, staminate and
pistillate trees are randomly distributed with a 1:1 ratio. Staminate flowers develop in about 16
days and twice as long for pistillate flowers. During anthesis, pistillate flowers remain open 10 to
14 days whereas staminate flowers shrivel 3 to 7 days after anthesis. Staminate flowers have a
mild but non-distinctive scent while the pistillate flowers have no detectable odor. Abortion of
inflorescences in males is about 9% while abortion of pistillate inflorescences is about 45%.
Flowers turn brown following anthesis.The tree is presumed to be insect pollinated. The most
common insects include bees, flies, beetles, ants and wasps. Moths are also potential pollinators.
Flowering coincides with the onset of the rainy season (October/November), and the
period extends over the entire 5 to 6 months rainy season. Flowering intensity is also variable
throughout the period with higher proportion of trees flowering between January and March
(Ngulube 1996). Staminate trees flower earlier than pistillate trees. Fruiting is biennual, i.e. in
alternate years, a well-known pattern for many tropical fruit trees. In the natural environment, a
large number of birds, ungulates and primates feed on the pulp, dispersing the seed (after sucking
the pulp).
Fruit Development
Variation occurs in fruit size, skin, pulp content, seed weight and seed volume between
and within populations and trees. At maturity, each fruit may weigh 5g to 50g, and amount of
pulp ranges from 0.2 to 30g but this varies with location. Larger trees are more productive than
smaller tree and fruit load is related to tree size and is not affected by thinning treatments. The
fruit set between January and February, mature in August and November (Mwamba, 1995).
Some Uapaca trees produce a mixture of small and large fruit while others habitually produce
either large or small ones.
HORTICULTURE.
Propagation
The recalcatrant seed has no dormancy period and once dispersed, germinates readily.
Fruit maturation and fall coincide with the rainy season, ensuring immediate germination.
Seedling growth is better in open than in the closed canopy. Seeds cannot tolerate desiccation
below 26% moisture content and should not be stored at freezing temperatures and seeds should
be sown within two weeks after collection.
Germination is intermediate between epigeal and hypogeal. The seed coat cracks and the
radicle protrudes from the scar end and develops into a taproot. The seed coat splits
longitudinally into equal halves and the two cotyledons unfold and expand rapidly. The
sclerotesta is ejected by the unfolding cotyledons. The hypocotyl is very short and the cotyledons
remain partly submerged in the germination medium. Germination is fairly uniform reaching
30% after four weeks, and, 90% after six weeks. No pretreatment is required though soaking in
cold tap water overnight hastens germination . The two opposite primary leaves are stalked and
develop from cotyledons (about 3cm x 2.5cm). Shoots are green, occasionally reddish. At 6
months seedlings attain 6-8 and 12-16 cm shoot and tap root length, respectively.
The tree readily produces epicormic shoots when coppiced. Up to 1700 stump or stool
sprouts per hectare were observed in a natural woodland in Zambia. Regeneration of shoots
from the hypocotylar region (close to the soil surface) of seedlings following seasonal fires is
also common.
Grafting success rates of 80% has been achieved using wedge or splice grafts onto
seedling rootstocks. Topworking also has been successful. The time of grafting and grafters skill
has an overriding effect on success. Scions collected and grafted in October to December at the
onset of the rainy season give >80%, while grafting in January to August give from 0 to 30%
scions. Scions kept at room temperature are superior to other methods. (Example?)
Air layering has potential with up to 63% rooting of marcots being achieved in the wild.
However, field survival of marcots is still a challenge, as survival may decline with time due to
(absence?) difficulty of taproot development, Tissue culture has been investigated but
promising results have not been reported.
Cultivation
No conscious effort has been made to cultivate Uapaca in southern Africa. The absence
of cultivation has resulted in the wild population being severely threatened by the high
deforestation rates of the miombo woodlands. Wild harvesting is the predominant management
method and conservation has been inconsistent or non-existent in some countries. During land
clearing for agricultural use, pistillate trees are often retained around the homesteads or
communal lands, depending on the fruit traits, such as productivity, sweetness, and size.
