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МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ УКРАЇНИ ХЕРСОНСЬКИЙ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ ТЕХНІЧНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ Кафедра іноземних мов Рег. № 57/310 – 17.03.09 МЕТОДИЧНІ РЕКОМЕНДАЦІЇ до практичних занять з дисципліни Іноземна мова (англійська) для студентів 2 курсу (III-IV семестр) напрямів підготовки 6.030502 Економічна кібернетика 6.050103 Програмна інженерія 6.050102 Комп’ютерна інженерія 6.050201 Системна інженерія 6.050202 Автоматизація та комп’ютерноінтегровані технології галузей знань 0305 Економіка та підприємництво 0501 Інформатика та обчислювальна техніка 0502 Автоматика та управління факультету кібернетики Херсон – 2009 Методичні рекомендації до практичних занять з дисципліни іноземна мова (англійська) для студентів напрямів підготовки 6.030502, 6.050103, 6.050102, 6.050201, 6.050202 галузей знань 0305, 0501, 0502 факультету кібернетики. Укладач: Фоменко Н.С., кількість сторінок 42. Рецензент: канд. філол. наук., доц. Возненко Н.В. Затверджено на засіданні кафедри іноземних мов протокол № _7_ від __2.03.09____ Зав. кафедри ____________ Відповідальний за випуск канд. філол. наук., доц. Фоменко Н.С. 2 Вступ Методичні рекомендації до практичних занять призначені для навчання студентів напрямів підготовки 6.030502, 6.050103, 6.050102, 6.050201, 6.050202 галузей знань 0305, 0501, 0502 факультету кібернетики читанню текстів з фаху на англійській мові та розумінню їх для вилучення необхідної інформації та проведення бесіди зі спеціальності студента. Методичні рекомендації містять 3 теми: „The Development of Computer „Personal System”, Computer”, “The 5-th Generation Computer. Artificial Intelligence”. Кожний урок (unit) містить такі розділи: Language, Reading, Comprehension, Oral Practice. Тексти МР підібрані з сучасної технічної оригінальної літератури на англійській мові та Інтернету, що викликає у студентів інтерес до вивчення текстового матеріалу. Тексти призначені для формування навиків та вмінь різних видів читання: вивчаючого, ознайомлюючого, оглядового та пошукового, що забезпечується розробленою системою методичних прийомів, які реалізуються у вправах. Тексти уроків також використовуються як основа для навчання усному мовленню у обговоренні, переказі, монологічному висловлюванню із застосуванням денотатних схем текстів, а також у розмовах, іграх. Крім того у розділі “Oral Practice” є проблемні завдання, типу: доведіть, прокоментуйте, поясніть, що носять творчий характер та сприяють розвитку вмінь усного мовлення. Методичні рекомендації розроблені у відповідності до програми з іноземних мов для немовних спеціальностей. 3 UNIT I The Development of Computer System I. Warming up Exercise 1. Answer the following questions. 1. What is a computer? Computers are now widespread, aren’t they? 2. Did you learn about computers through science fiction, movies? 3. How old were you when you learnt about a computer? 4. Do you have a computer at home? What are the reasons for buying home computers? 5. Do you like playing on the computer? 6. What are your favourite games: videogames or intellectual games? 7. How often do you work with the computer? 8. Does good knowledge of English help to operate the computer better? 9. Do you think you’ll be good for a computer job? Why? II. Vocabulary Exercise 2. Repeat the words and word-combinations after the speaker. processor processing device – пристрій storage device – пристрій пам’яті periferals - перифирійні пристрої to feed (fed, fed) - вводити (дані) to feed data = to put data (into) keyboard to bring out (brought, brought) – виводити (дані) to control – керувати core memory – пристрій запам’ятовування на магнітних сердечниках, оперативна пам’ять magnetic core memory 4 liquid mercury delay lines – лінії затримки на рідкій ртуті to perform = to do reliability – надійність reliable – надійний ten times faster – в десять разів швидше integrated circuits – інтегральні схеми high capacity integrated circuits – інтегральні схеми великої ємкості LSI – Large Scale Integration – інтеграція високого рівня VLSI – Very Large Scale Integration – інтеграція дуже високого рівня SLSI - Super Large Scale Integration - інтеграція надвисокого рівня chip – кристал a single chip high speed memory - швидкодіюча (швидкісна) пам’ять optical fibers – оптичні волокна videodisks artificial intelligence (AI) – штучний інтелект to incorporate – поєднувати, включати to improve – покращувати powerful – потужний compact expensive – дорогий inexpensive – недорогий, дешевий cheap = inexpensive III. Reading Exercise 3. Read the text “The Development of Computer Systems”. The 1st-generation computer systems started in 1950. They used vacuum tubes for calculation, control and sometimes for memory as well. 1 st-generation machines used several other devices for memory, for example, liquid mercury delay lines or magnetic 5 drums. Computers could perform thousand of calculations per second. (BESM-1, Minsk-1, IBM 650 are examples). The 2nd-generation systems began in 1960 and used transistors in place of vacuum tubes. Core memory was introduced. Size was reduced and reliability was improved significantly in the 2nd-generation systems. Computers can perform work ten times faster than their predecessors. The reason for this extra speed was the use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes. (BESM-4, BESM-6, Minsk-32, IBM 1401 are examples). The 3rd-generation computers began in 1965. They used integrated circuits, which incorporated hundreds of transistors on a single silicon chip. In the late 1960 integrated circuits were used for high-speed memory, providing some competition for magnetic core memory. At present integrated-circuit memory has largely replaced magnetic core memory. These computers could do a million calculations per second. They are smaller and more reliable. (ES-1033, NAIRI-3, IBM-360, IBM-370 are examples). The 4th- generation started in the mid 1970s. Memory and logic were built of chips which contain large numbers of electronic components. The integrated circuits were reduced in size, as many as 1000 tiny circuits now fit onto a single chip. The computers are based on LSI circuits. The 4th-generation computers are 50 times faster than third-generation computers and can perform approximately 1000000 instructions per second. (ES-1065, NAIRI-4, ELECTRONIKA-60, ISKRA-1256 are examples). The 5th- generation appeared in the mid 1990s. They are based on VLSI and SLSI technologies. Optical fibers, videodisks and artificial intelligence are incorporated into them. Current computers are hundred times smaller than those of the first generation. A single chip is far more powerful. They are compact, inexpensive, high-speed. They have high-capacity integrated circuit. (Celeron, Duron, Pentium 4, 5, Athlon 64 FX-51 are examples). 