Download The Digestive System (Chapter 23)

The Digestive System (Chapter 23).
1.
List the true organs of digestion and the accessory organs of digestion. (An anatomy review).
2.
List the six major digestive activities, explain their function, and state where they occur.
3.
Explain where the intrinsic nerve plexuses are located and what they are used for.
4.
Explain how peristalsis and segmentation work and what each process accomplishes.
5.
List the functions of saliva and describe its composition. Explain how salivation might be triggered.
6.
Explain how enzymes are named. Explain what metabolic action a reductase, kinase, phosphatase,
peptidase, lipase, decarboxylase, polymerase, and phospholipase might have. Define “isozyme”,
“isoenzyme”, “cofactor”, and “coenzyme”.
7.
Define “bolus” and “chyme”. State where these substances are formed and found.
8.
List the components in gastric juice and state the function of each component. State the names of
the cells that produce each component.
9.
Describe how our digestive tract is protected from self-digestion. Discuss the “classical” and the
“modern” view of ulcer development.
10.
Explain how you could live without a stomach. Explain how you must be treated if your stomach is
removed.
11.
List the three phases of regulation of gastric secretion. Describe what triggers each phase and what
reflex or chemical release occurs during each phase.
12.
Define “chemical messenger”, “hormone” and neurotransmitter”. Explain how gastrin (a hormone),
ACh (acetylcholine, a parasympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter), and histamine all regulate
HCl formation in the gastric pits. Explain how gastrin, VIP, CCK, secretin, and histamine regulate
digestive processes.
13.
List the components of pancreatic juice. List the general names of the enzymes that digest proteins,
carbohydrates, fats, and nucleic acids. Describe the location of the brush border enzymes and
explain what they do.
14.
Describe the processes that cause the pancreas to release enzymes and bicarbonate in the
pancreatic juice.
15.
Explain why and how the gall bladder releases bile. List the components of bile and explain how
bile salts emulsify fats.
16.
State the primary roles of the large intestine.
17.
Explain how the defecation reflex works. Explain how diarrhea and constipation can occur.
18.
Summarize exactly where and how the digestion of nucleic acids, carbohydrates, protein, and lipid
occurs. In what form and where are each of these organic molecules absorbed?
19.
Define “reflex”. Describe the neural and hormonal reflexes that occur when food is in the mouth,
when a bolus is in the stomach, when chyme is in the small intestine, or when chyme is in the large
intestine.
Nutrition and Metabolism (Chapter 24)
1.
Define “essential nutrients” and provide examples of these materials.
2.
List the classes of organic molecules that can be used as fuel. Which cells primarily use glucose for
fuel? Which cells primarily use triglycerides? Why are proteins considered as a “third-class fuel”?
3.
Explain why must we ingest water-soluble vitamins regularly. Explain why some fat-soluble vitamins
can be toxic if ingested in high amounts. List the vitamins discussed in class, state their function,
and what occurs if their levels are too high or too low.
4.
Write the overall equation for cellular respiration. Approximately how many ATP molecules are
generated per molecule of glucose? Why are the steps called oxidation reactions? Where in the cell
do these reactions take place? What coenzymes participate in these reactions?
5.
List the three steps of cellular respiration. Explain how glycolysis works and what it produces.
Explain why is it necessary to phosphorylate glucose immediately during the start of this process.
Does glycolysis require oxygen? Explain what happens when oxygen is not available. Discuss why
the production of lactic acid is now considered to be a good event when exercising.
6.
State the equations describing the net result of aerobic and of anaerobic glycolysis.
7.
List the different names used for the Krebs cycle. What materials can be “fed” into this system to
obtain energy? Explain how the cycle starts and how the carbon atoms track around the cycle
during one “turn of the wheel”. List the products made after one molecule of pyruvic acid enters the
Krebs cycle.
8.
Define “oxidative phosphorylation”. Explain what “feeds in” to the electron transport chain and what
products are produced. Explain how hydrogen ions and electrons are involved in the process of
oxidative phosphorylation.
9.
Define “gluconeogenesis” and “glycogenesis” and explain how, when, and where each process
occurs.
10.
Define “lipolysis” and “lipogenesis” and explain how and when each process would occur. Define
“ketosis” and explain why this can be harmful to cells and to the body overall.
11.
Explain how proteins are catabolized and state the products of this process. Describe what
happens if we ingest an excess of amino acids.
12.
Explain what occurs metabolically during the absorptive and the post absorptive states. Describe
how blood glucose levels are regulated by various hormones. Explain why insulin and glucagon are
released and what they do.
13.
List the functions of the liver and explain why it gets the “first pick” of the digested nutrients. Explain
how the liver is involved in the regulation of cholesterol levels. Name the “good” and the “bad “
cholesterol carriers and explain how they are related to each other. Explain how cholesterol and
fatty acids are transported in the bloodstream.
14.
Define the term “basal metabolic rate” (BMR) and state how is it determined. List the situations and
substances that can affect the BMR.
15.
Explain how body temperature is regulated. Describe how the body responds when we are hot and
what happens when we are cold. Explain how we develop a fever and what happens when it
“breaks”.