Attempts to domesticate Uapaca is supported by various projects. Small field research
plantings have been made with 100% survival using seedlings inoculated with ectomycorrhizae
in the nursery. Seedlings from natural stands are superior to uninoculated nursery–raised stock.
Direct field seeding is not advisable due to the low germination success and low subsequent
survival. The seedling grows slowly under little or no management, but weeding and use of
suitable inoculation enhances growth and the early development of multiple stems (2 to 6 stems
per plant within three years). At Makoka in Malawi, Uapaca trees have grown up to 4m tall in
eight years after establishment. Little tertiary branching occurred while primary and secondary
branching occurred in all field tests.
Fruit harvesting
Mature and ripe fruit fall naturally from the trees and are easily collected from the
ground. Collection of fruit from short trees or trees with low branches is done directly while for
tall trees, collection involves climbing or beating the tree using a stone or other tool to shake off
the fruit.
Pests and diseases
No serious pests and diseases have been reported in both natural and planted stands.
However, necrosis associated with Pestalotiopsis versicolour, leaf spots caused by Cercospora
species, and mildews and sooty molds caused by Cladosporium cladosporioides have been
reported but have not caused any serious damage to foliage.
Several phytophagous insects (Cercoplastes uapacae, Ledapis spp., Microsyagrus rosae.
and Euphoria spp) may cause 10 to 20% leaf damage. Carpohilus fumatus and Deudorix sp,
Drosophila enanasse and Ceratitis cosyrae, feed on the pulp of the mature fruit thereby
degrading the ripe fruit. Animal damage through browsing and trampling is a major problem
during establishment. In the wild, elephants, eland and zebra are the major browsers. Damage by
fire can be severe during early growth stages.
Plant Breeding and Improvement
Molecular analyses using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) of 17
populations (132 RAPDs) has been undertaken (Agufa, 2002). High, geographically structured
variability is observed with 75% within location variation, emphasizing the need for range-wide
collection to properly capture diversity. Cluster analysis of genetic distances, suggests that a
historical interpretation of patterns of variation is likely to be complex.
Multilocational screening trials have been undertaken by Southern Africa Regional
Programme (ICRAF) since 1996 in five countries. Tree seeds were collected from superior trees
of 26 selected locations with 5 to 6 each from Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia, Mozambique and
Zimbabwe.
The seedlings were established in multi-location trials (12 to 16 per country). After 42 months,
the best performing lines were ‘Phalombe’ for Malawi, ‘Murelwa’ for Zimbabwe and ‘Chipata’
for Zambia. Tree height was strongly correlated with geographic and climatic variables e.g.
latitude x height (r = 0.71; p<0.05), with significant genotype by environment interactions in
height growth across the three countries.
Fruit characters probably can be improved by selection and breeding though no
improvement has been done except in the above pioneer domestication work by Southern Africa
Regional Programme. Identified varieties exist in the region. The varieties were selected using
participatory rural appraisal (PRA) approaches that involved village workshops, focus group
discussions with communities, traditional leaders, school children and vendors in four countries
to capture superior clones from the wild. A total of 190 superior trees were identified based on
jointly defined criteria (fruit size, sweet taste, late or early fruiting, color). Selected trees were
named for scion or rootstocks. Selected rootstocks were collected for establishment of clonal
orchards.
In Malawi, villagers were able to identify certain individual trees with unique fruit traits.
An example is the heavily loaded tree in Yesaya village of Dedza, having 6,232 exceptionally
sweet fruits, called “Gundete Okolera” (meaning big and sweet fruit). This clone was named as
‘ICR02 Mponda MW18’.
In Phalombe. Malawi, such a tree is described as “Mapumbu
Amutiye,” an expression used to describe an exceptionally beautiful young and unmarried lady
in the village. The largest fruited clone selected so far was from Malawi and is named ‘ICR02
Alena’.