6 IV. Language Exercise 4. Match the English words and word-combinations from column A with their Ukrainian equivalents from column B. A B expensive інтегральні схеми великої ємкості core memory виконувати to perform штучний інтелект to improve магнітні барабани liquid mercury delay lines кристал, чип magnetic drums потужний chip лінії затримки на рідкій ртуті artificial intelligence пристрій запам’ятовування на магнітних сердечниках powerful покращувати high capacity integrated circuits дорогий Exercise 5.Match the Ukrainian words and word-combinations from column A with their English equivalents from column B. A B пристрій запам’ятовування optical fibers інтегральна схема videodisks надійний vacuum tubes вакуумні трубки to perform штучний інтелект fast оптичні волокна to incorporate відео диски storage device виконувати reliable покращувати integrated circuit швидкий inexpensive включати, поєднувати artificial intelligence 7 недорогий to improve запроваджувати to replace один кремнієвий кристал high speed memory замінювати to introduce швидкодіюча пам’ять single silicon chip Exercise 6. Answer the following questions using the comparative and superlative degrees of the adjective. Questions Full answers A: 1. Which is larger: the 1st generation The first generation computers are larger computers or the 2nd generation than the 2nd generation computers. computers? (The first generation computers are larger). 2. Which is faster: the 5th generation computers or the 4th generation computer? 3. Which integrated circuit is smaller: the 4th generation computers or the 3rd generation computers? 4. Which is smaller: the current computer or the 1st generation computer? 5. Which capacity is higher: Pentium 4 or Electronika – 60? B: 1. Which is more expensive: the 1st The 1st generation computer is more generation computer or the 3rd expensive than the 3rd generation generation computer? computer. 2. Which is more powerful: the 5th (The 1st generation computer is more generation computer or the 4th expensive). generation computer? 8 3. Which is more inexpensive: the 2nd generation computer or the 5th generation computer? 4. Which is more reliable: the 4th generation computer or the 3rd generation computer? C: 1. Which is the most expensive: Minsk – Minsk-1 is the most expensive. 1 or Minsk –32? 2. Which is the most reliable: Athlon 64 or Es-1065? 3. Which is the most powerful: Celeron or NAIRI–3? Exercise 7. Make up sentences using the substitution table. Use the tense forms in the Indefinite tense in Active and Passive Voice. The 1st generation computers was reduced integrated circuits in 1950 The 2nd generation computers became reliable thousand of in 1960 Core memory performed calculations per in 1965 Size is / are more reliable second in 1990 Chip is more powerful on LSI circuits The 3rd generation computers used on SLSI circuits Integrated circuits was / were introduced The 5th generation computers are powerful Reliability started The 4th generation computers was improved Transistors was / were based 9 V. Comprehension Exercise 8. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Use phrases: I don’t agree with you; No, it is not so; I am afraid you are wrong; I agree with you; You are right. 1. The first generation computer system started in 1950. 2. Vacuum tubes were used only for calculation. 3. BESM-4, BESM-6, IBM 1401 are computers of the 3rd generation. 4. Core memory was introduced into the 2nd generation computers. 5. The computers of the 4th generation are based on VLSI technologies. 6. AI was incorporated into the 5th generation. Exercise 9. Answer the following questions. 1. What devices were used in the 1st generation computers? 2. When did the 2nd generation started? 3. Was core memory introduced into the 2nd generation computers or the 3rd generation computers? 4. In what generation of computer system were integrated circuits used? 5. What circuits did the computers of the 5th generation use? 6. Optical fibers, videodisks and AI are incorporated into the 5th generation computers, aren’t they? VI. Practice Exercise 10. Fill in the table and speak on the topic “The development of computer systems”. Generation Times Model Characteristics Nouns, Adjectives 1st generation 2nd generation 3rd generation 4th generation 5th generation 10 Verbs VII. Reading and Comprehension Exercise 11. Read the text ” Networks ” for 8 ' minutes. NETWORKS Computers can communicate with other computers through a series of connections and associated hardware called a network. The advantage of a network is that data can be exchanged rapidly, and software and hardware resources, such as harddisk space or printers, can be shared. One type of network, a local area network (LAN), consists of several PCs or workstations connected to a special computer called the server. The server stores and manages programs and data. A server often contains all of a networked group’s data and enables LAN workstations to set up without storage capabilities to reduce cost. Mainframe computers and supercomputers commonly are networked. They may be connected to PCs, workstations, or terminals that have no computational abilities of their own. These ”dumb” terminals are used only to enter data into, or receive output from, the central computer. Wide area networks ( WANs ) are networks that span large geographical areas. Computers can connect to these networks to use facilities in another city or country. For example, a person in Los Angeles can browse through the computerized archives of the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. The largest WAN is the Internet, a global consortium of networks linked by common communication programs. The internet is a mammoth of data, programs, and utilities. It was created mostly by American computer scientist Vinton Cerf in 1973 as part of the United States Department of Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).In 1984 the development of Internet technology was turned over to private, government, and scientific agencies. The World Wide Web is a system of information resources accessed primarily through the Internet. Users can obtain a variety of information in the form of the text, graphics, sounds, or animations. These data are extensively cross-indexed, enabling users to browse ( transfer from one information site to another) via buttons, highlighted text, or sophisticated searching known as search engines. 11 Exercise 12. Answer the following questions. 1. What is a network? 2. What is the advantage of a network? 3. What is the organization of a local area network (LAN )? 4. What is a server? 5. What are server’s functions? 6. Do you agree that mainframe computers and supercomputers are networked? Prove it. 7. What is the largest WAN (wide area networks)? 8. What is the Internet? 9. Whom was it created? 10. What is the World Wide Web? 11. What information can a user obtain? 12 UNIT II Personal Computer I. Warming up. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions. 1. What is a computer? Computers are now widespread, aren’t they? 2. Did you learn about computers through science fiction, movies? 3. How old were you when you learnt about a computer? 4. Do you have a computer at home? What are the reasons for buying home computers? 5. Do you like playing on the computer? 6. How often do you work with the computer? 7. Does good knowledge of English help to operate the computer better? 