Download Geology Final Review

Geology Final Review
1. List the sciences traditionally included in earth science.
2. What are renewable and nonrenewable resources? Give examples of each.
3. What percent of the earth’s surface is covered by water?
4. Where is most of earth’s fresh water located?
5. Define principle of uniformitarianism.
6. Explain why grass is wet in the morning.
7. Define: historical geologyPhysical geology-
8. A scientific___________ is a preliminary untested explanation which tries to
explain how or why things happen in the manner observed.
9. A mineral is sectile if the mineral can be________.
10. Two minerals having the same composition but different crystal structures are
called_________.
11. The property which involves the color of a mineral in its powdered form is
__________.
12. Minerals break into smooth curved surfaces, like those seen in broken glass, have
a type of fracture called___________ fracture.
13. The number of_______ in an atom’s nucleus determines which element it is.
14. The basic building block of a silicate mineral contains_______ silicon atom(s)
and _____ oxygen atom(s).
15. Define: hardnessCleavage16. What is the basic building block of the silicate minerals?
17. Which mineral has a hardness of:
1=
7=
9=
10=
18. List the different types of fracture.
19. What mineral is considered “fool’s gold”?
20. Which is an example of a mineraloid (pyrite, onyx, opal, tiger’s eye)
21. Define:
Specific gravity
Elastic
Flexible
Crystal form
Mineral
Native element
22. Igneous rocks form from___________________________.
23. Rocks formed when magma solidifies underneath the surface are called
__________rocks, and have ____________ mineral growth.
24. Conduit or pipe that allows magma to flow to the surface is called a ______.
25. Measure of materials resistance to flow is called ___________.
26. The Hawaiian Islands volcanic eruptions are non-violent because
27. Magma is identified or defined by the content of ____________
28. Which type of magmas can cause very violent eruptions? (two types)
29. Temperature increases with depth. This is called_________________.
30. Highly viscous magmas tend to impede the upward migration of expanding gases
which often results in ___________ eruptions.
31. The force that extrudes magma from a volcanic vent is provided by ___________
a. dissolved gases
b. gravity
c. the magma’s heat
d. the volcano’s slope
32. The type of volcano produced almost entirely of pyroclastic material is the
___________
33. Large particles of hardened lava ejected from a volcano are termed __________
34. A lava flow with a surface of rough, jagged blocks is called a (n)
35. Define:
MaficFelsicIntermediate
36. What type of volcano is Mount St. Helens?
37. Define:
LaharExtinct volcanoActive volcanoDormant volcanoNueu ardente-
CompositeCinder cone38. Which statement is most accurate regarding intrusive igneous rocks rate of
cooling and their crystal size?
a. slow cooling = larger crystals
b. rapid cooling = larger crystals
c. slow cooling = small crystals
d. none of the above
39. Intrusive rocks next to country rock have ____________ which are finer grained
rocks indicating rapid cooling.
40. This type of intrusive structure is injected into fractures that cut across rock
layers.
41. What type of igneous intrusion can be detected by the dome it creates on the
surface?
42. Forms from numerous coalesced plutons called diapiers
43. The first minerals to crystallize out of magma are those with the
_________melting temperatures
44. When melted mafic material rises and gets trapped underneath the crustal plate,
causing the felsic crustal plate to melt forming a granitic magma, is called
magmatic___________.
45. The extrusive equivalent to granite is__________.
46. What is country rock?
47. How do intrusive igneous rocks form?
48. What are chill zones?
49. Define
SillDikePartial meltingBowen’s Reaction seriesPorphyriticPhenocrystsBatholith-
50. The mechanical and chemical processes that change the character of the rock at or
near the earth’s surface is the definition of ___________.
51. Which of the following are types of mechanical weathering (mark all that apply)
a. thermal expansion
b. frost heaving
c. pounding
d. oxidation
e. all the above
52. In a desert environment which type of weathering would dominate?
53. The rounded smooth rocks found in some stream beds are formed by
a. chemical weathering
b. transportation
c. exfoliation
d. abrasion
54. Oxygen in the atmosphere combines with iron to form ___________
55. The most important source of acid in chemical weathering is from_______.
56. Calcite, limestone, and cement are very susceptible to what type of weathering?
(solution, mechanical)
57. Limestone and marble weather chemically because they are made mainly out of
___________
58. Why are many rocks weathered into a sphere shape?
59. What type of climates is chemical weathering most rapid?
60. Define:
AbrasionFrost wedgingExfoliationChemical weathering61. The most influential control of soil formation is ____________
62. Decayed organic matter in soil is called ____________
63. In a well-developed soil profile the __________ horizon is the topmost layer
64. A soil characteristic of the humid eastern U.S. is ____________
65. The controlling force of mass wasting is _____________
66. Permanently frozen ground is ___________
67. Soil carried to its present location by wind, water, and gravity is called
___________
68. Soil classification found in temperature humid climates with heavy vegetation
69. Soil classification found in arid climates
70. Soil classification found in moist tropical regions and it is not good farm land
71. Slow, down slope flow of water saturated materials common to permafrost
72. Washing out of fine soil components from the A horizon is called_______.
73. Down slope movement of rock, regolith and soil under the direct influence of
gravity
74. Which of the following are true of laterite soil
a. formed in the tropics
b. enriched in iron oxides
c. very productive agriculturally
d. when exposed to sunlight becomes hard
75. Define:
Soil creepSheet wash76. A change in grain size or change in composition usually separates
_____________
77. This type of clastic sedimentary rock has great variations in the fragments
78. The loss of overall volume and pore space as sediments are packed together is
____________
79. This law states that the layers get younger going from bottom to top.
80. This law states sediments are laid down in horizontal layers.
81. Most abundant of all sedimentary rocks is ________.
82. Sedimentary rock formed from the remains of organisms is __________
83. What type of rock are most fossils found?
84. Define:
FissilityMud cracksRipple marksLithification-