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Ch 2
Mixture and Solutions
 When elements combine to form a _______________, the elements no longer have their
original properties.
 A __________________s a combination of substance in which the individual components
______________________ properties. Ex: Sand and sugar
 A ________________ is mixture in which one or more substances (solute) are
____________________________ in another substance (solvent). Ex: Kool-aid
 *The ___________________ of solute is important to organisms
 A _____________________ is a mixture of water and nondissolved materials
Acids and Bases
 ____________________________ can occur only when conditions are right; they depend on
the pH of the environment
 ____ is a measure of how ______ or _______ a solution is/
 a _______________ with values ranging from 0 to 14 is used to measure pH
0
1
2
more acidic
3
4
5
6
7
8
neutral
9
10
11
12
13
14
more basic
 ________ is any substance that forms ___________ (H+) in water. Ex: HCl (H+) and (Cl-)
has a pH of below 7
 ________ is any substance that forms ____________(OH-) in water. Ex: NaOH (Na+) &
(OH-) has a pH above 7
 _________ dissolved compounds that control pH in the body; they are weak _________ or
_________ that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp sudden changes in pH.
Importance of Acids and Bases to Biological Systems:
 Chemical reactions in organisms depend on the _____ of the _____________________. Ex:
________________ is an enzyme that works best in the acidic human stomach
 Certain ____________ require a certain pH environment for __________________ growth
Organism A__________
Organism B ---------------
0
1 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11 12 13
14
Life Substances
1. _________________ compounds are derived from ___________ things and contain
____________
2. ________________ compounds are derived from ______________ things
 Carbon compounds : easily form __________________________ bonds to create
______________________________________________________________
 Polymerization: when a large compound (___________) is produced from smaller
compounds (_______________) as the smaller compounds are joined together.
 Macromolecules: large _____________________
 Condensation Reaction (____________________________) to make or
________________________________
3. 4 Major Organic Compounds: _________________, ________________, _____________,
_______________________
4. CARBOHYDRATES : composed of _________ in approximate ratio ___________
 Monosaccharide: ________________ molecular formula for all 3: ________________
 GLUCOSE __________________________
 FRUCTOSE__________________________
 GALACTOSE_________________________
 Disaccharides formed by 2 sugars
 Sucrose = glucose + ______________
 Maltose = glucose + ______________
 Lactose = glucose + ______________
 Polysaccharides formed by more than _________
 Starch-______________________
 Glycogen-___________________
 Cellulose-___________________
5. What makes them different from another is the arrangement of the individual atoms
(________________). _____________ - compounds that differ in structure but not in
__________________ composition.
6. LIPIDS: Fatty Compounds
 Made of ___________ with a ___________ number in __________ atoms and a
_________________ number of ______ atoms than carbohydrates. (________________)
 Examples: fats, oils, waxes (____________________________)
 Many common lipids are constructed of a unit of:
 ____________________ (3-Carbon Alcohol) combined by dehydration synthesis
 3 _______________ - hydrocarbon chain with an Carboxyl Group –COOH
 Hydrophilic End (______________________ -carboxyl end that is polar)
 Hydrophobic End (______________________-hydrocarbon end that is nonpolar)
 Functions: form much of __________________________to serve as a barrier between the
inside and outside of the cell ________________________ for cells
 Examples: _________________________________________
7. PROTEINS: _____________compounds made of _____________________
 Polymer made of _________________ (monomers); organisms have thousands of proteins
 Amino Acids: ____ different kinds that form ______________ - has 5 Groups:
 Central ___ atom
 Single ___ atom
 Carboxyl Group (_______)
 Amine group (_______)
 R group (repeating ______________ of different lengths)
 _________________: 2 amino acids bound together covalently by
_____________________(a molecule of H2O is lost) – held together by peptide bonds
 Polypeptide: a _________________ of amino acids held together by ___________ bonds
 Examples of Proteins: Insulin (___________), _________________, and _______________
8. NUCLEIC ACID: complex organic molecules that
__________________________________ in the cell.
 2 important types of nucleic acids are _____ and _____
 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): _____________________________________________
all cell activities – including ________________________
 RNA (ribonucleic acid): __________________________________________________
 Nucleotides: __________ that make up both DNA & RNA – made up of 3 main
components:
 ______________ Group
 Five-Carbon __________
 ______________Base (ring)