8. Who uses computers today? II. Vocabulary. cumbersome — громіздкий entrepreneur [ эntrэprэnэ: ] — підприємець to forsee — передбачати Silicon Valley California computer company = computer-related company to locate — розташовувати technological capital of the world to attract risk-takers — залучати ризикованих людей opportunity — можливість The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) — Масачусетський Технологічний інститут to co-invent — винайти разом з кимось contribution — внесок wealth — багатство microprocessor chip 13 fame — слава prestigious university education background — освіта college drop-outs — виключені з коледжу to collaborate — співпрацювати to introduce — вводити to utilize — застосовувати a typewriter-sized computer — комп’ютер розміром з друкарську машинку technological wizard — маг, чародій to divise — винайти trim — гарно вбраний user-friendly — дружній до користувача to donate — дарувати peripherals — переферійні (устаткування) обладнання to design memory extenders — конструювати розширювачі пам’яті insertable boards — плати, що вставляються to use different keyboards — використовувати різноманітні клавіатури to stop practicing medicine — припинити займатися медициною to emerge — виникати to run business — керувати бізнесом to enroll — заносити до списку, вступати. III. Reading Exercise 2. Read and translate the text” The Early Years”. THE EARLY YEARS Until the late 1970s, the computer was viewed as a massive machine that was useful to big business and government but not to the general public. Computers were too cumbersome and expensive for private use. As technology advanced, this was changed by a distinctive group of engineers and entrepreneurs who rushed to improve the designs of then current technology and to find ways to make the computer attractive to 14 people. Although these innovators of computer technology were very different from each other, they had a common enthusiasm for technical innovation and the capacity to foresee the potential of computers. Much of this activity was centered in the Silicon Valley in northern California where the first computer- related company had located in 1955. That company attracted thousands of related businesses, and the area became known as technological capital of the world. The Silicon Valley attracted many risk-takers and gave them an opportunity. Robert Noyce was a risk-taker who was successful both as an engineer and as a entrepreneur. The son of an Iowa minister, he was informal, genuine, and methodical. A graduate of the The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), he started working with for one of the first computer-related businesses in 1955. As an engineer, he co-invented the integrated circuit, which was the basis for later computer design. This integrated circuit was less than an eighth of an inch square but had the same power as a transistor unit that was over the 15 inches square or a vacuum tube unit that was 6.5 feet square. As a businessman, Noyce co-founded Intel, one of the most successful companies in the Silicon Valley and the first company to introduce the microprocessor. The microprocessor chip became the heart of the computer. It made possible the invention of the personal computer and eventually led to the birth of thousands of new businesses. Noyce’s contributions to the development of the integrated circuit and the microprocessor earned him both wealth and fame before his death in 1990. In fact, many people consider his role to be one of the most significant in the Silicon Valley story. The two men who first introduced the personal computer (PC) to the marketplace had backgrounds unlike Robert Noyce’s. They had neither prestigious university education nor experience in big business. Twenty-year-old Steven Jobs and Stephen Wozniak were college drop-outs. They collaborated on their first project as computer hobbiests in a local computer club. Built in the garage of Jobs’s parents, this first personal computer utilized the technology of Noyce’s integrated circuit. It was typewriter-sized, as powerful as a much larger computer, and inexpensive to build. 15 Jobs and Wozniak brought different abilities to their venture: Wozniak was the technological wizard, and Jobs was the entrepreneur. Wozniak designed the first model, and Jobs devised its applications and attracted interest from investors and buyers. Wozniak once admitted that without Jobs he would never have considered selling the computer or known how to do it. From the very beginning, Apple Computer had been sensitive to the needs of a general public. Jobs insisted that the computers be light, trim, and made in muted colors. He also insisted that the language used with the computers be “user-friendly” and that the operation be simple enough for the average person to learn in a few minutes. Jobs also introduced the idea of donating Apple Computers to thousands of California schools, thereby indirectly introducing his product into the homes of millions of students. Their second model, the Apple II, was the state-of-art PC in home and small business computers from 1977 to 1982. Martin Alpert, the founder of Tecmar, Inc., was one of the first people to forsee the need in PC. He later became one of the most successful creators of personal computer peripherals. For example, he designed memory extenders that enabled the computer to store more information, and insertable boards that allowed people to use different keyboards while sharing the same printer. After 1981, Tecmar produced an average of one new product per week. Alpert had neither the technical training of Noyce nor the computer clubs of Jobs and Wozniak. His parents were German refugees who worked in a factory and a bakery to pay for his college education. They insisted that he study medicine even though his interest was in electronics. Throughout medical school he studied electronics passionately but privately. His first electronics products were medical instruments that he built in his living room. His wife recognized the potential of his projects before he did, and enrolled in a graduate program in business management so she could run his electronics business successfully. Their annual sales reached $ 1 million, and they had 15 engineers working in their living room before they moved to a larger building in 1981. It wasn’t until 1983 that Alpert stopped practicing medicine and gave his full attention to Tecmar. By 1984 Tecmar was valued at $ 150 million. 16 Computer technology has opened a variety of opportunities for people who are creative risk-takers. Rarely in history have so many people been so motivated to create. Many of them have been rewarded greatly with fame and fortune, and the world has benefited from this frenzy of innovation. IV. Vocabulary Ex. 3. Match the words from column A with words in column B. A B 1. entrepreneur a) ризиковані люди 2. risk- taker b) мікросхема мікропроцесора 3. microprocessor chip c) вага 4. to introduce d) розмір 5. integrated circuit e) колір 6. to change f) операційна система 7. size g) зовнішні пристрої 8. weight h) вставлені плати 9. colour i) гарно вбраний 10. operating system j) інтегральна схема 11. peripherals k) запроваджувати 12. insertable boards l) змінювати 13. trim m) підприємець 14. to attract n) винаходити 15. to devise o) привернути увагу Ex. 4. Give the English equivalents of the following Ukrainian words and wordcombinations: технологічна столиця світу, винайти спільно, престижна університетська освіта, освіта, співпрацювати, застосовувати, комп’ютер розміром з друкарську машинку, дарувати, розширювачі пам’яті, громіздкий, передбачити, виникати, керувати. 17 Ex. 5. Finish sentences using the words and word- combinations given below. 1. The first computer-related company was located in… 2. R.Noyce was an engineer, he coinvented… 3. Intel was the first company to introduce… 4. Microprocessor made possible the invention of… 5. Steven Jobs and Stephen Wozniak introduced… to the market place. 