Download China, Japan, and the Ottoman Empire

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China, Japan, and the Ottoman Empire
In the 19th and early 20th centuries
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This packet will cover:
 The Ottoman Empire
 The Qing Dynasty
 The Meiji Restoration
The rise of Europe is accompanied by the decline of two previous
world powers and the rise of a new Asian power. What accounts for
the fall of China and the once thriving Ottoman Empire? What
accounts for the rise of Japan? All three powers encounter the
aggressive power of the West, which would ultimately shape its
subsequent history.
The Declining Ottoman Empire:
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Center of Islamic World
Didn’t fall under direct European control
Failed to modernize like Europe
o Technology gap
In the 1800s it contracted while European powers expanded (into Africa)
During the 18th century the Ottoman Empire experienced military reverses and
challenges to its rule.
As Ottoman officials launched reforms to regenerate imperial vigor, Egypt and other
North African provinces declared their independence, and European states seized
territories in the northern and western parts of the Ottoman Empire.
Military Decline: by the late 17th century, the Ottoman Empire had reached the
limits of its expansion. Ottoman armies suffered humiliating defeats on the
battlefield, especially at the hands of Austrian and Russian foes.
o Ottoman forces lagged behind European armies in strategy, tactics,
weaponry, and training.
o Equally serious was a breakdown in the discipline of the elite Janissary corps,
which had served as the backbone of the imperial armed forces in the
fifteenth century.
o The Janissaries repeatedly masterminded palace coups during the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and by the nineteenth century had
become a powerful political force within the Ottoman state.
o The Janissaries neglected their military training and turned a blind eye to
advances in weapons technology. The Empire became vulnerable
o The central government’s power declined.
o Semi-independent governors and local notables had formed private armies of
mercenaries and slaves to support the sultan in Istanbul in exchange for
recognition of autonomy.
o Increasingly these independent rulers also turned fiscal and administrative
institutions to their own interests, collecting taxes for themselves and
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sending only nominal payments to the imperial treasury, depriving the state
of revenue.
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Territorial Loss:
o The Ottomans managed to maintain control in present day Turkey, the heart
of the empire, as well as Iraq.
o Suffered serious loss in territories elsewhere.
o Lost territory to Austria and Russia.
o Greece became independent in 1830, and Serbia in 1867.
o The lost Egypt in around 1820.
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Economic ills: The volume of trade through the Ottoman Empire greatly decreased.
o In the 17th and 18th centuries, European merchants increasingly
circumvented Ottoman intermediaries and traded in India and China.
o Trade shifted over the Atlantic Ocean where the Ottomans were left out.
o They fell into financial dependency on Europe.
 European governments financed the construction of railroads,
utilities, and mining. In 1882 the Ottoman state was unable to pay
interest on loans and had no choice but to accept foreign
administration of its debts.
 Ottoman artisans and crafts workers could not match their foreign
competitors who created inexpensive and high quality goods.
Capitulations (=humiliations): Agreements that exempted European visitors from
Ottoman law and provided the European powers with extraterritoriality—the right
to exercise jurisdiction over their own citizens according to their own laws. (Being
exempted from the jurisdiction of local law)
By the early twentieth century, the Ottoman Empire survived principally
because European diplomats could not agree on how to dispose the empire
without upsetting the European balance of power.
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Attempting Reform:
 Mahmud II: Mid 19th remodeled Ottoman institutions along western European
lines. Focused on army. European drill-masters dressed Ottoman soldiers in
European style uniforms. Created schools to promote science and technology.
Constructed roads and built telegraph lines. He died in 1839 with a shrunken
empire but a more manageable and powerful one than in the early 17th century
 Tanzimat Reform: Tempo of reform increased rapidly during the Tanzimat era
(1839-1876). Army, legal, and education reforms were central.
