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AP US Period 6 Midterm Review Sheets 2009-10 AP US HISTORY- MIDTERM REVIEW GUIDE Stefanic Chapter 1: New World Beginnings Mr. Cruz Candice Shaping North America 10 million years ago: Mountains formed in North America (Rockies, Sierra Nevada, Cascades, and Appalachians). 2 million years ago: Ice Age in North America, and glaciers shaped the continent. 35,000 years ago: Land bridge created between Eurasia and North America. 10,000 years ago: Sea level rose and America was separated from Eurasia again. The People of the Americas Sophisticated ancient civilizations: Incas, Mayans, and Aztecs. o Advanced agriculture (maize), elaborate cities with commerce, and made astronomical observations. Pueblo people: built irrigation from corn fields. Mound builders: lived in the Ohio River Valley. Other large settlements: Mississippian culture, and Southwest Anasazi people. “Three Sister” farming: Creek, Choctaw, and Cherokee. Iroquois: sustained robust military alliance. Discoverers of the Americas Scandinavian Norse: landed on Northeast North America in 1000 AD, but abandoned settlements. Christian Crusaders: searched for a shorter route to Asia for goods such as silk, drugs, perfumes, and spices. Marco Polo (1295): stimulated desire for cheaper route to Asia with tales of China. Portuguese (1450): developed caravel and began to sail down West African coast, set up trade for gold and slaves, and began plantation system. Bartholomeu Dias: rounded the tip of Africa. Vasco da Gama: reached India. Spain: shaping into a modern nation. o Printing Press (1450) spread scientific knowledge. o Compass eliminated uncertainties at sea. Christopher Columbus and the “New World” Christopher Columbus: an Italian who was given 3 ships by the Spanish king and queen. Oct. 12, 1492: Columbus landed in the Bahamas (although he thought he had landed in the Indies), and he called the natives “Indians”. New World stimulated Europe’s market, capital, and technology with Africa’s labor and the America’s raw materials. In New World: iguanas, rattlesnakes, gold, silver, tobacco, maize, beans, tomatoes, potatoes, syphilis. From Old World: Horses, cows, pigs, wheat, sugar, rice, coffee, smallpox, measles, flu. The Spanish Vasco Nuñez Balboa (1513): discovered the Pacific Ocean. Ferdinand Magellan (1519-22): sailed from Spain to the tip of South America— 1st circumnavigation of the globe—but was killed along the way. Juan Ponce de Leon (1513-21): explored Florida searching for the “fountain of youth”. Francisco Coronado (1540-42): explored Arizona and New Mexico, and discovered the Grand Canyon and bison. Hernando de Soto (1539-42): went on a gold expedition and crossed the Mississippi. Francisco Pizarro (1532): crushed the Incas and got treasure. Silver and gold in Spain fed the growth of capitalism, transformed the world economy, spread commerce, and increased manufacturing. Encomienda: let the government give Indians to colonists so they can “Christianize” them. The Conquest of Mexico Hernán Cortéz (1519): sailed for Mexico and picked up 2 interpreters of the Aztec language on the way. He learned of gold in Tenochtitlán and the Aztec chief Moctezuma. Moctezuma believed Cortéz was the god Quetzalcoatl. June 30, 1520: The Aztecs attacked the greedy Spaniards. August 13, 1521: Cortéz laid siege and the empire collapsed. Spanish intermarried with natives and created mestizo culture. After 1492, hundreds of Spanish cities flourished in the Americas—especially in Mexico and Peru. Other Interested Countries John Cabot (1497-98, English): Northeast coast of North America. Giovanni de Verrazano (1524, Italian): Eastern seaboard. Jacques Cartier (1534, French): Lawrence River. Spread of Spanish America Conquistadors became interested northward. Don Juan de Onate (1598): let Spaniards from Mexico into Rio Grande Valley. o Abused Pueblo peoples, Battle of Acoma (1599), founded New Mexico (1690) and Santa Fe (1610). Roman Catholic Mission in New Mexico led to an Indian uprising—Pope’s Rebellion (1680). Robert de La Salle (1680’s): sent down to Mississippi. Spanish set up missions in Texas (Alamo), but their presence remained weak. Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo (1542): failed to find San Francisco Bay. Father Junipero Serra (1769): founded San Diego with missionaries. “Black Legend”: false concept that conquerors tortured and butchered the Indian, stole gold, and infected them with smallpox. o Spaniards were in fact genuine empire builders and cultural innovators in the New World and fused the Native American culture with their own. CH 2 Not Submitted Chapter 3 - Settling the Northern Colonies Important People - William Bradford - elected governor of pilgrim settlement 30 times - Archbishop William Laud - appointed by Charles II, persecuted puritans - John Winthrop - first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony - John Cotton - famous puritan preacher - Roger Williams - Separatist, founded the Baptist Church in Rhode Island, which was one of the first colonies to be religiously tolerant - Charles II - King of England during colonial settlement - Chief Massasoit - Wampanoag chief, signed a treaty with Plymouth pilgrims in 1621 - Squanto - Indian translator to pilgrims - Metacom - a.k.a. King Philip, son of Chief Massasoit, led attack against English settlers in 1675 → King Philip's War - Anne Hutchinson - proposed idea of antinomianism - idea that those who are predestined to be "saved" need not work for their salvation nor obey church laws - Sir Edmund Andros - head of the Dominion of New England (est. 1686) - Henry Hudson - explorer hired by the Dutch, explored New York area - Hudson River, led to the establishment of New Amsterdam - Peter Stuyvesant - a.k.a. Father Wooden Leg, Dutch military leader, led assault on New Sweden - William Penn - Quaker, established colony of Pennsylvania in 1681 Religions - Calvinism - original sin, predestination - Puritans - wanted to purify Church of England - Separatists - separated completely from Church of England - Protestant - broke from Catholicism, "protestant work ethic" - Baptist Church - started by Roger Williams in Rhode Island, split from Church of England - Quakers - a.k.a. the Religious Society of Friends, pacifists Timeline - 1620- Pilgrims arrive in present-day Massachusetts - 1621-First Thanksgiving Day - 1623 - New Netherland established in Hudson River Valley - New Amsterdam - 1630 - start of the "Great Migration" - English fled to America to avoid turmoil in England, lasted through 1630s - 1635 - colony of Hartford founded in Connecticut - 1637 - English settlers ally with Narragansett Tribe & attack Pequot Tribe - end of the Pequot War - 1638 - New Haven founded in Connecticut - 1639 - Fundamental Orders - democratic document, written for Hartford colony - 1641 - New Hampshire, noted for granite and fishing, becomes part of the Massachusetts Bay Colony - 1643 - New England Confederation established - merger of Puritan colonies ; Massachusetts Bay Colony, New Haven, Plymouth, and Connecticut River Valley formed for protection against surrounding Native American Tribes - 1675 - King Philips War - between English and Metacom (King Philip) - 1677 - Massachusetts Bay Colony purchases Maine - 1679 - New Hampshire and Massachusetts Bay Colony separated again into two colonies - 1681 - William Penn receives grant from King Charles II to establish Pennsylvania - 1684 - King Charles II revokes Massachusetts Bay Colony charter in an attempt to regain more control over colonies - 1868 - Dominion of New England established - same colonies as New England Confederation, controlled by English Crown - Charles II imposed Navigation Laws Chapter 4: American Life in the 17th Century 1607-1692 People: Nathaniel Bacon- leads Bacon’s Rebellion William Berkeley- Governor of Virginia, lenient policy toward Indiansmonopolizes their fur trade Key Terms: Exhausted soil- causes westward expansion which provokes Indian attacks Headright system- encouraged servant importation- whoever paid passage of a laborer received 50 acres of land- only in VA, MD Colonial Slavery- 10mill Africans imported, only 400,000 go to North America, Middle passage- slave passage between Africa and the new world, 20% death rate Slave codes- made blacks and children property of white masters, crime to teach blacks to read/write Slave culture- mixture of African and American speech, religion, folkways, unique languages, contributes to American culture Jeremiad- new form of sermon, scolded parishioners for waning piety Seasons set work schedule- rise with sun Chesapeake- decreases life span by 10 years, tobacco cultivation Gender roles o Men- clear lands, cut firewood, kill livestock, etc. o Women- weave, cook, clean, care for children, etc. o Children- all tasks, schooling Immigration- white middle class, indentured servants