6. Jobs also introduced the idea of… Apple Computers to California schools. 7. Martin Alpert became one of the creators of PC… 8. Insertable boards allowed people to use different… peripherals, the personal computer, Silicon Valley, microprocessor, the integrated circuit, donating, keyboards. V. Comprehension Ex. 6. Answer the following questions. 1. Why were computers not useful to general public until the late 1970s? 2. Who decided to improve the designs of computers? 3. When and where did the first computer company start to work? 4. Why did the Silicon Valley become the technological capital of the world? 5. What was Robert Noyce? 6. What was R.Noyce background? Where did he study? 7. When and where did R.Noyce start to work? 8. Why did people consider his role to be one of the most significant in the Silicon Valley story? 9. Who first introduced PC to marketplace? 10. What do you know about Steven Jobs and Stephen Wozniak? 11. S.Jobs and S.Wozniak brought diffrent abilities to their venture, didn’t they? Comment on it. 12. What did S.Jobs propose to change computers? 13. What was the second model, the Apple? 18 14. What was Martin Alpert? 15. What did M. Alpert do? 16. What has computer technology opened for people? 17. How have people been rewarded? VI. Oral Practice Ex. 7. Speak on the Early History of PC using the table. Times Company Inventor 1955 Intel R. Noyce Inventions / Developments introduced integrated circuit, microprocessor 1970-1977 Apple S. Wozniak Computer S. Jobs 1981 IBM invented the first PC Apple I and Apple II changed size, weight, colour improved model of PC and operating system 1981 Tecmar M. Alpert created peripherals (memory extenders, insertable boards) VII. Group work Ex. 8. Discuss the following points. 1. The Silicon Valley is the technological capital of the world. 2. Robert Noyce’s contribution to the technology of PC. 3. Stephen Wozniak and Steven Jobs are inventors of the first PC. 4. Martin Alpert is the first creator of the PC peripherals. 5. IBM and Apple computer companies are world known companies in personal computer industry. VIII. Vocabulary Ex. 9. Repeat the words and word-combinations after the speaker. PC characteristics microprocessor 19 silicon chip – кристал (мікросхема) з кремнію less powerful components – компоненти меншої потужності to use floppy disks – використовувати гнучкі диски online storage – неавтономне збереження даних в ЗУ offline storage – автономне збереження даних окремо від комп’ютера input media – носій для вхідних даних output media – носій для вихідних даних general-purpose – універсальний; загального призначення stand-alone – автономний to plug in – підключати; приєднувати leisure activities – дозвілля PC in the Home to check account management – перевірити ведення обліків budgeting – складання бюджету personal finance telephone answering and dialing – автовідповідач, набір номера телефону calendar management – ведення календаря investment analysis – аналіз інвестиції maintenance of address and mailing lists – зберігання адрес та пошти Word Processing word processing – обробка тексту application software – прикладні программи to delete sentences – видаляти речення to move around paragraphs – переставляти абзаци to replace words – переставляти слова PC for Professionals desktop use – настільне використання financial advisor – финансовий консультант stock broker – брокер фондової біржі 20 tax consultant – консультант з податків lawyer – юрист income tax – податок на прибуток statistical analysis – статистичний аналіз graphics computer modeling – комп’ютерне моделювання scheduling – складання розкладу accountant – бухгалтер accounting – бух облік stock market forecasting – біржеві прогнози PC for Education computer - managed instructions (CMI) – машинне навчання computer – assisted instructions (CAI) – комп’ютерні команди; машинне навчання simulation of real – world situations – моделювання реально-життєвих ситуацій computer literaсy – комп’ютерна грамотність typing – друкування programming languages – мови програмування painting – живопис art school – художня школа to mix paints – змішувати фарби rudiments of composition – основи композиції grading – оцінювання; класифікація Ex. 10. Translate the following sentences from English into Russian and do back translation. 1. What are the main spheres of PC application? 1. Які основні області використання ПК? 2. Where are computers used? 2. Де використовується комп’ютер? 3. PC are used in home, for leisure, in 3. ПК використовується вдома, для business and education. розваг, в офісі та освіті. 21 4. What is a word processing program? 4. Що таке програма обробки текстів? 5. What are application programs? 5. Що таке прикладні програми? 6. On the display you can see what you 6. На дисплеї можна побачити, що ви have typed. 7. Where are letters and documentation надрукували. 7. Де зберігаються листи і документи? stored? 8. Is it necessary for a person to be an 8. Обов’язково бути інженером або engineer or a programmer to play програмістом, щоб грати в комп’ютерні computer games. ігри? 9. Home applications of PCs include 9. Використання ПК дома включає в checking budgeting, planning, investment себе перевірку складання бюджету, analysis. планування, аналіз інвестицій. 10. Application software is called a word 10. Прикладні програми називають processing program. програмами обробки тексту. 11. Application software enables you to 11. Прикладні програми дозволяють correct mistakes or modify any document. виправити помилки і змінити любий документ. 12. What other changes in the typed text 12. Які ще зміни у надрукованому can you make? тексті можна зробити? 13. Application programs also include 13. Прикладні програми також accounting statistical analysis, stock включають бухоблік, статистичний market forecasting and computer аналіз, біржеві прогнози, комп’ютерне modeling. моделювання. 14. Computer-managed instruction (CMI) 14. Програма машинного навчання software is used to assist the instructor in використовується, щоб допомогти management of classroom activities. викладачу в управлінні класною 22 работою. 15. Application programs are used to 15. Прикладні програми teach children rudiments of composition. використовуються для навчання дітей основам композиції. IX. Reading and Speaking Ex. 11. Read the text “Personal Computers: Characteristics and Application” without a dictionary. PERSONAL COMPUTERS: CHARACTERISTICS AND APPLICATION Characteristics of PC Personal computers are supposed to appear in the late 1970s. What is a personal computer? How can this device be characterized? - First, a personal computer being microprocessor-based, its central processing unit, called a microprocessor unit, or MPU, is concentrated on a single silicon chip. - Second, a PC has a memory and word size that are smaller than those of minicomputers and large computers. Typical word sizes are 8 or 16 bits, and main memories range in size from 16 K to 512 K. - Third, a personal computer uses smaller, less expensive, and less powerful input, output and storage components than do large computer systems. - A PC employs floppy disks as the principal online and offline storage devices and also as input and output media. - Finally, a PC is a general-purpose, stand-alone system that can begin to work when plugged in and be moved from place to place. Probably the most distinguishing feature of a personal computer is that it is used by an individual, usually in an interactive mode. Regardless of the purpose for which it is used, either for leisure activities in the home or for business applications in the office, we can consider it to be a personal computer. 