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Civilization River valley Civilizations IMPORTANT CIVILIZATIONS Location Major Characteristic Egypt, Mesopotamia, Indus River Valley, Huang He They were part of the first civilizations in which people lived in cities and developed systems of writing. Roman Empire Present-day Italy, Europe Dynastic China Asia Byzantine Empire Arab Islamic Empire At the crossroads of Europe & Asia From Spain through the Middle East to Persia (Spain, Egypt, Syria, Arabia, Persia) Mesoamerican Civilizations Present-day Mexico & Central America West African Kingdoms West Africa Advances in law and architecture enabled Romans to control a vast empire. 12 Tables of Roman Law A succession of ruling families gained power, later became weak and/or corrupt, and were then taken over by a different family promising to restore peace & prosperity. The Byzantine Empire was the Eastern half of the Roman Empire and continued for 1000 years after the fall of Rome. Known for its legal code (Justinian’s Code) , art and architecture. Arab Empire at its height (800 AD) was even larger than the Roman Empire. During the Golden Age of the Arab Empire, they excelled in math, medicine, and architecture. Pre-Columbian civilizations were highly developed with art, architecture, religion, military capability Powerful kingdoms arose around the 8th C. Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai controlled the gold-salt trade. Reason for Rise/Fall The rivers deposited rich soils in annual floods allowing farmers to grow surplus crops –making possible the rise of civilizations Reasons for decline: Political weakness Military decline Economic Problems, Invasions Dynastic system continued for thousands of years, ending in 1912 with the Manchu Dynasty’s downfall. Empire began to unravel from continuous attack by the Ottoman Turks. Reason for its rise: Islam united Arab tribes with a common religion and language (Arabic). Arabs set out on a “holy war” against nonbelievers, conquering through their desert-fighting skills & enthusiasm Invasion by Spanish and Portuguese conquerors caused decline, as did introduction of diseases for which native population had no immunity. West African civilizations were weakened by the slave trade and destroyed further by European imperialism. Belief System MAJOR BELIEF SYSTEMS Where it Was Found Present-day Israel, Lebanon and Jordan Monotheism – belief in one god Ten Commandments Old Testament (Torah) China (begun by Confucius, 551-479 BC) The role of each person is to act properly towards those with whom he/she shares a relationship. Each person should accept his role and honor others. This creates balance and harmony in the world. Mandate of Heaven All interactions based on the five relationships. Judaism Confucianism Christianity Major Beliefs or Practices Middle East Jerusalem Jesus of Nazareth India, China, Korea, Japan Buddhism Monontheism Christian Conduct – act charitably towards others Follow the New Testament and Old Testament Three main sects: Roman Catholics, Orthodox and Protestants Only by giving up worldly desires can one reach “Nirvana”, or peace Four Noble Truths Eightfold Path to Enlightenment Siddhartha Gautama- The Buddha Reincarnation – Rebirth in another life Karma Hinduism Modern India Good ‘fit’ between Hinduism and the Indian caste system Islam Islamic Fundamentalism Middle East Started by Mohammed Five Pillars of Faith: Faith, Charity, Prayer, Fasting, Pilgrimage Middle Eastern Countries – e.g., Iran Belief in returning to what they see as the basic values of Islam. Government is based on the Koran Turning Point Fall of Rome 476 A.D. Birth of Islam (622 – 632) Mongol Conquests (1200’s) European Encounter with Native Americans (1492) TURNING POINTS IN HISTORY Describing the Turning Point Because of political weakness, economic problems, military decline and invasions, Rome fell. A period of great turmoil followed. Invaders burned estates and seized Roman lands. The Emperor was overthrown. Its Impact on the World Fall of Constantinople (1453) French Revolution (1789) Perry’s Arrival in Japan (1853) Russian Revolution (1917) Dropping the Atom Bomb On Japan (1945) Dissolution of the Soviet Union (1991) Government FORMS OF GOVERNMENT Major Feature or Idea First developed in Athens in 5th C. BC Democracy System in which citizens participate in government decision making by voting. Feudalism Divine Right Absolutism Fascism Totalitarianism Examples Social & political system that often emerged in areas where central government was weak. Nobles exchanged promises of military and political support in exchange for control over vast tracts of land. Europe Monarchs justify their right to rule on the “blessing of God” LouisX IV of France Japan TYPES OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS Economic System Traditional Feudal Mercantilist Capitalist Major Features Example Communist Revolution Neolithic Revolution Commercial Revolution Scientific Revolution French Revolution MAJOR REVOLUTIONS When and Where (who) Effects/Changes/Impacts Industrial Revolution Russian Revolution Chinese Revolution Cuban Revolution Iranian Revolution MAJOR UPRISINGS Uprising or Protest Protestant Reformation (1517) Sepoy Mutiny (1857) Boxer Rebellion (1899-1900) Major Causes Major Effects