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Chapter 16
Endocrine & Reproductive Systems
LESSON 1: THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 3 major systems in the body work together and send messages to all cells
– nervous system, immune system, and endocrine system
 Endocrine system is especially important during teen years – regulate
growth and development
 Endocrine glands – ductless, tubeless organs or groups of cells that
secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
 Hormones – chemical substances that are produced in glands and help
regulate many of your body’s functions
 Pituitary gland – regulates and controls the activities of all the other
endocrine glands
o “master gland”
o Anterior lobe: front lobe; produces 6 hormones

Somatatrophic hormone – growth hormone, stimulates
normal body growth and development

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) – stimulates the thyroid
to produce hormones

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) – stimulates
production of hormones in the adrenal glands

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone
(LH) – stimulate all other sex hormones; control the growth,
development, and function of the gonads

Gonads – ovaries and testes

Females – FSH stimulates cells in the ovaries to
produce estrogen; LH is responsible for ovulation and
stimulates cells to produce progesterone; prolactin
stimulates milk production

Males – LH stimulates cells in testes to produce
testosterone; FSH controls the production of sperm
o Intermediate Lobe: secretes melanocyte-stimulating hormones
(MSH) – controls the darkening of the skin
o Posterior lobe: secretes antidiuretic hormone (ADH) – regulates the
balance of water in the body; also produces oxytocin – stimulates
uterine contractions during birth
 Adrenal glands – glands that help the body recover from stress and
respond to emergencies
o Adrenal cortex: inhibits the amount of sodium excreted in urine;
maintain blood volume and pressure; aids in metabolism of fats,
proteins, and carbohydrates; play role in immunity and body’s
response to stress
o Adrenal medulla: controlled by the hypothalamus and autonomic
nervous system; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

Epinephrine – increases heartbeat and respirations, raises
BP, suppresses digestive processes during high emotion
period
 Problems of Endocrine System
o Diabetes mellitus – disorder in which the pancreas produces too
little or no insulin, resulting in high blood glucose levels
o Graves disease – hyperthyroidism; overactive or enlarged thyroid
produces too much thyroxine
o Cushings disease – overproduction of adrenal hormone
o Goiter – enlargemenr of thyroid gland caused by a lack of iodine in
the diet
o
growth disorders – caused by abnormal amounts of growth
hormone
LESSON 2: THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
 Reproduction results from the union of 2 specialized sex cells
 Reproductive system – system of organs involved in producing offspring
 The male has internal and external sex organs
 Main functions of the male reproductive system
o Production and storage of sperm
o Transfer of sperm to femal during sexual intercourse
 Males reach sexual maturity – 12-15 years old
 Sperm – male reproductive cell
 Testosterone – male sex hormone
 Physical changes during puberty
o Broad shoulders
o Development of muscles
o Facial hair
o Deeper voice
 External organs
o Testes – small glands that produce sperm; secrete testosterone
o Scrotum – external skin sac; holds testes
o Penis – tube-shaped organ that extends from the trunk of the body
above the testes

Composed of spongy tissue with many blood vessels

Erection is caused by an increase of blood flow to the penis

Semen – thick fluid containing sperm and other fluids

Ejaculation – series of muscle contractions

Foreskin – loose skin over the tip of the penis

Circumcision is the surgical removal of the foreskin;
happens when the boy is a baby
 Sperm can not live in temperatures greater than 98.6 degrees
o Body temperature increases – scrotum relaxes, lowers testes
o Body temperature decreases – scrotum tightens, raises testes
 Nocturnal emission – ejaculation during sleep
 Internal organs
o Epididymis – tubes from each testes join; store mature sperm
o Vas deferens – tubes from epididymis to urethra
o Seminal vesicle – secretes fluid that nourishes sperm
o Prostate gland – secretes fluid to make semen; secretes fluid with
Cowper’s gland
o Cowper’s gland – secretes fluid to neutralize urethra before
ejaculation takes place
o Urethra – passageway for sperm to leave the body
 Proper care
o Regular check-ups every 12-18 months
o Bathe regularly
o Wear protective equipment
o Perform regular exams
o Practice abstinence
 STD’s that affect male reproduction
o Chlamydia & Gonorrhea – bacteria that causes discharge from the
penis and burning during urination
o Syphilis – bacteria that if left untreated can damage other organs
o Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, and Syphilis can be treated and cured with
antibiotics
o Genital Herpes – VIRUS; treat the symptoms but can not cure it;
YOU HAVE THEM FOREVER!!!
 Problems
o Inguinal hernia – separation of tissue that allows part of the
intestines to push into the abdominal wall near the scrotum
o Sterility – inability to reproduce; can result from too few sperm (<20
million/mL of fluid)
o Cancer – testicular cancer: 14-40 years old; prostate cancer: > 50
years old.
LESSON 3: THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
 Ova – female reproductive cells
 Uterus – hollow, muscular, ,pear-shaped organ; nourishes and protects
the fertilized ovum until birth
 Ovaries – female sex gland that stores and protects the ova
 Fallopian tubes – pair of tubes with fingerlike projections; tiny hair like
structures work with muscle contractions to move ova along
 Vagina – muscular, elastic passageway that extends from uterus to the
outside of the body
 Menstruation – shedding of uterine lining
 Endometrium – uterine lining
 Cervix – opening to uterus from vagina
 Most females have their first menstrual period between ages 10-15
 The menstrual cycle is an average 28 days
 The menstrual cycle/flow is average 5-7 days
 Care
o Bathe regularly – especially during menstrual period
o Sprays and douches are not necessary; they actually cause vaginal
irritation
o Abstinence
o Self breast exam – breast cancer is the most common cancer in
females & 2nd leading cause of death
 Female problems
o Cramps
o PMS – caused by hormonal changes
o Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) – caused by not changing tampon
regularly; rare disease, but fatal
 Problems related to infertility
o Endometriosis – the endometrium goes into the fallopian tubes
o Pelvic inflammatory disease – PID; usually caused by STD’s
o STD’s
 Other disorders
o Vaginitis – most common
o Blocked fallopian tubes – leading cause of infertility
o Ovarian cysts
o
Cancer – HPV increases chances of cervical cancer