23 Personal computers have a lot of applications, however, there are some major categories of applications: home and hobby, word processing, professional, educational, small business and engineering and scientific. Home and hobby. Personal computers enjoy great popularity among experimenters and hobbyists. They are an exciting hobby. All hobbyists need not be engineers or programmers. There are many games that use the full capabilities of a computer to provide many hours of exciting leisure-time adventure. The list of other home and hobby applications of PCs is almost endless, including: checking account management, budgeting, personal finance, planning, investment analysis, telephone answering and dialing, home security, home environment and climate control, appliance control, calendar management, maintenance of address and mailing lists and what not. Word processing. At home or at work, application software, called a word processing program, enables you to correct or modify any document in any manner you wish before printing it. Using the CRT monitor as a display screen, you are able to view what you have typed to correct mistakes in spelling or grammar, add or delete sentences, move paragraphs around, and replace words. The letter or document can be stored on a diskette for future use. Professional. The category of professional includes persons making extensive use of word processing, whose occupations are particularly suited to the desk-top use of PCs. Examples of other occupations are accountants, financial advisors, stock brokers, tax consultants, lawyers, architects, engineers, educators and all levels of managers. Application programs that are popular with persons in these occupations include accounting, income tax preparation, statistical analysis, graphics, stock market forecasting and computer modeling. The electronic worksheet is, by far, the computer modeling program most widely used by professionals. It can be used for scheduling, planning, and the examination of “what if” situations. Educational. Personal computers are having and will continue to have a profound influence upon the classroom, affecting both the learner and the teacher. Microcomputers are making their way into classrooms to an ever-increasing extent, 24 giving impetus to the design of programmed learning materials that can meet the demands of student and teacher. Two important types of uses for professional computers in education are computer-managed instruction (CMI), and computer-assisted instruction (CAI). CMI software is used to assist the instructor in the management of all classroom-related activities, such as record keeping, work assignments, testing, and grading. Applications of CAI include mathematics, reading, typing, computer literacy, programming languages, and simulations of realworld situations. The appropriate programs are applied for teaching painting. Artists and engineers have worked out special programs for art schools. The computer acquaints the beginners with technique of mixing paints and obtaining required shades. With the help of game methods children are taught rudiments of composition. Courses for teaching languages are also computerized. The programs have advantages that make them popular for teaching widely spoken languages, such as Spanish, English, German and French. Ex. 12. Make up dialogues on the situations: 1. Main characteristics of PC. 2. Application in the home and hobbies. 3. PC for professionals. 4. Application programs for education. X. Listening and Comprehension. Ex. 13. Listen to the text “PC and Microcomputer”. Cross out sentences given below which don’t correspond to the contents of the text. PC AND MICROCOMPUTER The personal computer can serve as a work station for the individual today. Moreover, as it has become financially feasible to provide a computer for the individual worker, so also technical developments have made the interface between man and machine increasingly “friendly”, so that a wide array of computer functions are now accessible to people with no technical background. 25 A personal computer is a small computer based on a microprocessor; it is a microcomputer. Not all computers, however, are personal computers. A microcomputer can be dedicated to a single task such as controlling a machine tool or metering the injection of fuel into an automobile engine; it can be a word processor, a video game or a “pocket computer” that is not quite a computer. A personal computer is something different: a stand-alone computer that puts a wide array of capabilities at the disposal of an individual. The first generation of true personal computers, which came on the market between 1977 and 1981, had eight-bit microprocessors; later introduced systems had 16bits ones. Now 32-bit microprocessor chips are available, and soon they will be included in complete computer systems. 1. Performance of a wide array of computer functions. 2. Accessibility of PC for not professionals. 3. A microprocessor-based PC. 4. The operation of a microprocessor. 5. Comparison of a microcomputer and a PC. 6. Microprocessor’s capacity. 7. Microcomputer software. 8. The cost of a microcomputer. XI. Reading and Translation. Exercise 14. Read and Translate the text “Mini PC”. Mini PCs Recent improvements in large-scale integration and power-semiconductor technology have yielded compact PCs that can be used economically for controlling simple machines and processes. A number of companies are now producing the socalled mini PCs. 26 Mini PCs generally are classified as those that can economically replace as few as four relays. They provide timer and counter functions as well as relay logic, and typically are small enough to fit comfortably in a 19-in.rack. Most minis have less then 32 I/0s are ports, but some are expandable to drive up to 400 I/0s devices. The I/0s are usually digital, but analog I/0 are available. These make possible control of pressure, temperature, flow and other analog functions. Some mini PCs are self contained, with the processor and a means for mounting numerous I/0 modules. Thus, modular mini’s are readily expandible. Some selfcontained units are expandible, some are not. Mini PCs often cost more than relays they replace, but installed cost of a mini is generally comparable to and sometimes less than a corresponding relay panel. The reason is that the mounting and wiring of a PC is much simpler than the mounting and wiring of corresponding relays. And the PC often occupies less space. PCs, moreover, perform some functions that are not typically provided by relays but associated drum controllers, counters, specialty timers, and other complex-function panel components. Many mini PCs are capable of controlling remote printers or of communicating with other PCs or a host computer. These capabilities make possible data collection and coordination with associated machines. Most minis are preprogrammed to be self checking. Processors, I/0s, and programming devices are routinely checked for faulty operation. LEDs on the front of the PCs identify problem areas. In addition PCs can be programmed to diagnose and identify faults in limit switches, transducers, relays, motor startes, and similar peripheral components. These diagnostic capabilities reduce maintenance and down-time costs. XII. Discussion Points. Exercise 15. 