o Tried to stem the tide of nationalist movements in the Empire
o Religious tolerance
o Factories producing cloth, paper and armaments
o Modern mining operations
o Telegraphs, steamboats, railroads, postal services
o Western law codes and courts
o New schools
o “All began a long process of modernization and Westernization in the
Ottoman Empire”
o Enlightenment infused
Reaction to Reform
 Young Ottomans:
o Saw Ottoman state as secular whose people were loyal to the dynasty rather
than Islam
o Favored a constitutional regime like Great Britain
o Urged Western reforms
 Sultan Abd al-Hamid II – 1876-1909 purged reformers from Government
o Autocratic
o Suppressed liberal and nationalist sentiments
o Re-enforced distinction between Muslim and non Muslim subjects
 Young Turks:
o Led a military coup in 1908 against the Sultan
o Pushed for radical secularization of schools. Courts, law codes
o Permitted political parties
o Religious tolerance
o Opened modern schools for women—allowed to wear western clothes
o Permitted women to get divorced, restricted polygamy
o THEY WOULD LAY FOUNDATION FOR POST WWI country of Turkey
o During World War I, the Young Turks leadership was responsible for
the Armenian Genocide, which consisted of deportation and death marches
into the Syrian Desert along with massacres of 1.5 million ethnic Armenian
citizens of the Ottoman Empire
What was the status of the Ottoman Empire on the eve of WWI? These events help to piece it
together. (Answer after completing the chart on next page).
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EVENT
EXPLANATION OF EVENT
IMPACT ON OTTOMAN
EMPIRE/SIGNIFICANCE
Territorial Loses
Internal Problems
Economic problems
Nationalism Crisis *
Tanzimat Reforms
Identity Crisis *
Sultan Abd al- Hamid II
Young Turks
* Textbook chapter 19
China: The Tumultuous 19th Century for
the Qing Dynasty
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Problems in China:
1. Internal Problems
o Famine, land shortage, rural poverty (inc. population) led to peasant
rebellions
o 18th century—population doubled
o From 150 million to 300 million
o Land was scarce, food was scarce. People were starving
o To prevent depletion of silver within the state—high taxes were waged
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o This was especially difficult on peasants who could not afford to feed
themselves.
o Natural Disasters
o 1847: Hunan droughts
o 1849: Flooding of the Yangtze River – decrease in crop production in a
population that depended on agriculture.
 2. Leadership of Hong Xiuquan:
o Failed civil service exam
o Hallucinated that he was the younger brother of Jesus
o Was against Qing Rulers
o Preached: A communal society, exams open to everybody, land belongs to
everybody
o He gained followers of poor people- they called themselves the “Taiping”
o Growing disdain for Qing within China due to internal problems.
o He was the voice against the Qing
Taiping Rebellion:
• Xiuquan thought he was chosen to conquer China, destroy the demon Manchu
rulers, and establish the Taiping Tianguo — the Heavenly Kingdom of Great
Harmony.
• Gathering followers first from the poor and outcast, he and his recruits gradually
built up an army and political organization that swept across China.
• British helped put the rebellion down with the Qing
• Movement was so strong and so popular that it took the central government
millions of dollars and fifteen years to
defeat them.
• Not until 1864 was the rebellion
brutally put down. It is estimated
that the entire rebellion cost more
than twenty million lives (twice that
of World War I).
• Same time as U.S. Civil War
Self-Strengthening:
• Chinese efforts in 1860s-70s to
rejuvenate the dynasty and failing society
• New exam system to focus on Confucianism
• Sought “good men” who could cope with rebuilding China after Taiping rebellion
• Some sought modernization and new weaponry
• Failure – conservative landlord class resisted westernization
• Modernization resisted by fears of conservative leaders that urban, industrial,
or commercial development would erode the power and privileges of the landlord
class.
• Failures demonstrated by the Boxer Rebellion
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“Our Celestial Empire possesses all things in great abundance. There was
therefore no need to import the manufacturers of outside barbarians”
- 1793 Emperor Qianlong
1. Read the quote above. How might this pose a problem for European powers?
The First Opium Wars: 1839-42
• Opium— grown and processed in India, used by the British to sell to the Chinese
• By 1830s, British, American, and other Western merchants had fund an enormous,
growing, and very profitable market for the highly addictive drug—China.
• It would balance out trade (think of all that Britain/West got from China)
• China—major import for opium
• It was illegal but officials turned a blind eye.
• Millions of addicts
• Men, women, court officials students preparing for exams, soldiers going into
combat, laborers
“The New Barbarian”
Look at the cartoon to the right. What does it depict? Why
is the term “barbarian” important?
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Chinese government didn't like what the opium trade did to its people
Government goes on the offensive over Opium.
British didn't want to see this lucrative trade disappear,
Beginning of the Opium War to force the trade
British win due to superior navy
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The Treaty of Nanjing 1842: Ends the conflict
• British call the shots
• Impose massive restrictions on the Chinese
• Hong Kong under British control
• Here’s the kicker:
• REQUIRED CHINA TO OPEN FIVE PORTS TO TRADE, FIXED THE TARIFF ON
IMPORTED GOODS AT A LOW 5 PERCENT, AND GRANTED FOREIGNERS THE
RIGHT TO LIVE IN CHINA UNDER THEIR OWN LAWS.