Indentured servants- volunteer to work for a few years in exchange for freedom dues Freedom dues- passage from Europe, clothes, corn, sometimes land New England Life Southern Life Population increase- natural reproduction Defined hierarchy of money and status -early marriage, endless childbearing Small, powerful planters Clean water, cool temperature Small farmers Add 10 years to life- live to be 70yrs Landless whites Migrate as families Indentured servants Family stability- grandparents, low Black slaves premarital pregnancy Few cities No separate property rights for women Plantations Idea of women’s rights formed Waterways- key transportation Tightly knit society Family burial grounds Proprietors- distribute land + lay out town Individual migration, indentured servants Required elementary education Many widows, low family stability Political liberty- voting Random settlement Meetinghouse, village greens Shipbuilding and commerce Yankee ingenuity- purposefulness, selfreliance, resourcefulness 1619- Slave trade begins 1630s- 4million lbs of tobacco enter US by end of century 1636- Harvard- first American college 1662- Half Way Covenant- admit to baptism the unconverted children of existing members 1662- slave codes- blacks and their children are property for life of white masters 1676- Bacon’s Rebellion- frontiersmen resent Berkeley’s policies toward Indians, attack Indians, chased Berkeley from Jamestown, torched the capital, uprising crushed when Bacon dies. 1689-1691- Leisler’s Rebellion- NYC 1692- Salem witch hunt- 20 killed 1693- William and Mary- first college in Virginia 1698- Royal African Company lost slave monopoly 1712- NYC slave revolt- 21 blacks executed 1739- Stono River revolt- 50+ blacks try to march from SC to Spanish FL, stopped by local militia 1750- blacks are half of Virginia’s population; blacks outnumber whites 2:1 in SC 1850- The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne Chapter Five Colonial Society on the Eve of the Revolution Political: Great Britain had 32 colonies only 13 colonies rebelled 8 colonies were controlled by royal governors Royal Colony: a colony under the control of British Parliament, the governors are appointed by the king 3 colonies were proprietary colonies: Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware Proprietary Colony: A colony that comes from land given to one or multiple people Colonial government usually had a two house legislature The upper house was chosen by authority and the lower house was chosen by the people Southern government was usually a county governor, New England government was based on town-meetings, and the middle colonies was a mix Problems with government were the people controlled the officials’ salaries created “power of the purse” Common features of colonial government: Based on English government Have a council and assembly The assembly contains an upper house chosen by authority and a lower house chosen by the people Economic: Agriculture was the leading industry due to tobacco and wheat, then fishing , then manufacturing Size of farms shrank as more became small farmers Fishing industry stimulated shipbuilding industry People lived on river banks for the new ease transportation American demand was so large for English goods that they looked at other places to import Triangular trade was trade between North America, England, and West Indies or Africa This trade violated the Navigation Acts Molasses Act (1733) was created for Great Britain to be able to stop the trade between America and the West Indies Hurt American living and trade Social: Colonies were 49% English and 19% African American Top immigrants were Germans and Scots-Irish (Presbyterians) New England was more diverse than south and the middle colonies New England had primary and secondary education for boys Southern schools had private tutors and didn’t have a good school system Schools focused on religion and classic languages Literature and Architecture came from the Old World Ben Franklin’s Poor Richard’s Almanac was the most read book not including the Bible Colonies were all similar because they had English customs and language, were Protestant, somewhat tolerant, and self-government Religious: Most honored profession was the clergy Two tax supported churches were Anglican and Congregational Anglican was the official faith in Georgia, North and South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, and New York Congregational Church originated from Puritan churches but they became unpopular Jacob Arminius said that individuals will determine faith which challenged Calvinism The Great Awakening started in 1730s, was led by Jonathan Edwards Salvation depends on God’s will Old lights (orthodox clergymen) and new lights (new clergymen) were at odds over the Great Awakening The Great Awakening caused an increase in missionary work, membership, and united people Main Themes: The 13 colonies that rebelled had unique factors that created rebellion Racial diversity was caused by immigration The Great Awakening revitalized religion in America Politics show the beginnings of democracy Colonies were both unified and divided by various factors from the other colonies Sarah Levine Chapter 6: The Duel for North America 1608-1763 (Britain, France, Spain) French Explorers 1. Samuel de Champlain (“Father of New France”)- settles St. Lawrence River & Quebec (1608) - Develops friendship with Huron Indians, battle against Iroquois tribes (British allies) 2. Antoine Cadillac- explores Great Lakes & founds Detroit (1701) to thwart English settlers pushing into Ohio Valley 3. Robert de La Salle- explores Mississippi River & founds New Orleans (1718) to block Spain on the Gulf of Mexico French Colonization--> Catholic New France (Canada) 1. Government under direct control of king - Completely autocratic - No representative assembly - No trial by jury 2. Beaver is fashionable! --> fur-trappers & traders (coureurs de bois) 3. Catholic French missionaries, Jesuits, convert Indians to save them from the furtrappers 4. Build forts & posts on Mississippi to block Spanish penetration and competition Long-Rage Causes of French & Indian War 1. King William’s War (1689-1697) British colonists vs. French fur traders (with Spain= ally) 2. Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713) Primitive guerilla warfare 3. Peace Treaty of Utrecht (1713) -- Britain WINS: gets Nova Scotia (previously French Arcadia), Newfoundland, Hudson Bay 4. War of Jenkin’s War (1739) -- Britain vs. Spain: British captain Jenkins’ ear is sliced off by Spanish [Oglethorpe, in GA, fights Spanish to standstill] 5. King George’s War/ (1744-1748) -- British vs. French: English colonists capture French fortress War of Austrian Succession of Louisbourg [given back to French in 1748 peace treaty] French & Indian War (1756-1763) 1. 1754: Ignited by George Washington in Ohio Valley - Sent to Ohio Valley to secure VA land claims - Attacks French at Fort Duquesne, then defeated at own Fort Necessity in July 2. French wasted too much strength in Europe war--> not enough French forces in New World 3. 1754: British gov. summons intercolonial congress in Albany, led by Benjamin Franklin - Immediate purpose: keep Iroquois tribes loyal to British - Long-term purpose: achieve greater colonial unity & bolster defense against French - Franklin’s Albany plan: need for unity & more independence--> plants seeds War Ends: Peace of Paris (1763) France: - All power gone from North America - Retain a few sugar islands in West Indies & stations on St. Lawrence River - Cede all trans-Mississippi Louisiana to Spain Spain: - Cede Florida to Britain in return for Cuba Britain: - Dominant power in North America & leading world naval power Consequences of War - Bolstered colonial self-confidence in own military strength - Friction between British officers & American “amateur” fighters - Colonists develop new vision of their destiny--> British annoyed with unruly colonists Pontiac’s Rebellion & Proclamation of 1763 1. 1763- Ottawa chief, Pontiac, leads rebellion to drive British out of Ohio country 2. 