1. What have yielded compact PCs? 2. Characteristics of mini PCs. Compare them with relays. 3. Diagnostic capabilities of mini PCs. 27 UNIT III The 5-th Generation Computer. Artificial Intelligence. I. Vocabulary Exercise 1. Repeat words and word-combinations after the speaker. artificial intelligence — штучний інтелект scientific trend — науковий напрям mathematician — математик linguist — лінгвіст psychologist — психолог engineer — інженер essence of the trend — суть напрямку intensification man’s creative activities — творча діяльність людини intensification of man’s creative activities machine intelligence — машинний інтелект AI is machine intelligence human intelligence machines with sensory capabilities — машини з сенсорними можливостями knowledge based system — експертні системи knowledge based systems are expert systems medical diagnoses algorithm heuristic technique — евристичні методи economists, engineers, biologists, chemists to penetrate — проникати experience — досвід robotics 28 II. Reading. Exercise 2. Read and translate the text” Artificial Intelligence” into Ukrainian/Russian. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE "Artificial intelligence" is a metaphor ic figure of speech designating an entire scientific trend which includes mathematicians, linguists.psychologists,engineers, and many other specialists. The essence (cyть) of this trend is the intensification of man's creative activities with the aid of computers. Artificial intelligence (AI) is machine intelligence. It refers to applications of the computer which, in operation, resembles human intelligence. There are different categories of uses which all fell into the AI area. For example, robots or machines with sensory capabilities which detect and recognize sounds, pictures, etc., are one category. Another category is knowledge based systems, which contain a base of knowledge about a subject and can assist us in solving problems. Knowledge based systems being developed from the experience of human experts are called expert systems and can perform such tasks as medical diagnoses. AI will encompass (охватывать) many areas that have not been easily solved using traditional hardware and software. AI will be incorporated into the 5 th- generation computer systems. Then the average computer system should not require users to remember a lot of complex codes or commands. Rather, the user should ask: "Can you help me with this type of problem?" The master control program or operating system will be able to direct the user to the appropriate expert system through questions and answers. AI programming is not magical; it does however imply a change in rules and methods for the traditional application programmer. Normal application programs follow a fixed algorithm: if this — do that. Given a set of input conditions, the output can be precisely determined. AI requires program design with more imagination New methods of program organization and construction must be developed. AI programs may require the use of heuristic techniques, which are exploratory in nature and use trial and error methods. AI programs are often programmed in the LISP programming language, which allows the program designer to concentrate on the problem-solving 29 logic more effectively than common languages like BASIC and COBOL. It is impossible in principle to develop an artificial intelligence as it is sometimes understood literally (буквально), because the human brain is a very sophisticated system composed of tens of billions of interconnected cells. Each cell is extremely complex in itself A rather probable hypothesis says that an individual cell processes the signals penetrating it like a computer. Therefore, even the most sophisticated machine we may imagine cannot even be compared to the brain Man created the machine to fulfill his own requirements. A machine cannot have either human feelings, desires or emotions. Can anyone imagine a machine in love with someone? And what about the experience a person receives during his life in society through dealing all the time with purely human problems? A machine, in general, cannot think, either logically or figuratively. But nevertheless (тем не менее), the research trend of artificial intelligence will acquire ever greater importance as time goes by, because the programming and technical means of artificial intelligence will ensure us of the opportunity to associate directly with the machine without the aid of a huge crowd of engineers, economists, biologists, chemists, and many other specialists. The question of AI acquires special importance for economic planning and management. In conditions when production is becoming automated, management must become automated as well. One of the trends in AI now being intensively developed is to design so-called thinking robots, capable of a certain amount of independent activities. The model of a creative processes in computers gave birth to the term "artificial intelligence". But that doesn't mean that the computers possess it. The "intelligence" has been packed in it by an expert who developed the programme for solving some practical creative problem. Man differs from the machine in that he does not simply fulfill the programs stored in his memory, but also develops them himself, depending on the goals facing him. 30 III. Vocabulary Exercise 3. Give English equivalents of the following words and wordcombinations. Штучний інтелект; машинний інтелект; інтенсифікація творчої діяльності людини; сенсорна здібність; машини з сенсорною здібністю; впізнавати/ сприймати; экспертні системи; складна система; взаємопов’язані клітини; проникати; вимагати; вимога; роботи, що думають; проектувати роботів, що думають; творчі завдання; вирішувати творчі завдання; логіка вирішення проблеми; зосередитись на логиці; вирішення проблеми; автоматизувати; виробництво автоматизовано; экономічне планування та управління; програмувати; програми Ш.І. програмують на мові LISP, запам’ятати коди та команди. IV. Oral Practice Exercise 4. Agree or disagree with the statements: Use expressions: You are right, I agree with you, I’m afraid you are wrong, I can’t agree with you. 1. AI is a scientific trend 2. The area of application of AI is small. Exercise 5. Prove that: 1. Knowledge based systems are expert systems. 2. To program AI in LISP is effective. 3. AI techniques have some advantages. Exercise 6. Compare: 1. Man and a machine with AI 2. Two categories of AI uses Exercise 7. Comment on: 1. AI acquires special importance in economy. 2. Human brain is a sophisticated system. 31 Exercise 8. Explain: Computer doesn’t possess Intelligence. Exercise 9. Use the following words and word-combinations in your own sentences: 1. It is interesting to note that …, I don’t think …, In my opinion…, as far as I know…, 2. First of all…, to begin with … 3. Besides, in addition, furthermore,. 4. First(ly)…, second(ly)…, third(ly)… 5. But on the one hand…, on the other hand …, at the same time …, nevertheless. 