• THIS IS ALL A REPERCUSSION OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• SERIOUSLY ERODES CHINESE INDEPENDENCE
The Second Opium War: 1856-1860
• MORE RESTRICTIONS ON THE CHINESE
• Opened more treaty ports to foreign traders
• Allowed foreigners to travel and buy land in China
• Opened the country to Christian missionaries, permitted Western powers to patrol
some of China's interior waterways.
• China lost control of Vietnam, Korea, and
Taiwan
Spheres of Influence
 Eventually, several European nations forced
China to sign a series of unequal treaties
 Extraterritoriality guaranteed that European
citizens in China were only subject to the laws
of their own nation and could only be tried by
their own courts. Eventually western nations
weary of governing foreign lands,
established spheres of influence within China,
which guaranteed specific trading privileges to
each nation within its respective sphere.
 Eventually the USA demanded equal trading
status with China.
o Rather than carve out a sphere of influence, the USA announced the Open
Door Policy of 1899. This stated that nations should have equal trading rights
regardless of spheres of influence. While this may have prevented the further
expansion of spheres of influences, it did little to restore Chinese sovereignty.
 After the further insult of the Open Door Policy, Chinese nationalist staged the Boxer
Rebellion in 1900. Viewed as a threat to the profits they enjoyed in the imperialist
spheres of influence, foreign nations formed an international coalition that ended
the uprising. With this victory, additional concessions were granted to foreign
nations within China.
 The trouble that amounted for the Qing Dynasty saw the collapse of the final
dynasty and the end of a 5,000-year tradition in 1911.
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EVENT
Peasant Uprisings
EXPLANATION OF
EVENT
Opposition to
Manchurian roots of Qing
IMPACT ON
CHINA/SIGNIFICANCE
Opposition to the Qing
Dynasty
Taiping Uprising
Opium Wars
Spheres of Influence
Lack of
Industrialization
Boxer Rebellion
JAPAN
Japan confronted the aggressive power of the West during the nineteenth
century
 Commodore Perry’s black ships- Tokyo Bay 1853
 Demanded reclusive nation to open up to more “normal” relations
with the world
 Japan undertook a radical transformation of its society
 A “revolution from above” according to some historians
 Turned into a powerful, modern, united, industrialized nation.
 Opposite of Ottomans and Chinese
 Japan joined the club of imperialists by creating its own East
Asian empire – at the expense of China
 Modernity was not a uniquely European phenomenon.
 “Japanese miracle”
Tokugawa Background:
 250 years before Perry’s arrival, Japan had been governed by a shogun- military
ruler from the Tokugawa family who acted in the name of a revered but powerless
emperor- lived in Kyoto 300 miles away from the seat of power in Edo – Tokyo
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Considered “250 years of peace”
Purpose: to prevent civil war with the 260 rival feudal lords (daimyo) – with their
samurai warriors of Japanese tradition
Shogunate gave Japan internal peace from 1600 to 1850.
“Pacified but not really unified”
Samurai at the top of the hierarchy
Samurai developed into a salaried bureaucracy
Economic growth because of peace- commercialization and urban development
10% of the people lived in cities
Influence of Confucianism generated a remarkably literate population
Meiji Restoration: The Collapse of the Ancient Regime
“Revere the Emperor and Repel the barbarians”
 FOREIGN INTERVENTION CHANGED JAPAN
 Japan had severely limited contact with West—especially Christianity. The
Shogunate had expelled foreign influences.
 U.S. forced the issue
 Commodore Perry 1853
 Aware of what happened in China in resisting European demands, Japan agreed to a
series of unequal treaties with various Western powers.
 THE HUMILIATING CAPITULATION TO THE DEMANDS OF THE FOREIGN DEVILS
FURTHER ERODED SUPPORT FOR THE SHOGUNATE, TRIGGERED A BRIEF CIVIL
WAR AND BY 1868 LED TO POLITCAL TAKEOVER BY A GROUP OF YOUNG
SAMURAI FROM SOUTHERN JAPAN.
