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Chapter 4 Study Guide I. The Elements of Culture A. Defining Culture Culture – the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors shared and passed on by members of a group o Involves the following factors: - food & shelter - education - religion - security/protection - relationships to - political & social family & others organization - language - creative expression Society – a group that shares a geographic region, sense of identity, and a culture Ethnic Group – a group that shares a language, customs, and common heritage o Has an identity as a separate group of people within the same region B. Culture Change and Exchange Culture can be changed by internal and external forces o Innovation – taking existing technology and resources and creating something new to meet a need. o Diffusion - is change from the outside resulting from the spread of cultural traits from one culture to another. o Culture Hearth is a place where important ideas begin and then spread to other cultures. o Acculturation - is change from within, where one culture adapts traits from another culture. C. Language Helps establish a cultural identity Language Families o Between 3,000 and 6,500 languages are spoken across the world o All languages developed from the Indo-European family o Dialect – versions of a language that reflect changes in speech patterns related to class, region, or other cultural changes. Language Diffusion o Language can be diffused (spread) in many ways: Follow trade routes Be invented Through contact between groups that blend their languages By migration D. Religion 3 Categories of Religion o Monotheistic – belief in one god o Polytheistic – belief in many gods o Animistic – belief in divine forces in nature Spread of Religion o Religions spread through diffusion or conversion E. Major Religions World’s 5 Major Religions 1. Judaism o Oldest of the Southwest Asian religions o Followers are called Jews o Monotheistic religion o Basic laws & teachings come from the holy book called the Torah o Jerusalem is the religious center 2. Christianity o Largest religion – 2 billion followers o Evolved from the teachings of Judaism o Christians o Monotheistic o Based on the teachings of Jesus Christ o Bible o Has 3 major groups: Roman Catholic, Protestant, & Eastern Orthodox 3. Islam o Based on the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad o Followers are called Muslims o Monotheistic o Worship God, who is called Allah o Holy book is the Qur’an o 2 major divisions: Sunni & Shiite 4. Hinduism o World’s oldest religion o Concentrated in India, but has followers elsewhere o Polytheistic o Divine spirit is Brahman o Caste system 5. Buddhism o Founded by Siddhartha Gautama ( Buddha or Enlightened One) o Teachings promote living to reach nirvana Other Asian Practices o Confucianism, Taoism, & Shinto II. Population Geography A. Worldwide Population Growth Birth and Death Rates 1. Birthrate - # of live births per thousand population 2. Fertility Rate – avg. # of children a woman would have in her lifetime. 3. Mortality Rate (death rate) - # of deaths per thousand people 4. Infant Mortality Rate - # of deaths among infants under age one per thousand live births 5. Rate of Natural Increase ( population growth) – subtract the mortality rate from the birthrate. o Birthrate – Mortality Rate = Rate of Natural Increase Population Pyramid o Graphic device that shows sex & age distribution of a population o Allows geographers to examine how events in society, such as wars, famine, or epidemics, affect the population of a country or region. B. Population Distribution Almost 90% of the world’s population live in the Northern Hemisphere Climate, Altitude, & access to Water, influence where people live Habitable Lands o Almost two-thirds of the world’s population live in the zone between 20˚N & 60˚N latitude o Have suitable climate and vegetation Urban-Rural Mix o More than half the world’s pop. Live in rural areas o That’s changing because more people are moving to cities Migration o Push-pull factors Push Factors – cause people to leave their homeland and migrate to another region Pull Factors – attract people to another location B. Population Density This is the avg. # of people who live in a measurable area The # is reached by dividing the # of inhabitants in an area by the total amount of land they occupy Carrying Capacity – the # of organisms a piece of land can support Factors that influence both Carrying Capacity & Population Density are: o Fertility of the land o Level of technology & Economic activities III. Political Geography A. Nations of the World State – independent unit that occupies a specific territory & has full control of its internal and external affairs o Refers to territory and govt. Nation – group of people with a common culture living in a territory and having unity. o Refers to people Nation-State – when a nation and a state occupy the same territory Types of Government: o Democracy – citizens hold political power through elected representatives.