1756: Besieges Detroit & kills 2,000 3. British retaliate with biological warfare! (smallpox infected blankets) 4. British WIN! --> Proclamation of 1763: prohibits settlement west of Appalachians - Designed to prevent more Indian problems but oppresses colonists instead Date 1608 1698-1697 1701 1702-1713 1713 Event & Description Champlain explores St. Lawrence River & settles Quebec King William’s War- British vs. French fur traders & Spain Cadillac explores Great Lakes & founds Detroit Queen Anne’s War- British vs. French fur traders & Spain Peace Treaty of Utrecht- Britain victorious, wins more land in New World 1718 1739 1754 1763 de La Salle explores Mississippi River & founds New Orleans War of Jenkin’s Ear- British vs. Spanish: British captain’s ear cut off by Spanish Start of French & Indian War- George Washington attacks French Ft. Duquesne, later defeated at Ft. Necessity Albany Congress- British summons intercolonial Congress to keep Indian allies, unify colonies, and bolster defense against French Peace of Paris- formal end to French & Indian War (Britain WINS) Pontiac’s Rebellion- Ottawa Chief leads rebellion against British in Ohio--> British retaliate with biological warfare (Britain WINS) Proclamation of 1763- British prohibit settlement west of Appalachians to avoid Indian conflicts CHAPTER SEVEN: The Road to Revolution Early Roots of Revolution Republicanism – ideal society = all citizens putting aside selfishness for greater good Radical Whigs – group of Brits, influential in America. Opposed power distribution/corruption of Brit gov’t Salutary Neglect British victory in French-Indian War = large expensive terr. tax Americans British Actions & American Actions Mercantilism belief that wealth & power are defined by treasury’s gold/silver import < export Navigation Law – 1650 enforce mercantilism, all goods going to/from America must be in Brit ships & all shipments going to/from America must go through Brit first not enforced at first, but still made America dependent on Brit British Actions to Lower Debt 1763 – Navigation Laws enforced 1764 – Sugar Act – tax imported sugar from W. Indies (raise $ for Brit debt) 1765 – Quartering Act – certain colonies required to feed/house Brit soldiers 1765 – Stamp Act – raise $ for military forces by stamping various paper documents: bills of sale, playing cards, pamphlets, newspapers, diplomas, marriage licenses etc Stamp/Sugar Tax pay for admiralty courts – no juries, defendant = guilty until proven innocent America say taxation w/o representation = unfair. Brit combats w/ virtual representation – idea that Parl. represents everyone (including colonies) even if they didn’t vote for them. Stamp Act Congress – 1765 9 colonies send delegates to NYC to write to the king about rights/grievances and ask for Stamp Act to be repealed ignored in Brit colonial unity nonimportation agreements – favor American made products over imports. Spread revolution throughout nation Sons/Daughters of Liberty groups of people who enforced nonimportation agreements/patriotism Stamp Act Repealed Declaratory Act – 1766 declares Brit has complete control over Am. colonies Townshend Acts – 1767 import tax on glass, white lead, paper, paint, & tea nonimportation = less effective smuggled cheap tea. 1768 – Brit posts forces in Boston area T. Acts end up being ineffective, repealed except tax on tea Boston Massacre – March 5, 1770 60 Americans attack 10 Brit soldiers – 11 dead Crispus Attucks – mulatto, one of first to die. Sam Adams Boston propagandist, created first committee of correspondence 1772 Committee of correspondence – spread rebel spirit &opposition of Brit CC’s spread to many towns, each state had one that communicated w/ others Brit East India Comp Bankrupts Britain offers complete monopoly of American tea industry tea tax actually enforced major port cities fight off ships carrying tea Boston Tea Party Mass. Governor Thomas Hutchinson refused to let tea carrying ships in harbor go back to Britain, citizens refused to let it into Boston. Dec 16, 1773 – disguised Bostonians dump 342 chests of tea into harbor Intolerable Acts – 1774 Series of acts used to tighten control on colonies after Boston Tea Party Boston Port Act – closed Boston Harbor until damages from Tea Party paid, restricted rights Continental Congress – Sept 5 – Oct 26 1774 Met in Philadelphia, 55 delegates from all colonies but GA John Adams = influential Wrote Declaration of Rights The Association – called for complete boycott of Brit goods Lexington & Concord – April 1775 Brit sends troops to take colonial ammo/leaders Americans forced them to retreat War begins. CH 8 NOT SUBMITTED Age of Revolutions (18th and 19th centuries) CH9 Enlightenment Aspect • Popular sovereignty -Locke- political authority comes from the consent of the gov't • Individual freedom-Voltaire- challenged traditional beliefs that gov't was allowed to control people's thoughts, actions, etc. • Political and legal freedom-Rousseau- end of special privileges for aristocrats, the right of all citizens to have a say in laws • Byproducts: American Revolution, French Revolution, Haiti Uprising, Greeks Loyalists Motives: association with Britain in terms of money or position. Fear of Americans such as the minorities or isolated people who don’t care. Effects: fleeing US which opened positions and land for Patriots Minorities Effects: Anglican and Quaker influence decreased while the Roman Catholic Church influence increased -> Father John Carroll. Result: no social change. Social Aspect The blacks were influenced by the Revolution; South pro-slavery and North antislavery. Revolution overall weakened Native Americans and the conflict continues. Women start fighting for their rights because they gained some autonomy when the men left for war. Examples would include Abigail Adams (protection against abusive men) and Judith Murray (education for females). Republican motherhood was the concept that women have a responsibility to society to teach kids virtues. No social change for women. Economy Aspect Revolution in the long run strengthened the American economy. Opened trade with Asia, Caribbean, and South America. Trade increased between states. Homespun goods increased. Made more gun and ammunition factories. Effect of war on economy: didn’t revolutionize it, but encouraged entrepreneurial growth. State Government Aspect Believed in equality of opportunity. During this time Americans created state governments, based off of republican ideals which depended on civic virtue- “small freeholder.” The state constitution limits the power of the executive, needed to be written, and separated the executive from the legislature. Revisions to state constitutions included 1) a group of people convened to write the constitution, never to convene again and 2) strengthening the executive. Massachusetts started the trend. National Government Aspect [1781 – 1789] Articles of Confederation provided for the national government. It said that the Congress was the national authority such as waging war, dealing with foreign relations, and handling money. The executive was not separate from the Congress. Need 9 states to approve laws, 13 states to approve amendments. It was unfair because some states wanted votes to be based off of population. Religion Aspect 1786, Virginia made the Statute of Religious Liberty which completely separated the church and the state. Slavery was abolished in the North [where it was already weak]. Virginia encouraged manumission, the freeing of slaves. Slavery existed in the South mainly because the South felt as though it had no choice. Blacks couldn’t be integrated into society as equals and the owners had already put too much investment into black slavery. Foreign Relations Aspect Confederation makes a treaty with Spain in 1786, in which Spain accepts boundary between US and FL and America accepts limitation of Mississippi River for 20 years. Effect: enraged the Southern states. America also lost access to British markets. West Aspect First the government made the Ordinance of 1784 which divided western territory into 10 self-governing districts, each of which can ask for statehood once its population reaches a number. Next one was the ordinance of 1785, in which congress created a system for surveying and selling the western lands- grid. The Northwest Ordinance [1787] created a single NW Territory out of lands of North of OH which can be later divided into 3-5 territories. Indian Policy Aspect Battle of Fallen Timbers resulted in the Treaty of Grenville which established that the Miami Indians had to give land in order to keep other pieces of land. Debt Aspect The debt from the Revolution was sky high, so the Confederation made a “Continental Impost” (James Madison) which was a 5% tax on imported goods to fund debts. Daniel Shay led a rebellion due to disgruntlement over taxes. Result: need for a new, national constitution. Overall Effect of Revolution The colonies united and organized new governments and experimented with different political structures. The existing social structure was questioned and new questions arise about the Indians, the west, and liberties. CHAPTER 10- Max Frey 1783- Confederation Congress moves from Philadelphia to New York, out of fear of veterans demanding pensions. 1786- Annapolis Conference meets, although only 5 states were present to formalize a meeting of the constitutional convention in Philadelphia . 1787- Constitutional convention in Philadelphia -Led by Ben Franklin, James Madison, and George Washington. The constitution is written after months of bickering. 1787-’88- States ratify Constitution, beginning with Delaware. 