References and Further Reading
Agufa, 2002 - need full citation
Akinnifesi F.K., F. Kwesiga, A. Simons, J. Mhango, T. Chilanga, A. Mkonda, C.A.C. Agufa, C.
Ham, D. Jordaan, Russell, D., Franzel, S., I. Kadzere, D. Mithofer, T. Ramadhani, J.D.K.
Saka, R. Swai, E. Sambane, P. Dhliwayo, G. Sileshi. 2005. Towards Developing the
Miombo Indigenous Fruit Trees as Commercial Tree Crops in Southern Africa. Forest
and Livelihoods. Special issue (in press).
Drumond, RB. 1981. The common trees of the central watershed woodlands of Zimbabwe. The
Department of Natural Resources, Causeway. pp112-113.
FAO 1983. Food and fruit-bearing forest species, 1. Examples from eastern Africa. FAO
Forestry paper 44/1: 1-172.
Goldsmith, B., DT Carter. 1981. Indigenous timbers of Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe Bulletin of
Forestry Research. 9: 1-331.
Hans AS 1981. Uapaca kirkiana Muell Arg. (Euphorbiaceae). Musuku (local name). Zambia
National Council for Scientific Research. Tree Improvement Research Centre Technical
Report 48pp.
Hans, AS., EE Chembe., LK, Mwanza. 1982. Mathematical treatment of vegetation trustland
and miombo woodland of Chipata district with reference to multipurpose fruit species.
National Council for Scientific Research. Tree Improvement Research Centre, Research
Paper 19pp.
Lawton, RM. 1978. A study of the dynamic ecology of Zambian vegetation. Journal of Ecology
66: 175-198.
Maghembe JA, F. Kwesiga, M. Ngulube, H. Prins, FM. Malaya. 1994. Domestication potential
of indigenous fruit trees of the miombo woodlands of southern Africa. In: Leaky RRB
and Newman AC (eds). Tropical trees: potential for domestication and rebuilding of
forest resources. HMSO, London. pp220-229.
Malaisse FP. G. Parent. 1985. Edible wild vegetable products in the Zambezian woodland area:
A nutritional and ecological approach. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 18: 43-82.
Mwamba, CK. 1983. Ecology and distribution of Zambian wild fruit trees in relation to soil
fertility: status of representative areas. MSc Thesis. University of Ghent, Belgium. 102pp.
Mwamba, CK. 1989a. An outlook on the role of indigenous fruit trees in agroforestry. Paper
presented at the first agroforestry workshop, 16-19 April 1989, Lusaka, Zambia. 13pp.
Mwamba., CK. 1989b. Natural variation in fruits of Uapaca kirkiana in Zambia. Forest Ecology
and Management 26: 299-303.
Mwamba, CK. 1992. Influence of crown area on empirical distribution of growth parameters and
regeneration density of Uapaca kirkiana in a natural miombo woodland forest. Natioanal
Council for Scientific Research, Tree Improvement Research Centre. Research paper
#14pp; 1-12.
Mwamba, CK. 1995. Variations in fruits of Uapaca kirkiana and effects of in situ silvicultural
treatments on fruit parameters. In: JA Maghembe, Y Ntupanyama and PW Chirwa (eds).
Improvement of indigenous fruit trees of the miombo woodlands of southern Africa.
Primex Printers, Nairobi. Pp27-38.
Ngulube, MR. 1996. Ecology and management of Uapaca kirkiana in southern Africa. PhD
Thesis University of Wales pp 183.
Ngulube, MR. 1996. Short term storage of Uapaca kirkiana seed. Unpublished report of the
Forestry Research Institute of Malawi. 13pp
Pardy AA 1951. Notes on indigenous trees and shrubs of southern Rhodesia. Rhodesian
Agricultural Journal 48:261-266.
Parker, EJ. 1978. Causes of damage to Zambian wild fruit trees. Zambian Journal of Science and
Technology, 3: 261-266.
