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Transcript
Why do we study United States history? A. History is factual B. Study CHANGE OVER TIME C. Study of society and the individual…conservative or liberal. Democrats v. Republicans. D. Biography of great men and women. E. Bridge from the present to the future. Where are we going ? F. Study of values. How have values changed over the years? G. Study of man and his environment. H. Causes- why things occurred? I. History asks “Why”? J. What people did and what they failed to do? Archeologists have studied the culture of prehistoric humans but records were never kept. These scientists believe the ice age connected Asia with North America. Glaciers retreated and the ocean waters arose and the land was divided. Three great empires arose in Central and South America…these were civilized people. Civilized people: live in one place, record history, astronomy, mathematics, pottery, paintings, hieroglyphics… MAYAS, AZTECS, INCAS. MAYAS- Central America- mathematics, hieroglyphics. AZTECS- first modern cities…Cortes conquered the Aztecs…killed their fighting men and Montezuma. INCAS- Pizarro- conquered the Incas. These tribes were conquered by the white man primarily because of disease but also luck, better weapons, horses, and civil wars within the Indian empires The Crusades (Christians who wanted to spread Christianity from Europe and stop Islam) broadened the horizons of Europeans and stimulated interest in exploration- New World. CULTURAL DIFFUSION People wanted luxury items from foreign places Renaissance promoted a scientific view of the world. ( 13001600) and encouraged challenging OLD TRADITIONS New technology such as the compass and astrolabe make sea exploration possible. Columbus- 1492 – the New World. Puritans, Catholics, and other religious dissenters such as the Quakers sought religious freedom by migrating to America. Britain colonized this New World and fought the French during the 1750’s and 1760’s to strengthen her hold as the most powerful nation world wide. MERCANTILISM fueled colonization Why did the colonists attempt to separate from the ‘mother country” – Britain? Thomas Jefferson – The Declaration of Independence – 1776- SALUTARY NEGLECT, mercantilism, taxation policies…many other intolerable acts that made separation a reality. 1775-1783- Revolutionary War. John Hancock –President of the Constitutional Convention that ratifies the Declaration of Independence. The Articles of Confederation represented a very weak form of central government. The states had fought for independence from Britain now they saw themselves giving up this freedom to another central government. This government was weak and many were confused over federal v. states power. No power for the federal government to tax or regulate interstate commerce. Constitutional Convention called to improve the Articles of Confederation; eventually come up with a whole new plan --- Constitution (the Supreme Law of the Land) Bill of Rights – had to be added in order for states such as NY and VA to ratify the Constitution Federalist Papers – written by “anonymous” supporters of a strong federal government – James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton George Washington appointed President – military leader, had many contacts, man of integrity, supported Federalists. Whiskey Rebellion – gave the New Government a chance to show it’s strength. First Cabinet / 2 terms / NON-ALLIANCE / NONALIGNMENT with Foreign Powers Thomas Jefferson vs. Alexander Hamilton – their disagreement over the U.S. Bank led to the formation of the first political parties in history Louisiana Purchase – doubled size of the U.S. (Jefferson) Alexander Hamilton Strong federal government Favors wealthy Pro-industry Pro – BANK Loose interpretation of the Constitution Northerner / NY High protective tariffs Thomas Jefferson States’ rights Common man Pro-agriculture Anti- Bank Strict interpretation of the Constitution Southern Planter/ VA Low revenue tariffs Caused by Britain and France’s NON-RECOGNITION of U.S. NEUTRALITY (Washington) America wanted to stay out of the war between Britain and France (they wanted to drag us into it on their respective side) America went to war with Britain – ended in an Armistice (cease fighting) no land was exchanged Effects of War of 1812 – America truly gained its’ independence War Heroes – Andrew Jackson / William Henry Harrison – future Presidents Characterized by – Increase in Presidential Power More people granted citizenship Western, young voters support Jackson Common man – barbaric / powerful Indian Removal Policy – Trail of Tears Anti-Bank Nullification Crisis – Tariff of 1828 (Abominations) Compromise Tariff of 1833 Force Bill (Act) – gave President power to use force to eliminate nullifiers from South Carolina Economic Depression Abolitionism – Anti-Slavery Transcendentalism – Nature / Protest Technology / Civil Disobedience Prison Reform Second Great Awakening – movement back to religion Women’s Rights – suffrage / Seneca Falls Convention Education Reform – Horace Mann – Massachusetts Literary and Artistic Reform – Hudson River School – American Culture Annexation of Texas – after Texas fought for its’ independence from Mexico / Lone Star Republic Mexican – American War – 1848 -- gained full title to Texas / annexed California (reopened the slavery issue in the U.S.) Gained future states of Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado President James K. Polk – settled the treaty line in Oregon Long Term Short Term Economy – Tariffs / economic Compromise of 1850 – reopens diversity of North / Plantation agriculture of the South (no industry) Cultural differences – slavery / industry Slavery – became the major issue of the Civil War DURING THE WAR itself American inability to Compromise over the issues of economy and slavery issue of slavery Uncle Tom’s Cabin – fictional account of slavery Kansas – Nebraska Act – microcosm of Civil War Dredd Scott v. Sanford – Supreme Court Decision over slavery John Brown’s Raid on a Harper’s Ferry, VA Federal arsenal – became a martyr for slaves everywhere / many Southerners began to believe that ALL Northerners were like Brown Election of 1860 – Election of Abraham Lincoln Confederacy Union Military Leadership Money Military Tradition Population Marksmanship Railroad Defensive War – HOME Factories Home-field Advantage Navy Food Supportive Government -- TAX Confederacy States’ Rights DEFENSIVE WAR War of Movement Lee / Jackson / Longstreet / Stuart Preserve the Union Anaconda Plan Blockade Southern Ports Divide the Confederacy Capture Richmond, VA TOTAL WAR (1864) “Scorched Earth” Policy Sherman / Grant / Sheridan Use overwhelming numbers to their advantage -- WIN Plans Lincoln’s 10% Plan of Amnesty – bring the South back in to the fold / Lenient Radical Republican Plan – PUNISH the South for wrongdoing (leaving the Union) – 50% Plan / Military Districts ruled by Military Governors (suspension of Habeas Corpus) Voting rights for Blacks No voting rights for former Confederate officers Pass the 13th , 14th, 15th Amendments (abolish slavery) Johnson’s Plan – Lenient as well Was disastrous for the South Allowed the Radical Republican to pass their plan through Congress Andrew Johnson became President 1st President to be impeached / avoided conviction by 1 vote Corruption / scandal in his cabinet The first Blacks are elected to Congressional positions in the South (Senators and Representatives) Why? Black people gained the right to vote AND white confederates refused to sign the Union loyalty oaths so they didn’t have the franchise (right to vote) Carpetbag rule in the South Carpetbaggers – Republicans who wanted to get wealthy off of Southern disaster (War had ruined everything in South – physically, emotionally, financially) Industrialization grew because Grant allowed business to go unchecked Panic of 1873 – Jay Gould / Railroad speculation / banks ruined / common man has a strong dislike for the wealthy Election of 1876 – Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) vs. Samuel Tilden (Democrat) Democrats had gradually regained power in the South (Solid South Democratic voting bloc – white power) Jim Crow Laws (Southern state legislatures passed laws that kept blacks subservient to whites) Sketchy Election Returns in South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana Voter Corruption gave the election to Hayes Democrats agreed to abandon the investigation and give Presidency to Hayes if the Union troops would leave the South (Compromise of 1877) – RECONSTRUCTION ends