1789-First elections - Washington elected, with John Adams as V.P. - Bill of Rights adopted, - Sept 25, 1789- 10 amendments are ratified, which become the Bill of Rights - Judiciary Act of 1789- declares the make up of the Supreme Court—6 Judges: 1 chief justice, and 5 associate justices. - Cabinets- 3 cabinets under exec. branch: 1. State-Thomas Jefferson 2. Treasury- Hamilton 3. War- Gen. Henry Knox 1791- First bank of US- Established for 20 years, after Hamilton pushes it through. 1792- Washington reelected 1793- Citizen Genet affair- Genet traveled to Charleston, and began outfitting French war ships. He commissioned George Rogers Clark to attack Spain in the South- completely ignoring the Neutrality Act. He ultimately is put down, and spends his life on Long Island. 1794- Whiskey rebellion in PA- Excise tax on Whiskey results in rebellion. Washington leads militia to rebellion, which quickly collapses. Jay’s Treaty- Goals: secure compensation for British assaults on American shipping, demand British withdrawal from American frontier, and negotiate a new commercial treaty—all three goals failed. It did prevent a war from breaking out (for the time being) and it gave America undisputed control over American Northwest. 1795- Pinckney’s Treaty- Spain gives America right to navigate Mississippi to get to New Orleans, fixed the boundary of Florida at the 31st parallel, and Spain had to stop Indians from crossing the Florida border. 1796- John Adams is President- ran against Jefferson. Adams and the Federalists were dominant party. Adams wins by 3 electoral votes. 1798- XYZ Affair- After Adams hears that Pinckney was refused by France, he passed the message he received on to Congress. In the process deleting the French agents, referring to them as “X,Y,Z”. As a result a Quasi War beings (War was never actually declared) -Alien and Sedition Acts Make is harder to become an American citizen. The sedition act allowed the government to prosecute those who commit “sedition.” No aliens were deported, however the legislation still carried a repressive effect. Immigration was discouraged. VA and KT Resolutions- If the federal govt uses powers it doesn’t have, they should be nullified by the state. Elevated to national crisis by the Republicans. Resulted in Griswold and Lyon wrestling violently. 1801- Jefferson is elected president - Judiciary act of 1801 passed- one less Supreme court justice; many other judges created. Adams appointed Federalists to these posts, in the last moments of his presidency (“midnight appointments”). POLITCAL DEVELOPMENTS- As the new government is framed, Several plans took form1. VA plan- two house legislative branch. The lower house- representatives based on population, who elect the upper house. DE feels slighted by this. The plan is later changed, so that state legislatures appoint their upper house reps. 2. NJ plan- one house, providing each state with equal representatives. Great Compromise- the legis branch has two houses- the lower house reps are based on population, and then upper house is limited to 2 reps/state. Slaves count as 3/5 of the population. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS Alexander Hamilton serves as the Sec of Treas. Wants to eliminate debts with bonds. Also creates revenue with an excise tax on liquor, and a protective tariff on imports. The Fed govt doesn’t have the power to create the bank it wants; however the bank bill is eventually passed. Bonds begin to sell, speculators get money, and the credit is restored. However, farmers are angry. POLTICAL PARTIES- Against Washington’s recommendations, political parties are created. The Republican party forms behind Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. They want a decentralized govt, dominated by small property owners. The Republicans felt they represented the best interests of the people. Opposite to the Republicans are the Federalists, led by Hamilton. They support a strong central government. Washington, a strong believer in central government, was a powerful asset to the party. A major issue dividing the two parties was the French revolution. The Republicans applaud the French, while the Federalists were horrified. INDIANS- Border conflicts created from the Ordinances of 1784-87. Constitution barely mentions the Indians. They could not be taxed, or counted in population. Congress did have the power to regulate commerce with Indians. Relationship with Indians maintained by treaties and judiciary branch. Chapter 11 “The Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic” Key People: Thomas Jefferson John Adams John Marshall- Supreme Court Judge for 34 years, “ghost of Hamilton” Aaron Burr- Jefferson’s vice president first term, later bitterness led him to drastic measures Albert Gallatin- “Watchdog [secretary] of the Treasury” under Jefferson, balanced budget Napoleon Bonaparte Meriwether Lewis & George Rogers Clark (Also: Sacajawea) Alexander Hamilton Tecumseh & the Prophet- Shawnee brothers, pan-Indian confederacy (east of MI River), swore off textile clothing and alcohol, never cede land to whites w/out whole alliance’s agreement Key Events: Election of 1800 “Jeffersonian Revolution”- Jefferson saw it as a return to the original spirit of the American Revolution Jefferson & Hemmings Affair- Jefferson rumored to have fathered children with his slave Sally Hemmings (part of the election’s “whispering campaign”), later proved to be true Excise tax repealed- only major change to Federalist legislature Tripolitan War- 1801- Barbary pirates damaged US ships, Jefferson stopped buying them off pasha of Tripoli declares war on US, US mini navy fought in Tripolitan waters, extorted peace treaty in 1805 Judiciary Act of 1801- Federalist legislature that created sixteen new federal judgeships (Republican Congress repealed it) Naturalization Law of 1802- changed the naturalization period of residence requirement from 14 to 5 years Marbury v. Madison (1803) – Marshall used it to establish judicial review Louisiana Purchase- 1803- Monroe sent to buy New Orleans & EAST for $10 million or less; Napoleon suddenly wants to sell b/c Santo Domingo conquest failed & British conflicts scared him that Britain might want it in peace treatyall of Louisiana territory purchased for $15 million Burr-Hamilton Duel- Burr & Federalist extremists plot to secede; Hamilton turns them in; Burr challenges Hamilton to a duel and kills him Burr & Wilkinson’s Louisiana scheme- governor of LA territory & Burr plot to secedeBurr arrested for treasonpardonedescaped to Europe & wanted Napoleon to attack US Jefferson Re-elected 1804 Orders in Council- 1806- Britain closed French ports to foreign shipping (including American) unless they first stopped at British portNapoleon ordered seizure of all merchant ships Chesapeake Affair- 1807- British frigate overhauled US Chesapeake near VA, British demanded deserters back; US refusedBritish fire at ship Embargo Act of 1807- US Congress forbade the export of all goods from US, example of Jefferson’s “peaceful coercion” Non-intercourse Act of 1807- watered down Embargo, aimed solely at Britain and France Macon’s Bill No. 2- Congress’s solution to embargo; reopened American trade if either Britain or France lifted restrictions, Congress would reinstate embargo on the other Battle of Tippecanoe- 1811- WH Harrison attacked Tecumseh’s headquarters at Tippecanoe River & WabashShawnees defeatedTecumseh allies with Britain War of 1812 (Mr. Madison’s War) begins Key Terms: Midnight Judges- Judges Adams appointed at the end of his presidency to ensure a Federalist legacy, included John Marshall Judicial Review- the Supreme Court alone had the last word on any question of constitutionality Impressments- forcible enlistment of sailors (6,000 Americans impressed by Britain 1808-1811) Key Themes: -Peaceful change of power (from Federalists to Republicans) -Moderate changes made by presidents (Jeffersonian Restraint) - Precedent set of acquisition of foreign territories and peoples by purchase (LA Territory) -Attitudes toward War of 1812 -Pro- Madison, Republicans, Congress, South & West, “War hawks” b/c wanted to assert American power, end Indian conflicts, annex Canada & Florida, revenge for impressments -Against- Federalists & New England b/c sympathized with England, hated Napoleon, opposed addition of Canada (would weaken federalist strength by adding more agrarian Republicans Louisiana Purchase Jefferson elected Judiciary Act of 1801 1800 1801 Marbury v. Madison 1803 War with Tripoli Orders in Embargo Council Act of 1807 1805 1806 1807 War of 1812 Begins 1812 Chapter 12 People Oliver Hazard Perry- built fleet on shores of Lake Erie and captured British fleet William Henry Harrison- led American invasion into Canada through Detroit Thomas Macdonough- led flagship to victory in battle against a British ship Francis Scott Key- wrote “The