 KNOWN AD THE MEIJI RESTORATION—RESTORED THE POWER TO THE EMPEROR
o GOALS:
 To save Japan from foreign domination
 Not by resistance but by a thorough transformation of Japanese
society drawing upon all the modern West had to offer
 “knowledge shall be sought throughout the world so as to
strengthen the foundations of imperial world”
Meiji Government:
 An end of Japanese feudal society
 Meiji was an absolute government
 A new constitution was established
 Meiji government was a monarchy that did not want a
democracy but feared discontent.
 Constitution: gave emperor supreme power, established a
Diet—a 2 house national assembly one house; which was
elected. Constitution created by the emperor not the people
like in the U.S.
 Emperor Meiji
 Modernization reforms in the 19th century:
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o Far more revolutionary than the most radical of the Ottoman efforts, let alone
the modest self-strengthening policies of the Chinese
o By 1871 regime abolished the daimyo
 Samurai lost their ancient role as the country’s warrior class and right
to carry a sword
 Old Confucian social order was dismantled –now they were all
commoners and equal
 Westernization- education, clothing, dances, writing
o Difference with the West
 Confucian based education
 Universal education –loyalty to emperor
 No feminism or Christianity made its way into Japan
 STATE guided industrialization (like Russia)
 No other country outside of Europe and the U.S. had been able to
launce its own IR in the nineteenth century.
 YOUNG women were working textile factories
 Lot of strikes and efforts to organize unions
Japan and the World
 Anglo Japanese Treaty of 1902—acknowledged Japan as an equal player
 Carved out Asia
 Successful wars against China and Russia (1904-5)
 Korea annexed by Japan in 1910
 The government invited foreign experts to Japan to help modernize transportation
and communications
 Railroads and telegraphs and phones linked Japan by 1900.
 Built factories for steel and textile production
 Slowly, the gap between Japan and the West was closing
Japan and China:
• Japan became an economic powerhouse
• China was in disarray due to internal and external problems. Fell into hands of
regional warlords
• Following WWI, Japan gained former German occupied Chinese land
Japanese Imperialism:
 Sought to take the Korean Peninsula
 Korea was long dependent on China
• Led to the first Sino-Japanese War (Sino means Chinese). 1894-95
• Japan won
• The Treaty of Shimonoseki forced China to recognize the complete independence of
Korea.
• Sino-Japanese War officially begins in 1937 when Japan invades Nanjing after
intermittent fighting since 1931
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Russo Japanese War:
“First Great War of the 20th Century”
 Place in question was Manchuria.
 Japanese victory in the war with Russia (1904-1905) gave Japan power over
Korea and Manchuria
 HUMILIATING FOR THE RUSSIANS
Final Thoughts:
• What made Japan’s restoration so successful was the right leadership and
attitude towards the changes. The implementation of the restoration was
carried out nationwide, as they successfully adopted Western ideas while
keeping traditional views.
• China on the other hand was led by a corrupt governing body with a distinct lack
of funds and half-hearted implementation of the new ideas. The corruption and
lack of enthusiasm for change was China’s biggest downfall.
EVENT
Deteriorating Power of
the Shogunate
Commodore Perry
Meji Restoration
Elimination of the
Daimyo
EXPLANATION OF
EVENT
IMPACT ON
JAPAN/SIGNIFICANCE
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Modernization Program
Industrialization
Program
Anglo-Japanese Treaty
of 1902
War with China 1894-95
Russo-Japanese War
1904-05
Concluding Questions
Textbook Chapter 19:
1. How did European expansion in the nineteenth century differ from that of the
early modern era?
OTTOMAN EMPIRE:
1. How did the rise of European powers impact the fall of the Ottoman Empire as a
world power?
2. What was the greatest contributing factor to the Ottoman Empire’s fall?
3. What makes the Ottoman Empire the “sick man of Europe”?
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4. What kind of debates, controversies, and conflicts were generated by European
intrusion within the Ottoman Empire?
CHINA:
2. How did the rise of European powers impact the fall of China as a world power?
3. What was the greatest contributing factor to China’s fall from imperial glory
from the 19th and into the 20th century?
4. What kind of debates, controversies, and conflicts were generated by European
intrusion within China?
JAPAN:
1. What enabled Japan to join the club of the imperialist countries, in contrast to
the Chinese and the Ottoman Empire?
2. What kind of debates, controversies, and conflicts were generated by European
intrusion within Japan?
3. “The response of each society to European imperialism grew out of its larger
historical development and its internal problems.” What evidence might support
this statement?