6. In conclusion, in short, on the whole. Exercise 10. Speak on the topic “The 5th generation computers”. Use the chart and Ex. 9. The 5th generation computers Artificial Intelligence Scientific trend, machine intelligence Two categories of uses Robots, machines sensory capabilities, to detect, to recognize, sound, pictures Programming LISP to concentrate, problem-solving logic, BASIC, COBOL Man and machine human brain, sophisticated systems, cells, to process signals, like a computer, feelings, desires, emotions, to think, to love Knowledge based systems to develop, human experts, expert systems Perspectives of development to associate directly with a machine, without specialists, economic planning, management, to automate, thinking robots computer-aided design. 32 Application robotics, computers, engineering, economy, medicine V. Language Exercise 11. Name: a) the application areas of AI use: “is used”, “is applied”, “is employed” E.g. AI is used in teaching іграх логічному виводі Ш.І. використовується в розумінні природніх мов формувані планів створенні семантичних мереж b) the purpose of using AI E.g. AI is used for making programmes моделювання поведінки людини автоматизиванного навчання Програми Ш.І. знаходження методу рішення задачи використовуються для рішення інтелектуальних задач c) the purpose of using AI. Mind the example. E.g. The purpose is to prove theorem. to find methods for solving problem to use AI for modeling man’s behaviour The purpose is to use AI for solving intellectual problems to make programmes Exercise 12. Give the English equivalents of the following words and wordcombinations. 33 Задачі сприйняття, великий об’єм обчислень, значно більший об’єм обчислень, в процессі зорового та слухового сприйняття, на рівні підсвідомості, важко моделювати, найбільш успішний, при вирішенні (застосуванні) моделювання. VI. Oral Practice. Exercise 13. Render the text “Штучний інтелект” into English. Use the words and word- combinations given below. Штучний інтелект — це дисципліна, яка вивчає можливості створення програм для вирішення завдань. Ці завдання вимагають певних інтелектуальних зусиль при виконанні їх людиною. Зазвичай до сфери Ш.І. відносять завдання сприйняття (наприклад, зорового та слухового). Завдання сприйняття вимагають більшого об’єму обчислень. Ці обчислення виконуються в процесі зорового, слухового та інших видів сприйняття на рівні підсвідомості і тому їх важко моделювати. Мета полягає у знаходженні метода вирішення завдання і найбільш ефективного способу його виконання. Прикладами областей використання Ш.І. є : ігри, логічний висновок (inference), навчання, розуміння природних мов, формування планів, доведення теорем (theorem proving), візуальне сприйняття. Застосування Ш.І. виявляється більш успішним при вирішенні інтелектуальних завдань (наприклад, процес участі у грі або при доведенні теореми), ніж завдань сприйняття (recognition). Іноді програми Ш.І. використовуються для моделювання поведінки людини (computational psychology), а іноді для технічних використань (автоматизоване навчання — computer-assisted learning, експертні системи — expert systems). Але у більшості випадків мета полягає просто в знаходженні методу вирішення завдань. Обчислюючи методи та принципи Ш.І. знаходять застосування у завданнях обробки списків (list processing) діалогової взаємодії (interactive), створення семантичних мереж (semantic networks). 34 game – гра inference – висновок logical inference – логічний висновок teaching – навчання natural language – природні мови to make plans – формувати плани to participate – приймати участь theorem proving- доведення теорем intellectual problems – інтелектуальні завдання computational psychology – поведінка людини computer-assisted learning – автоматизоване навчання interactive – діалогова взаємодія intellectual efforts – інтелектуальні зусилля aural/ visual recognition – слухове/зорове сприйняття on the level of subconsciousness – на рівні підсвідомості to model – моделювати VII. Reading and Comprehension Exercise 14. Read the texts “Enter the intelligent computer”, “Computer with intelligence” to get the main ideas. ENTER THE INTELLIGENT COMPUTER A Japanese electronics firm claims to have made a big advance in the world race to develop a fifth-generation computer. Fifth-generation computers will be able to think, and the company has developed the first artificial intelligence in a computer with practical applications. The company says its computer is capable of designing its own super-large-scale integrated circuits. Such circuits could be designed in the past with the help of minicomputer but no computer had been able to do the work on its own. The new artificial intelligence, for which a new computer language has been developed, can also be employed in many areas of computer-aided design. 35 Computer with intelligence To counter Japan which flooded the market with articles of high technology, the Commission of European Communities (CEC) – executive body of the European Economic Community – made a decision of great importance. It decided upon developing a super-computer of its own. A team of designers were instructed to work out a program for a computer with human intelligence. The computer was supposed to be able to learn sciences, see and recognize objects and generate its own statements. The new design was intended to counterbalance Japanese attempts at creating computers possessing the functions of the human brain. The Japanese project is calculated for a 10year period. About 23 million dollars were to be allocated on the making of a new WestEuropean computer. The chief application for the new technology would be found in robotics. VIII. Reading and Discussion Exercise 16. Read the text “The Mind Machines ” and check it if you understand it. Choose the most suitable heading from the list below for each numbered part of the text. The first one has been done for you. A A horrifying history. B Bloodthirsty. C Is bigger better? D Make your brain work. E How much do we know? F The battle of the sexes. G The super computer. THE MIND MACHINE? (0 — E) Although intelligence has been studied, and the brain has been studied, there is little understanding of how the brain works to produce intelligence. This has something to do 36 with the fact that the brain contains around 100 billion cells (about the number of stars in the Milky Way). (1 — ) One of the continuing myths about the relationship between intelligence and the brain is that the brains of very clever people are somehow physically different from those of ordinary people. At the beginning of the century an American scientist called the E.A. Spitzka produced a list of the weights of the brains of important, well-known men. The heaviest brain on the list was that of Turgenev, the Russian novelist, at 200g. However, the brain of another great genius, Walt Whitman, weighed only 1282g. (2— ) There are no significant differences between the intelligence levels of males and females. However, girls under seven score a little higher than boys in IQ tests and the highest IQ recorded is that of Marylin vos Savant at 230. However, men and women do differ in the way they think. Generally, women are more skilled verbally and men do better on visual-spatial tasks. Interestingly, the fibres which join the two halves of the brain have been found to be larger in women than in men. This supports the theory that women can change from "practical" to "emotional" thinking more quickly than men. (3— ) People with mental problems have often been treated extremely badly. Two hundred years ago, the mentally ill were swung around in revolving chairs, or holes were drilled in their skulls to release evil spirits. From the 1930s, the mentally ill were subjected to electric shock therapy and lobotomy — the removal part of their brain. In the 1960s and 70s, thousands of people were given drugs to cope with anxiety and then became addicted to them. (4— ) The brain needs ten times as much blood as other organs of the body, as it can't store glucose for later use. This is different to muscles and other organs and although the adult brain makes up only two per cent of the body weight, its oxygen consumption is twenty per cent of the body 's total. 