Star-Spangled Banner” Andrew Jackson- defended New Orleans from invasion keeping British from controlling Mississippi R., invaded and seized Spanish-held Florida Tsar Alexander I-proposed peace between Britain and United States in order to keep British strong to fight Napoleon Washington Irving and James Fennimore Cooper- attained international recognition for writings and literature Henry Clay- created American System James Monroe-5th US president John Marshall- US Supreme Court judge Daniel Webster- nationalistic congressman, had chance at presidency but was handicapped by drinking, represented Dartmouth College in supreme court case John Quincy Adams- 6th US president George Canning- British foreign secretary, proposed plan to protect new Latin America republics, was really trying to keep America from threatening British possessions in the Caribbean Events 1812-war breaks out between America and Great Britain 1814-Washington D.C. burned by British 1814-“The Star Spangled Banner” written at battle of Fort McHenry 1814-Treay of Ghent signed, ends War of 1812 1815-Andrew Jackson defends New Orleans against British invasion 1814-1815- Hartford Convention held for New England to discuss grievances against Washington 1817-Rush-Bagot Treaty limited naval presence on Great Lakes between Britain and US 1815-Napoleon suffers final defeat at Waterloo 1815-nationalism begins to spread across country 1824-American system developed by Henry Clay 1819-severe depression hits United States causing deflation, bank failures, unemployment 1820- Missouri Compromise 1818-Andrew Jackson invades Florida 1823- George Canning proposes alliance 1823-Monroe Doctrine 1824- Russo-American Treaty keeps Russia from expanding southward from Alaska Documents and Doctrines Treaty of Ghent- War of 1812 is ended by treaty in Ghent, Belguim. Ironically battle of New Orleans is fought two weeks after treaty is signed “The Star Spangled Banner”- written by Francis Scott Key after battle of Ft. McHenry Rush-Bagot Treaty- limits naval presence and fortifications along Canadian-American border. Border fortifications not fully dismantled until 1870 American system- written by Henry Clay, possessed three main parts. 1) strong banking system for easy credit. 2) new protective tariff to help industry. 3) internal improvements such as canals and roads. Most of the system was heavily opposed Missouri Compromise- said that no state added to the Union from the Louisiana territory could posses slaves above the 36° 30’ except Missouri. Also Maine would be added as a separate state from Massachusetts and as a free state Monroe Doctrine- was a reaction from George Cannings proposal to the US. Monroe stated that the period of colonizing was over and the Old World should no longer make anymore claims but keep the ones they already had. He also gave a warning for the European monarchs to stay out of the Western hemisphere and not intervene. In return America would remain neutral in the Greek war of independence against the Turks Supreme Court Decisions and effects McCulloch vs. Maryland- banned Maryland from taxing a bank not from the Bank of the United States. Reinforced Hamilton’s idea of Implied Powers Cohens vs. Virginia- Cohens convicted of stealing lottery ticket, appealed to court. Said Supreme court had right to review decisions of States’ supreme courts Gibbons vs. Ogden- New York tried to grant a private company a monopoly of waterborne- commerce between New York and New Jersey. Court said interstate commerce is only the responsibility of Congress and not state governments Fletcher vs. Peck- Georgia granted 35 million acres to private speculators. Public outcry insues and is revoked. Supreme court says agreement is a contract and therefore cannot be changed even if fraudulent Dartmouth College vs. Woodward- charter from King George III revoked by New Hampshire government. Supreme court ruled charter must stand. Chapter 13 Key Terms Patronage- promotion of friends to a job Caucuses- large party meetings where decisions were made about an upcoming events Kitchen Cabinet- cabinet Andrew Jackson relied on for many of his decisions Spoils System- used by Jackson to dispense government jobs to aid his friends Timeline 1822- Demark Vesey led slave rebellion in Charleston, South Carolina Election of 1824- John Quincy Adams, John C. Calhoun, William H. Crawford, Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson. Jackson received 99 votes and Adams received 84 but since there was no absolute majority the House of Rep’s would choose. There was a “corrupt bargain” between Adams and Clay. Adams won the election. 1825- A treaty from Creeks was completed that ceded remaining Creeks’ land in Georgia. Creeks national council repudiated the treaty as fraudulent. Governer George M. Troup vowed to take land and persuaded Congress to pass legislation that extinguished Creeks’ land titles forcing most to leave. Tariff of 1828-“Tariff of Abominations”- Adams imposed this to protect iron and textile industries in PA and NE. Van Buren and his Jacksonian allies also supported this to gain support from farmers in New York, Ohio, and Kentucky. Election of 1828- Andrew Jackson won over Adams. He became the first president not from Massachusetts or Virginia. 1830- Congress passed the Indian Removal Act to remove Indians from Georgia. He promised them with territory in Oklahoma and Kansas. The Indians refused to move and the Bad Axe Massacre occurred, killing 850 of 1,000 warriors. 1831- Cherokee Nation v. Georgia- Marshall denied their claim to independence, giving them only partial autonomy. Tariff of 1832- A slightly lower tariff than that of 1828, yet it still did not please the south. A convention was called by South Carolina where they declared the tariff void. To compromise Henry Clay introduced the Tariff of 1833, which called for gradual reduction of the tariff until it returned to its original rate in 1816. 1832- Daniel Webster and Henry Clay tried to re-charter the bank. However Jackson vetoed, and thus won the support of the majority in the election of 1832. 1836- Specie Circular issued by Andrew Jackson which required all public lands to be purchased with hard money. Election of 1836- Martin Van Buren was Andrew Jackson’s choice as his successor to run for president. William Henry Harrison ran for the Whigs. The Whigs lost because they focused all of their attention on one candidate, instead of appealing to all. Martin Van Buren was victorious. Financial Panic of 1837 resulting from rampant speculation in the West. Independent Treasury Act of 1840- pulled specie out of Jackson’s “pet banks” and placed it in high government vaults Election of 1840- William Henry Harrison of Whig party against Martin Van Buren. Whigs won their first election with “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too.” CH 14 NOT SUBMITTED Chapter 15 Nate Zipkin Pd.6 Significant people: Peter Cartwright – travelling frontier preacher (“circuit rider”) Charles Grandison Finney – lead revivals and came up with the idea of “anxious bench, where sinners could sit and repent at church Nathaniel Bowditch – scientific background; wrote about practical navigation Matthew F. Maury – wrote about ocean winds Benjamin Silliman – pioneer chemist and geologist; one of the most influential American scientists Louis Agassiz – pioneer in biology Asa Gray – famous for work in american botany John J. Audubon – wrote Birds of America; 1st highly detailed book used for classification Horace Mann – secretary of Massachusetts board of education; huge influence on educational reform Noah Webster – author of the dictionary William McGuffey – created early reading books for children Emma Willard – establishes Troy Female Seminary Mary Lyon – establishes Mount Holyoke Seminary Thomas Paine – Wrote Common Sense Ben Franklin – wrote an autobiography Washington Irving – 1st notable American literary figure; Knickerbockers History of New York James Fennimore Cooper – 1st famous novelist; the Spy William Cullen Bryant – puritan poet; wrote “Thanatopsis” Ralph Waldo Emerson – Trancendentalist writer, relfected ideas of America, wrote “American Scholar” and “Self-Reliance” Henry David Thoreau – wrote “Civil Disobedience” and “Walden Pond” Walt Whitman – romantic and emotional poet, wrote “Leaves of Grass” Catherine Beecher – famous women’s reformer; promoted women as good teachers and home-makers; promoted physical and intellectual development Lucretia Mott – Quaker feminist Elizabeth Cady Stanton – advocated women’s suffrage; helped organize Seneca Falls convention Susan B. Anthony – militant lecturer for women’s rights; helped organize the Seneca Falls Convention Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell – 1st female graduate of medical college Margaret Fuller – edited The Dial, a transcendentalist newspaper Grimke Sisters – fought against slavery Lucy