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 Why do we study United States history?
 A. History is factual
 B. Study CHANGE OVER TIME
 C. Study of society and the individual…conservative or
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liberal. Democrats v. Republicans.
D. Biography of great men and women.
E. Bridge from the present to the future. Where are we
going ?
F. Study of values. How have values changed over the years?
G. Study of man and his environment.
H. Causes- why things occurred?
I. History asks “Why”?
J. What people did and what they failed to do?
 Archeologists have studied the culture of
prehistoric humans but records were never kept.
These scientists believe the ice age connected Asia
with North America. Glaciers retreated and the
ocean waters arose and the land was divided.
Three great empires arose in Central and South
America…these were civilized people. Civilized
people: live in one place, record history,
astronomy, mathematics, pottery, paintings,
hieroglyphics…
 MAYAS, AZTECS, INCAS.
 MAYAS- Central America- mathematics,
hieroglyphics.
 AZTECS- first modern cities…Cortes conquered the
Aztecs…killed their fighting men and Montezuma.
 INCAS- Pizarro- conquered the Incas.
 These tribes were conquered by the white man
primarily because of disease but also luck, better
weapons, horses, and civil wars within the Indian
empires
 The Crusades (Christians who wanted to spread Christianity
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from Europe and stop Islam) broadened the horizons of
Europeans and stimulated interest in exploration- New
World. CULTURAL DIFFUSION
People wanted luxury items from foreign places
Renaissance promoted a scientific view of the world. ( 13001600) and encouraged challenging OLD TRADITIONS
New technology such as the compass and astrolabe make sea
exploration possible.
Columbus- 1492 – the New World.
 Puritans, Catholics, and other religious dissenters such
as the Quakers sought religious freedom by migrating
to America.
 Britain colonized this New World and fought the
French during the 1750’s and 1760’s to strengthen her
hold as the most powerful nation world wide.
 MERCANTILISM fueled colonization
 Why did the colonists attempt to separate from the
‘mother country” – Britain?
 Thomas Jefferson – The Declaration of Independence
– 1776- SALUTARY NEGLECT, mercantilism, taxation
policies…many other intolerable acts that made
separation a reality.
 1775-1783- Revolutionary War.
 John Hancock –President of the Constitutional
Convention that ratifies the Declaration of
Independence.
 The Articles of Confederation represented a very weak
form of central government. The states had fought for
independence from Britain now they saw themselves
giving up this freedom to another central government.
This government was weak and many were confused
over federal v. states power.
 No power for the federal government to tax or regulate
interstate commerce.
 Constitutional Convention called to improve the
Articles of Confederation; eventually come up with a
whole new plan --- Constitution (the Supreme Law of
the Land)
 Bill of Rights – had to be added in order for states such
as NY and VA to ratify the Constitution
 Federalist Papers – written by “anonymous” supporters
of a strong federal government – James Madison, John
Jay, and Alexander Hamilton
 George Washington appointed President – military
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leader, had many contacts, man of integrity, supported
Federalists.
Whiskey Rebellion – gave the New Government a
chance to show it’s strength.
First Cabinet / 2 terms / NON-ALLIANCE / NONALIGNMENT with Foreign Powers
Thomas Jefferson vs. Alexander Hamilton – their
disagreement over the U.S. Bank led to the formation
of the first political parties in history
Louisiana Purchase – doubled size of the U.S.
(Jefferson)
Alexander Hamilton
 Strong federal
government
 Favors wealthy
 Pro-industry
 Pro – BANK
 Loose interpretation of
the Constitution
 Northerner / NY
 High protective tariffs
Thomas Jefferson
 States’ rights
 Common man
 Pro-agriculture
 Anti- Bank
 Strict interpretation of
the Constitution
 Southern Planter/ VA
 Low revenue tariffs
 Caused by Britain and France’s NON-RECOGNITION
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of U.S. NEUTRALITY (Washington)
America wanted to stay out of the war between Britain
and France (they wanted to drag us into it on their
respective side)
America went to war with Britain – ended in an
Armistice (cease fighting) no land was exchanged
Effects of War of 1812 – America truly gained its’
independence
War Heroes – Andrew Jackson / William Henry
Harrison – future Presidents
 Characterized by –
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Increase in Presidential Power
More people granted citizenship
Western, young voters support Jackson
Common man – barbaric / powerful
Indian Removal Policy – Trail of Tears
Anti-Bank
Nullification Crisis – Tariff of 1828 (Abominations)
 Compromise Tariff of 1833
 Force Bill (Act) – gave President power to use force to
eliminate nullifiers from South Carolina
 Economic Depression
 Abolitionism – Anti-Slavery
 Transcendentalism – Nature / Protest Technology /
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Civil Disobedience
Prison Reform
Second Great Awakening – movement back to religion
Women’s Rights – suffrage / Seneca Falls Convention
Education Reform – Horace Mann – Massachusetts
Literary and Artistic Reform – Hudson River School –
American Culture
 Annexation of Texas – after Texas fought for its’
independence from Mexico / Lone Star Republic
 Mexican – American War – 1848 -- gained full title to
Texas / annexed California (reopened the slavery issue
in the U.S.)