37 (5— ) There are similarities between brains and computers. Computers can do complicated calculations at incredible speeds. But they work in a fixed way, because they can't make memory associations. If we need a screwdriver and there isn't one, we will think laterally and use a knife or coin instead. Computers can't do this. In fact, it is claimed that when it comes to seeing, moving and reacting to stimuli, no computer can complete with even the brain power of a fly. (6— ) Most of our mental processes are deeply formed habits. Challenging your brain to do things differently helps it develop. Try changing routines as often as you can: take a bus instead of going by car, sit in a different chair. An extreme but useful exercise is to read something upside down — you can actually feel your brain at work. Exercise more. Good health and fitness levels give you overall improved energy which leads to better concentration. Cooking is a good all-round mental exercise. It needs mathematical, organisational and scientific skills as well as challenging memory and creative ability. Use recipes at first and then learn to guess amounts, combinations, reactions of ingredients and timing. Do puzzles and play games. Teach yourself to work out codes and expand your vocabulary at the same time. Notes: bloodthirsty — кровожерливий weight — вага mate — чоловік under 7 — до 7 років score — лічба, рахунок skilled verbally — вправний в спілкуванні, в бесіді visual- spatial — візуально-просторовий fibre — тканина to support — підтверджувати 38 screwdriver — викрутка to compete — змагатися fly — муха upside down — вверх дном to challenge — вимагати, примусити, визивати. Exercise 17. Say whether the statements are true or false. 1. Everybody knows well how the brain works. 2. The brains of very clever people are physically different from those of ordinary people. 3. There are differences between the intelligence levels of males and females. 4. There are no similarities between brains and computers. 5.Our mental processes are deeply formed habits. IX. Discussion Points 1. The brain of well-known men is larger than that of ordinary people. 2. The intelligence levels of males and females. 3. Computers and human brains. 4. How to develop brains. Use the following expressions: 1. I’d like to start… — Я б хотів розпочати з… 2. I want to call your attention to… — Хочу звернути вашу увагу... 3. I have forgotten to say that… — Я забув сказати, що... 4. You (we, I ) haven’t discussed… — Ви (ми, я) не сказали про... 5. I have a remark — Хочу зазначити ... 6. I agree with you — Я згоден з вами 7. You are wrong — Ви не праві 8. I don’t understand — Я не розумію 9. In my opinion — На мою думку 10. It’s interesting to know — Цікаво знати 11. In conclusion, in short, on the whole — На завершення 39 X. Reading and Comprehension Exercise 18. Read and translate the text “Emotional Intelligence” for 5' minutes. EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE It turns out that a scientist can see the future by watching four-year-olds with a sweet. The researcher invites the children into a plain room. You can have this sweet right now, he says. But if you wait while I go out for a few minutes, you can have two sweets when I get back. And then he leaves. Some children grab the treat the moment he’s out the door. Some last a few minutes before they give in. But others are determined to wait. They cover their eyes, they put their heads down, they sing to themselves, they try to play games or even fall asleep. When the researcher returns, he gives these children their sweets. And then, science waits for them to grow up. By the time the children reach high school, something remarkable has happened. A survey of the children’s parents and teachers found that those who as fouryear-olds were strong-minded enough to hold out for the second sweet generally grew up to be better adjusted, more popular, adventurous, confident and dependable teenagers . The children who gave in to temptation early on were more likely to be lonely, easily frustrated and stubborn. When we think of brilliance, we see Einstein − deep-eyed, wooly-haired, a thinking machine. High achievers, we imagine, were born for greatness. But then you have to wonder why, over time, natural talent seems to flower in some, yet disappear in others. This is where the sweets come in. The ability to defer gratification is a master skill, a triumph of the reasoning brain over the impulsive one. It is a sign, in short, of emotional intelligence. And it doesn’t show up on an IQ test. In his book Emotional Intelligence, Daniel Goleman argues that brain power as measured by IQ actually matters less than qualities of mind like understanding one’s own feelings, empathy − being sensitive to other people’s feelings − and the ability to manage your own emotions. EQ is not the opposite of IQ. What researchers are trying to understand is how they complement each other. Among the ingredients for success, researchers now generally agree that IQ counts for about twenty per cent: the rest 40 depends on everything from luck, to social class... and emotional intelligence. In the business world, according to personnel executives, IQ gets you a job, but EQ gets you promotions. Exercise 19. Read the text again and choose the best summary of each paragraph. Paragraph 1 a The experiment started with each child eating a sweet. b In the experiment, the children were not allowed to eat their sweets straightaway. c In the experiment, the children were promised an extra sweet if they were patient. Paragraph 2 a Most of the children decided to eat their sweet straightaway. b The researchers were most interested in the children who found ways of passing the time in order to get an extra sweet. c Once the researchers had left, many of the children forgot about the sweets. Paragraph 3 a Success in IQ tests usually means that people are successful in life. b You have to be as brilliant as Einstein to be success in life. c The scientists found that the children who were more patient were happier as teenagers. Paragraph 4/5 a IQ is still considered the most important factor for success at work. b According to Daniel Goleman, emotional intelligence is more important than IQ for success in the long-term. c People with a high IQ tend not to be very emotionally intelligent. 41 Список рекомендованої літератури 1. Смирнова Т.В. English for Computer Science Students: Учебное пособие. – М.: Флинта: Науки, 2003 – 128с. 2. Матросова Т.А. Computer World. Учебное пособие для студентов дневного отделения. ФИСТ. Ульяновск, ГТУ, 2007. 3. John Marks. Computers and Information Technology. Third Edition. Great Britain, 2007. 42 43