Stone – kept maiden name after marriage Dorothea Dix – fought for better treatment of the mentally ill/insane Neal Dow – Father of prohibition William Lloyd Garrison – dedicated abolitionist; The Liberator – abolitionist newspaper Emily Dickinson – famous poet; not discovered until after her death Edgar Allen Poe – dark poet with many problems, wrote “The Raven” and “Fall of the House of Usher” Nathaniel Hawthorne – writing rebelled from Puritan influence that he knew growing up, wrote “The Scarlet Letter” Herman Melville – pessimistic writing, wrote “Moby Dick” which warned about American Progress Significant Terms & Events: Deism – desire to separate from Puritanism 2nd Great Awakening – Christianity gained many converts, reorganized chuurches, and created many new sects Camp meetings – Places where people would gather to hear preaching and were “revived from their sinful ways” “Burned Over District – area in England where revival preachings were extremely common Universal manhood suffrage – called for free education Oberlin College – admits women in 1837 The Federalist – Hamilton, Jay, & Madison Common Sense – Thomas Paine Seneca Falls Convention – (1848) “all men and women are created equal” American Temperance Society – (1828) national temperance movement starting in Boston “Cold Water Army” – local groups promoting prohibition “Maine Law” of 1851 – prohibited manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages in Maine Key Concepts: Many new beliefs formed during the 2nd Great Awakening A big part of the 2nd Great Awakening was the inclusion and participation of women Medical care was poor, bleeding was still a common “cure”, anesthetics began to be used, eating habits and sanitation were poor, and life expectancy was short Advances were made in the sciences and American writers and poets started to gain success Tax supported schools were rare, the people fought for more Teachers weren’t trained well Illegal to teach slaves; free blacks mostly deprived of education Liberal arts colleges and state supported colleges began to appear Women began to be admitted into colleges Learning resources became available to the public through tax-supported libraries The transcendentalist movement resulted from the liberalization of Puritanism and was big on individualism; famous transcendentalist writers famous for dark writing Women pushed for equal rights as men Crusade for women’s rights was later eclipsed by the fight to end slavery Reformers dreamed of a perfect society Imprisonment for debt was a problem The insane were brutally treated America had serious drinking problems, and many groups were formed to promote prohibition or temperance Time Line: 1794 – Thomas Paine publishes The Age of Reason 1795 – The University of North Carolina was founded; first state school 1800 – The 2nd Great Awakening begins 1821 – James Fenimore Cooper publishes The Spy, his first successful novel 1821 – Emma Williard establishes Troy Female Seminary 1826 – American Temperance Society founded 1828 – Noah Webster publishes dictionary 1837 – Oberlin College admits female students 1837 – Mary Lyon establishes Mount Holyoke Seminary 1837 – Emerson delivers “The American Scholar” address 1843 – Dorothea Dix petitions Massachusetts legislature on behalf of the insane 1848 – Seneca Falls Woman’s Rights convention 1850 – Hawthorne publishes The Scarlet Letter 1851 – Melville published Moby Dick 1851 – “Maine Law” passed 1855 – Walt Whitman publishes Leaves of Grass Chapter 16 Review Sheet o Eli Whitney’s cotton gin made wide scale cotton cultivation possible. o The South believed that since England was so dependent on them that, if civil war was to ever break out, England would support the South that it so heavily depended on. o Cotton production spoiled the earth, and even though profits were quick and high, land was ruined, and cotton producers were always in need of new land. o Beneath the aristocracy were the whites that owned one or two or a small family of slaves; they worked hard on the riled with their slaves and the only difference between them and their northern neighbors was that there were slaves living with them. o Small land owner defended slavery because of hope that one day they might have many slaves. o Slave life varied from place to place, but for slaves everywhere, life meant hard work, no civil or political rights, and whipping if orders weren’t followed. o Rebellions, such as the 1800 insurrection by a slave named Gabriel in Richmond, Virginia, and the 1822 Charleston rebellion led by Denmark Vesey, and the 1831 revolt semiliterate preacher Nat Turner, were never successful. o Theodore Dwight Weld was among those who were inflamed against slavery. o On January 1st, 1831, William Lloyd Garrison published the first edition of The Liberator triggering a 30-year war of words and in a sense firing one of the first shots of the Civil War o Sojourner Truth, a freed Black woman who fought for black emancipation and women’s rights, and Martin Delaney, one of the few people who seriously reconsidered Black relocation to Africa, also fought for Black rights. o The greatest Black abolitionist was an escaped black, Frederick Douglass, who was a great speaker and fought for the Black cause despite being beaten and harassed. Large land owners 1733 families Small land owners 2/3 of families Land owners without slaves Slave s CH 17 NOT SUBMITTED Chapter 18: Renewing the Sectional Struggle Important People: Zachary Taylor – Whig president, died 1850 Lewis Cass – father of popular sovereignty Harriett Tubman – helped 300 slaves escape through the Underground Railroad Henry Clay – “Great Pacificator,” helped with Compromise of 1850 John Calhoun – helped with Comp. of 1850, wanted to restore political balance Daniel Webster – Comp. of 1850, 7th of March speech, favored the Union over abolition William Seward – believed legislation must follow God’s law Millard Fillmore – President after Taylor, passed Comp. of 1850 Franklin Pierce – Democrat president, won election of 1852 William Walker – tried to seize Nicaragua, killed by Honduran firing squad Commodore Matthew Perry – “opened” Japan, 1854 persuaded Japanese to sign treaty James Gadsen – minister to Mexico, gained Gadsen Purchase area for US Stephen Douglas – created Kansas-Nebraska Act Key Ideas: Sectional divide between the North and the South increase – slavery, new territories Election of 1852 marked the end of the Whigs Political Happenings: Election of 1848 Z. Taylor (Whig) vs. L. Cass (Dem.) Taylor won Free Soil Party Northern antislaveryites wanted free government homesteads 1848 Martin van Buren ran for President Clay, Calhoun, Webster banded together to fight secession Compromise of 1850 1850 Taylor died and Millard Fillmore became president Compromise of 1850 CA entered as a free state NM and UT entered with pop. sov. TX got $10 million to pay debts Slave trade outlawed in DC Fugitive Slave Law – required Northerners to catch runaway slaves Election of 1852 F. Pierce (Dem.) vs. W. Scott (Whig) Pierce won Whigs supported Comp. of 1850 end of Whigs Clayton-Bulwar Treaty of 1850 Neither US nor GB would secure exclusive control of any isthmian waterway 1853 Gadsen Purchase territory in Mexico Good land for a Southern railroad North thought purchase was pointless 1854 Matthew Perry “opened” Japan commercial treaty with the US 1854 Spanish forces in Cuba seized the USS Black Warrior Ostend Manifesto 3 US envoys urged US to use force to seize Cuba if money didn’t work Not supported by the North 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act Split Nebraska Territory into 2 territories Slavery settled by pop. sov. Opposed Comp. of 1820 which forbade slavery in Neb. Territory Dislike by Northerners 1854 Republicans emerged as a party Dislike slavery and the K-N Act Distinctly Northern party 1856 William Walker seized control of Nicaragua Legalized slavery Coalition of Central American nations formed alliance to overthrow him 1860 executed by Honduran firing squad Social Changes: North and South butted heads South wanted stricter Fugitive Slave Act North supported Comp. of 1850 more 2nd Era of Good Feelings after the Comp. of 1850 Gold found in CA 1848 People moved west with “gold fever” Railroad need to link growing country FOR CH 19 SEE END OF DOCUMENT Chapter 20 Union Strengths Manufacturing /Industry: sewing machiene, agricultural tools; some profiteers sold bad products to the army Population: immigration from Europe Navy: southern blockade, trade with Europe Better central government: stable congress and courts ¾ of nation’s wealth: new millionaire class Transportation: railroads, canals, rivers Wheat/Corn: sold to Britain during food shortage Foreign Relations: relationships with Britain and France Bonds: provided income Border States: MO, KY, MA, DE, WV; population, manufacturing, Ohio River Lincoln: strong