 Gained future states of Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico,
Colorado
 President James K. Polk – settled the treaty line in
Oregon
Long Term
Short Term
 Economy – Tariffs / economic
 Compromise of 1850 – reopens
diversity of North /
Plantation agriculture of the
South (no industry)
 Cultural differences – slavery
/ industry
 Slavery – became the major
issue of the Civil War
DURING THE WAR itself
 American inability to
Compromise over the issues
of economy and slavery
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issue of slavery
Uncle Tom’s Cabin – fictional
account of slavery
Kansas – Nebraska Act –
microcosm of Civil War
Dredd Scott v. Sanford –
Supreme Court Decision over
slavery
John Brown’s Raid on a Harper’s
Ferry, VA Federal arsenal –
became a martyr for slaves
everywhere / many Southerners
began to believe that ALL
Northerners were like Brown
Election of 1860 – Election of
Abraham Lincoln
Confederacy
Union
 Military Leadership
 Money
 Military Tradition
 Population
 Marksmanship
 Railroad
 Defensive War – HOME
 Factories
 Home-field Advantage
 Navy
 Food
 Supportive Government
-- TAX
Confederacy
 States’ Rights
 DEFENSIVE WAR
 War of Movement
 Lee / Jackson /
Longstreet / Stuart
 Preserve the Union
 Anaconda Plan
 Blockade Southern Ports
 Divide the Confederacy
 Capture Richmond, VA
 TOTAL WAR (1864)
 “Scorched Earth” Policy
 Sherman / Grant /
Sheridan
 Use overwhelming
numbers to their
advantage -- WIN
 Plans
 Lincoln’s 10% Plan of Amnesty –
 bring the South back in to the fold / Lenient
 Radical Republican Plan –
 PUNISH the South for wrongdoing (leaving the Union) –
50% Plan / Military Districts ruled by Military Governors
(suspension of Habeas Corpus)
 Voting rights for Blacks
 No voting rights for former Confederate officers
 Pass the 13th , 14th, 15th Amendments (abolish slavery)
 Johnson’s Plan – Lenient as well
 Was disastrous for the South
 Allowed the Radical Republican to pass their plan
through Congress
 Andrew Johnson became President
 1st President to be impeached / avoided conviction by 1
vote
 Corruption / scandal in his cabinet
 The first Blacks are elected to Congressional positions in
the South (Senators and Representatives) Why?
 Black people gained the right to vote AND white confederates
refused to sign the Union loyalty oaths so they didn’t have the
franchise (right to vote)
 Carpetbag rule in the South
 Carpetbaggers – Republicans who wanted to get wealthy off of
Southern disaster (War had ruined everything in South –
physically, emotionally, financially)
 Industrialization grew because Grant allowed business to
go unchecked
 Panic of 1873 – Jay Gould / Railroad speculation / banks
ruined / common man has a strong dislike for the wealthy
 Election of 1876 – Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) vs.
Samuel Tilden (Democrat)
 Democrats had gradually regained power in the South
(Solid South Democratic voting bloc – white power)
 Jim Crow Laws (Southern state legislatures passed laws
that kept blacks subservient to whites)
 Sketchy Election Returns in South Carolina, Florida, and
Louisiana
 Voter Corruption gave the election to Hayes
 Democrats agreed to abandon the investigation and give
Presidency to Hayes if the Union troops would leave the
South (Compromise of 1877) – RECONSTRUCTION ends