Phipps, JB., R. Goodier. 1962. A preliminary account of the plant ecology of the Chimanimani
mountains. Journal of Ecology 50: 291-319.
Radcliffe-Smith, A. 1988. Euphorbiaceae (part 2): Uapaca. Pp566-571. In: Polhill RM(ed). Flora
of tropical east Africa. Balkem Rotterdum/Brookfield.
Radcliffe-Smith, A. 1993. Notes on African Euphorbiaceae XXIX: Uapaca. Kew Bulettin
48:611-618.
Saka, JDK., JD. Msonthi, EY. Sambo. 1992. Dry matter acidity and ascorbic acid contents of
edible wild fruits growing in Malawi. Tropical Science 32: 217-221.
Seyani, JH. 1991. Uapaca kirkiana: Underutilized multipurpose tree species in Malawi worth
some development. Paper presented at the International Workshop on the biodiversity of
traditional and underutilized crops, 12-15 June 1991, Valletta, Malta. 10pp.
Shorter, C. 1989. An introduction to the common trees of Malawi. The Wildlife Society of
Malawi, Lilongwe 115pp.
Storrs, JH. 1951. Notes on indigenous trees and shrubs of southern Rhodesia. Rhodesia
Agriculture Journal, 48: 261-266.
White, F. 1962. Forest Flora of Northern Rhodesia. Oxford University Press, London. 455pp.
Table 1. Vernacular names of Uapaca kirkiana from different countries within the species native
range (Ngulube 1996). Names with an asterisk were taken from herbarium specimens.
Name
Language (s)
Countries
Chilundu, Muhaka
Lozi
Zambia
Ikusu
Kisafwa
Tanzania
Kabofa
Lunda
Zambia
Lihobohobo
Ndebele
Zimbabwe
Mahobohobo,
Mushuku,
Muzhanzhi,
Muzhunje,
Unhobohobo
Shona
Zimbabwe
Matu*
Chuwabo, Quelimane
Mozambique
Mecunapa
Macua
Mozambique
Mazhenje
Bemba, Lozi
Zambia
Mguhu
Hehe, Bena, Nyamwezi
Tanzania
Mhendabongo,
Mugusu, Nugusa
Kilongo
Tanzania
Migulu
Ulugulu
Tanzania
Mkuhu
Nyakyusa, Kibena
Tanzania
Mkuso
Nyika
Tanzania
Mkusu
Kibende, Kilongo, Kimbu, Hehe, Swahili
Tanzania
Mkuss
Bende, Kilongo, Nyamwezi
Tanzania
Mompangwe*
Lambya
Malawi
Mpotopoto
Nyanja
Malawi, Zambia
Msuku
Chewa, Lomwe, Nyanja, Sena
Malawi, Zambia
Mssuku
Ngoni
Tanzania
Mtoto
Chewa, Yawo
Malawi
Mulandenga
-
Angola
Mumbola
Chokwe, Huila
Angola
Musukuti,
Musukutinbininga
Sukwa
Malawi, Zambia
Masuku
Bemba, Chewa, Lozi, Tonga, Sena,
Lambya
Malawi, Zambia
Musuku
Tumbuka
Malawi, Zambia
Ntalla
Hehe
Tanzania
Oilumbula*
Umbundo
Angola
Table 2. Proximal analysis of wild fruit of Uapaca kirkiana. The pulp has a pH of 5.05. (Saka et
al., 1992).
Proximal Analysis
g/100g
Water
72.6
Energy KJ/100g
1456
Crude protein
1.8
Fat
1.1
Fiber
8.4
Carbohydrates
86.5
Fiber
8.4
Ash
2,2
Minerals
mg
K(g/g)
13.68
Mg
1.106
P (g/g)
0.555
Fe (g/g)
0.431
Na (g/g)
0.365
Ca (g/g)
0.033
Vitamins
Ascorbic acid
16.8