president, save the union, increases the size or army, gives $ to citizens for war, installs blockade, suspends habeas corpus, censor press in Border States Foreign Affairs Trent Affair 1861: union ship removes 2 confederates from British ship. London furious but slow communication allows an avoidance of the conflict “Alabama”: manned by British, takes/burns many union ships 1863 Laird rams: large ships that could break the union blockade, scheduled to be delivered to the south. Union threatens war, London keeps the boats Napoleon III puts Maximillian on throne in Mexico 1864 in hopes of getting territory. Leaves in 1865 when Sewell prepares to go to Mexico Small raids into Canada Union Weaknesses Less prepared soldiers Offensive war Less unified: butternut region supports the south Ethnic tensions: Irish Americans dislike British Poor Military Leaders: until Grant Problems w/ Foreign Governments: skirmishes with Britain Weak Morale in Early Stages Confederate Strengths Defensive War Didn’t have to win: only needed to tire the north Good Military Leaders: Lee and Stonewall Jackson Bred for Fighting: experience in Mexican War Sufficient weapons Morale: protect way of life, “rebel yell” Economy Changes in the North National Banking System: standard bank notes, sell bonds Paper currency Morrill Tariff Act: raises tariff 5-10% Bonds: use Cooke Company to distribute National Income Tax Inflation: not as bad as south Homestead Act: gave land in the west to settlers Transcontinental Railroad Confederate Weaknesses Less industry Inflation Poor Transportation Poor Navy: unable to effectively stop blockade No Foreign Help: planned on help to win Small Population States’ Rights: difficulty in central government No Immigration Jefferson Davis: weak president Army Drafts Confederates instate one a year before the Union Both drafts unfair to the poor: can pay around $300 to get a substitute NYC riots in response to draft “Bounty/substitute brokers” search for men to fill spots “Bounty boys” desert army and re-volunteer elsewhere for $$ South has many deserters towards end of war Women New opportunities w/ men gone Some are spies and nurses Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell: female physician, US sanitary commission Clara Barton Dorthea Dix Fort Sumter Lincoln says no war unless south starts it Sends provisions to the fort South bombards No bloodshed, surrender North declares war CH 21 NOT SUBMITTED Caroline Kirkby Chapter 22 Review: Reconstruction 1. Lincoln was shot, Johnson became president. a. Pardoned all rebel leaders in 1868. Johnson was a “self made man” 2. Slaves were emancipated a. Some resisted the Union army due to loyalty to their masters b. Emancipation strengthened black families i. Children were legally theirs, marriage was recognized c. Churches: Black Baptist, African Methodist Episcopal 3. Freedmen’s Bureau (March 1865) a. Provided food, clothing, medical care, but most importantly, education to freedmen b. Some states required literacy tests for black men to vote. c. Led by Oliver O. Howard 4. Black codes regulated affairs of emancipated blacks, the first was in MS in Nov. 1865 5. Sharecropping- when a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land, the white owners overcharged the black farmers. 6. Amendments: a. 13th- Abolished slavery (1865) b. 14th- granted citizenship to freed slaves, equal protection of laws (1868) c. 15th- Black men can vote (1869) 7. Reconstruction Act (March 2, 1867) - divided the South into 5 military districts commanded by a Union General. a. Required states to ratify the 14th amendment and allow black male slaves to vote if they wanted to rejoin the Union b. Military was removed from the South in 1877 8. Blacks began to organize politically after the 14th amendment was passed. a. 2 black senators: Blanche K. Bruce and Hiram Revels 9. Scalawags- Southerners, often former Unionist and Whigs. Carpetbaggers- sleazy Northerners who came to the South for profit or power. 10. Exodusters- was a name given to African Americans who fled the Southern United States for Kansas in 1879 and 1880. 11. Charles Sumner led the Republican radicals in the Senate for black freedom and racial equality. Thaddeus Stevens led the radicals in the HoR. Stevens had a radical program of drastic economic reforms and large protection of political rights. 12. The Ku Klux Klan- the “Invisible Empire of the South” a. Founded in 1866 by Confederate generals from Tennessee who were angry with the success of black legislatures. White supremacy. b. Worked through intimidation 13. Congress passed the Force Acts of 1870 and 1871 in response to the KKK’s attacks. 14. Johnson, the TOA, and Impeachment a. Tenure of Office Act (1867)-It required the president to secure the consent of the Senate before he could remove his cabinet members once they had been approved by the Senate. Its purpose was to keep the secretary of war, Edwin M. Stanton, in the president's cabinet. b. Dismissed Stanton in 1868, the HoR voted to impeach Johnson for "high crimes and misdemeanors." c. HoR prosecuted, while Senate served as the court to try Johnson on impeachment charges. i. Johnson argued that the TOA was unconstitutional ii. May 16, 1868- Senate voted ‘not guilty’ by 1 vote. Radical republicans failed to gain the 2/3 majority in the Senate to remove Johnson iii. The Senate disliked his replacement, Ben Wade, because of his economic policies. 15. Alaska was bought from Russia for $7.2 million by Sec. of State William Seward (1867) Plans: 1. Lincoln’s Plan (1863-1865): 10% of voters of 1860 election pledge oath of allegiance and abide by emancipation. South never really left the union 2. Wade Davis Bill (1864): 50% of voters pledge oath of allegiance and have stronger safeguards for emancipation, and must ban slavery. Radical Reps feared planter aristocracy, ex. Disenfranchisement of Conf. leaders. Lincoln pocket vetoes the bill. 3. Andrew Johnson’s Plan (1865-1866): 10%. Disenfranchised confed. leaders could petition Johnson for pardons. Repeal secession, ratify the 13th amendment. Reps sharply criticized 4. Congressional Plan (1866-1867): 10% Freedman’s bureau extended, Civil Rights bill (1866). Black codes attacked. 14th amendment. Weaken former Confs, ensure black rights through laws. Johnson vetoes. 5. Congressional Military Reconst. (1867-1877): 5 military districts, 20,000 troops. Readmission strict: ratify 14th, 15th . Create a favorable electorate in south to vote in black rights. Rise of KKK, loss of presidential pwr, illegal oppression, by 1870 all states back into the union. Ryan Cottone Chapter 23 Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age I. Election of 1868 Grant (R) vs. Seymour (D) – Grant wins with “Vote as you shot” slogan. Republicans use bloody shirt campaign Ohio Idea – redemption of war bonds for greenbacks, was supported by farmers Eastern businessmen prefer to redeem bonds for gold II. Grant Administration Scandal Jay Gould and Jim Jubilee bribe treasury to prevent the sale of gold Credit Mobilier – Corrupt construction company bribes congressmen and others to create scandal Kickbacks – surplus of money used to bribe government officials 1875 Whiskey Ring – Robbed treasury of millions in excise taxes forcing secretary of war William Belknap to resign III. Election of 1872 Grant (R) vs. Greely (D) – Grant wins in an election filled with personal attacks, Greely was called a communist and free lover and Grant a drunkard and swindler 1872 Amnesty Act – pardoning of confederate leaders Panic of 1873 – loans fail and put 15,000 businesses out of business IV. Economic Issues Resumption Act 1875 – remove greenbacks Coinage Act/Crime of ’73 – stoppage of the coining of silver 1878 Bland-Allison Act – forces government to buy silver and redistribute it Greenback Labor Party formed in 1878 and protests hard money V. Election of 1876 Hayes (R) vs. Tilden (D) – Tilden wins popular vote but the 12th amendment gave the win to Hayes Compromise of 1877 – Removes the troops from the south abandoning the blacks Crop-Lien System – storekeepers give out loans for a share of the harvest Civil Rights Cases 1883 – 14th amendment, prohibits the removal of personal rights by the government but not the denial of personal rights by an individual 1896 Plessy vs. Ferguson – Jim Crow laws upheld, separate but equal Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 – upheld until 1943 US vs. Wong Kim Ark 1898 – protects citizens born in the US Election of 1880 Garfield (R) vs. Hancock (D) – Garfield wins, but later assassinated by stalwart member Charles Guiteau. Pendleton Act of 1883 – passed by Chester A. Author, est. Civil Service Commission which gave examinations to federal job seekers, also makes compulsory campaign contributions illegal VI. VII. Election of 1884 Blaine (R) leader of the Half-Breeds vs. Cleveland (D) – Cleveland won first