- Ex: United States o Monarchy – ruling family headed by a king or queen holds political power – Ex: United Kingdom o Dictatorship – An individual or group has complete control – Ex: North Korea o Communism – Nearly all political power and means of production are held by the govt. in the name of all people B. Geographic Characteristics of Nations Three geographic characteristics describe a country: 1. Size 2. Shape 3. Location C. National Boundaries Boundaries set limits of the territory controlled by the state Within its borders, states can: o Collect taxes o Set up a legal code o Declare an official language o Claim resources Two types of boundaries: 1) Natural Boundaries – based on physical features of the land, such as rivers, lakes, chain of mountains. o Dispute may arise if the physical feature changes 2.) Artificial Boundaries – fixed line generally following latitude or longitude lines o Conflict may arise when an artificial boundary ignores established divisions between groups of people D. Regional Political Systems Countries often are divided into smaller political units to make governing more efficient. Most common local units of government are: cities, towns, villages IV. Urban Geography A. Growth of Urban Areas Urban Geography – the study of how people use space in cities Urban Areas: o Central city – core of an urban area o Suburbs – areas that touch the border of the central city or touch other suburbs that touch the city. o Exurbs – smaller cities or towns with open land between them and the central city o Megalopolis – several metropolitan areas grow together Urbanization – the dramatic rise in the number of cities and the changes in lifestyle that result. When geographers study urban areas, they consider location, land use, and functions of the city. B. City Locations Many cities are located in: o Places that allow good transportation, such as on a river o Places with easy access to natural resources Cities may specialize in certain economic activities because of their location C. Land Use Patterns Land use patterns found in all cities are: o Residential – including single-family housing & apartment buildings o Industrial – areas reserved for manufacturing of goods o Commercial – used for private business and the buying & selling of retail products Central Business District (CBD) – core of a city based on commercial activity. o Business offices & stores o Very expensive housing D. Functions of Cities Types of Functions of a city: retail, entertainment, transportation, business, education, government, manufacturing, wholesaling, residential, recreation, religious V. Economic Geography A. Economic Systems Economic System – the way people produce and exchange goods and services. There are 4 basic types: o Traditional economy (barter) – goods & services are traded without exchanging money o Command Economy (planned economy) – govt. controls the production of goods & services o Market Economy (demand economy/capitalism) – goods & services are determined by the demand from consumers. o Mixed Economy – combination of command & market economies. All people benefit. B. Economic Activities Levels of Economic Activity o Primary Activities – gathering raw materials for immediate use or to use in making the final product o Secondary Activities – adding value to materials by changing their form. Ex: Manufacturing cars o Tertiary Activities – providing business or professional services. Ex: Teachers, Salespeople, Doctors o Quaternary Activities – provide information, management, and research services by highly-trained persons C. The Economics of Natural Resources Natural Resources – materials on or in the earth – such as trees, fish, or coal – that have economic value o 3 Types of Natural Resources; Renewable – can be replaced through natural processes. Ex: trees & seafood Non-Renewable – cannot be replaced once they’re removed from the ground. Ex: fossil fuels, petroleum, natural gas, coal – the basis of energy production Inexhaustible energy sources – used for producing power, a result of solar or planetary processes and are unlimited in quantity. Ex: sun, geothermal heat, winds, and tides D. Economic Support Systems Infrastructure – consists of basic support systems needed to keeping an economy going including: o Power o Communications o Transportation – most important system o Water o Sanitation o Education systems The more sophisticated the infrastructure, the more developed the country. E. Measuring Economic Development Per Capita Income – avg. amount of money earned by each person Gross National Product (GNP) – total value of all goods & services produced by a country over a year or some other specified time Gross Domestic Product – total value of all goods & services produced within a country in a given period of time. F. Development Levels Developing Nations have a low GDP & limited development on all levels of economic activities. Struggle with providing residents with items to meet basic needs Developed Nations have a high per capita income and varied economy. U.S., Japan, and Canada have highly developed economies