Democrat since Buchanan. Election was based on headlines not issues Republicans call the Democrats the party of Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion Mugwumps – people who left Republicans for the Democrats Dependent-Pension Act of 1887 – vetoed by Cleveland, hurt veterans He tried to lower tariffs, which angered businessmen VIII. Election of 1888 Cleveland (D) vs. Harrison (R) – Harrison wins because of big business support Congress nicknames “Billion Dollar Congress” gave benefits to veterans and increased silver purchase McKinley Tariff 1890 – one of the highest tariffs in American history Farmers Alliance formed in response, later form the Populist Party led by James Weaver i. Demands included – inflation through free and unlimited coinage of silver @ 16 oz of silver to 1 oz of gold, graduated income tax, government ownership of railroads, direct election of senators, one term limit on presidencies, shorter workdays, immigration restrictions and more Homestead Strike of 1892 – Andrew Carnegie’s steel plant, pinkerton detectives brought in to stop the strike, but federal troops were needed. Idaho’s Coeur d’Alene sliver district strike Cleveland repeals the Sherman Silver Purchase despite protest IX. Election of 1892 Cleveland (D) vs. Harrison (R) – Cleveland wins Depression of 1893 – 18,000 businesses fail, similar causes to Panic of 1873, loans, speculations, labor issues and agricultural depression JP Morgan bails out the government with $ 65 million loan Wilson Gorman Tariff of 1894 failed to lower the tariff rates Note: Letters on the timeline correspond to the events found below. 1870s - F 1862 - B 1887 - J 1869 - D 1890 - L 1886 - H 1807 - A 1894 - M 1869 - E 1883 - G 1866 - C A = Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Co founded occurred B = Congress loaned $ for first RR founded C = National Labor Union founded D = Two RR lines met in Ogden, Utah E = Knights of Labor created F = Depression holiday G = Four new time zones adopted 1901 - N 1890 - K 1886 - I H = Riot at Haymarket Square I = American Federation of Labor J = Interstate Commerce Act passed K = Sherman Anti-Trust Act passed L = American Tobacco Co formed M = Labor Day made official N = Morgan formed US Steel Corp RAILROAD INDUSTRY: - 1862: after the S seceded, Congress began to loan $ for the creation of a transcontinental RR - Union Pacific RR: started in Omaha, Nebraska (Irish immigrants = paddies) - Central Pacific RR: started in California (Chinese laborers) - Had the Big Four chief financial backers - “Wedding of the Rails” = Ogden, Utah in 1869, where the two RR lines met - Genius in the RR enterprise = Cornelius Vanderbilt - Safer RR = developed b/c of invention of steel rail and standard gauge of rail width CORRUPTION IN RAILROAD INDUSTRY: - RR industry => corruption with creation of natural monopolies - “Stock watering” = exaggerating stock claims about assets, profitability - Companies also combined together to form “pools” = agreements to limit competition and share $ ACTIONS AGAINST THE RAILROAD INDUSTRY: - Depression in 1870s caused people to protest against RR who had caused them to go bankrupt - First, turned to Midwestern state legislatures, but Supreme Court ruled in the Wabash case that individual states couldn’t regulate interstate commerce - Congress intervened, passing the Interstate Commerce Act (1887) - Prohibited rebates, kickbacks, pools; RR companies now req’d to publish rates openly - Set up the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) = administer/enforce new legislation, wasn’t very effective at all STEEL INDUSTRY: - “Steel is King!” = used in all aspects of society - Bessemer Process allowed steel price to drop dramatically - Main steel titan = Andrew Carnegie, donated millions of $ from life savings before death - Disliked monopolistic trusts, was one of the “Pittsburg millionaires” - JP Morgan = financed reorganization of RR, insurance companies and banks - 1900: Carnegie wanted to sell his holdings of his company, and Morgan agreed to buy out Carnegie for $400 million - 1901: created the United States Steel Corporation (first billion $ company) OIL INDUSTRY: - Oil industry started in PA w/ Drake’s Folly when farmer found oil well - Kerosene = first major product of industry, but rendered obsolete due to electric light bulb - 1900: gasoline-burning internal combustion engine ensured that oil industry prospered - Main oil titan = John D. Rockefeller organized Standard Oil Company of Ohio (1807), eliminated all competition ACTION AGAINST TRUSTS: - Due to public demands, Congress finally passed Sherman Anti-trust Act (1890) - Forbade combinations in restraint of trade, made no distinction b/w “good” and “bad” trusts, had a lot of legal loopholes SOUTH DURING INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: - S agriculture boomed - James Buchanan Duke = started the American Tobacco Company (1890) - S couldn’t industrialize b/c of “Pittsburg Plus” = econ discrimination against Southerners in steel industry - However, flourished w/ their cotton mills UNIONS: - Wage earners found strength in unions - However, bosses forced workers to sign “ironclad oaths” or “yellow-dog contracts” - 1866: workers formed National Labor Union, lasted 6 yrs and attracted 600,000 members - Blacks formed Colored National Labor Union - 1869: Knights of Labor created as secret society (remained so until 1881) - Started by Uriah Stevens, led by Terrence Powderly, wanted to combine all workers into one big union - May 4, 1886 in Haymarket Square, Chicago = police advanced on meeting and killed 8; convicted and tried anarchists (1892: governor of Illinois, John Altgeld, later pardoned them) - Knights of Labor connected to event and so lost public support - 1886: American Federation of Labor (AF of L) created, led by Samuel Gompers - Wanted better wages and hours; used boycotts and walkout as main weapons - Limited b/c only included limited # of workforce - 1894: Congress made Labor Day an official holiday SOCIAL RESULTS: - November 18, 1883: most states adopted 4 new time zones along w/ RR “standard time” - Other natural resources also exploited (oil, coal, and iron) - Wealthy claimed to have divine right (relied on survival of the fittest theories) and the gov’t was taken over by the wealthy, called plutocracy - Country of farmers turned into wage earners - Women affected the most b/c with the invention of the telephone and typewriter; they now had opportunity to work CH 25 NOT SUBMITTED CHAPTER 19: DRIFT TOWARD DISUNION Important People: - Harriet Beecher Stowe - John Brown Important Themes: Impending war North vs. South - James Buchanan - Charles Sumner/Preston Brooks - John C. Frémont - Roger B. Taney/Dred Scott - William H. Seward - Jefferson1852: Davis Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin increases antislavery feeling in America and among British working-class 1854: Kansas-Nebraska Act, Douglas’ idea: KA → slave, NB → free Republican Party Forms, northern, antslavery support Kansas-Nebraska Act- (Douglas) KA as slave state, NE as free state Charles-Sumner Incident- Sumner beaten w/ cane after anti-south - slavery - economic Failing compromises - Abraham Lincoln - Stephen Douglas Important Events: speech Dred-Scott Decision- (Roger B. Taney) slaves = property, protected anywhere in the U.S. by constitution, contradicts past legistlation Different attitudes towards slavery Panic of 1857- Northern grain hit hard but Southern cotton is okay Harper’s Ferry- John Brown fails to “free south”, execution = martyr 1856-60: 1859: 1861: Political1856: discrepancy Sumner-Brooks Civil WarElection in Kansas Brown’s raid in Seven of 1860- Lincoln wins, S.C. secedes from Unionseceding incident shows heating Paralyzed agriculture, Harper’s Ferry, a plan states form the 1861 MeetingConfederacy created, Jefferson Davis elected States as tension of N. v. S in damages in to “free the south” but Confederate Congress lives/property, slaves do not revolt; of America and president continued on until brown is executed, elected Jefferson Pottawatomie Crittenden of 36*as30’ but Massacre (Brown) promerging with Civil Compromisebecomes Slavery a martyrbanned for northDavis president slavery men hacked to War theregardless northern cause protected south of line of popular sovereignty (rejected pieces in KA 1857: 1860: by Lincoln) 1858: Buchanan Elected Panic of 1857, 5,000 business fail in one Lincoln-Douglas Lincoln elected year, CA gold inflated, North bad debates, Douglas wins president Tariff of 1857, reduced rates to 20% BUT Douglas explains S.C. secedes from right before panic, blamed as cause “Freeport Doctrine” Union, the first state to (slaves are NOT property) do so, 4 days after Helper’s The Impending Crisis of the South, details why white suffer most which hurts him later election from slavery, banned in South Crittenden compromise fails,
