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Name ______________________________________________________________________________ Test Date ____________ UNIT 11 - MICROBIOLOGY I. VIRUSES (pg 478-483) Living or non-living? o Lack a ___________________________ o Do not contain _________________ for ___________________ o Lack ____________________ for protein synthesis o Do contain _______________________ o _______________________, although they require a ____________ cell Typically referred to as a _____________________ or ________________. A. Structure of Viruses The following structures are found in all viruses: Genetic Material – The genome of a virus may be either _________ or _____________, but never both. It can be ___________________________ or _______________________, ___________________ or __________________. Protein Coat – The DNA or RNA is surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid. The proteins making up the capsid are known as ________________________ and play an important role in the __________________________ of the virus. In addition, the capsid has __________________ ID tags known as ______________________ which can ________________ to enable the virus to escape detection by a host cell’s immune system. The following additional structures may be present: Viral Envelope – Many viruses have an outer membrane known as an envelope. A viral particle “steals” the components for its envelope from the host cell membrane, so a viral envelope is primarily composed of _________________. It aids in the attachment of the virus to the host cell, but a virus enclosed by an envelope is also more sensitive to __________. Examples of viruses with envelopes are _____________________________. Tail Fibers – Viruses that infect _____________________ are known as _________________. They have “tail fibers” to aid in attachment. B. Host Range The host range of a virus is the range of host cells that it can infect. It is based on a complementary fit between viral ______________________ and receptor ______________ on the host cell membrane. Some viruses have broad host ranges which can include several species; for example, swine flu and rabies Some viruses have narrow host ranges where they infect only a single species; for example, the ____________________ that attacks E. coli. Some viruses only infect a particular type of tissue or cell within a single species; for example the human cold virus infects only cells of the _____________________________; HIV binds to receptors on certain ____________________. C. Viral Replication A virus can infect a host cell and use it for reproduction in two ways: Lytic Infection – ________________________ cycle in which virus ___________________ host cell DNA. Examples are ______________________________ Lysogenic Infection – ________________________ cycle in which viral DNA is incorporated into _________________________. Examples are _______________________________________. There are two initial steps that are common to all types of viral infections: 1) Virus attaches to _______________________________ of ___________ cell. 2) Virus releases _________________________________ into cell, either by _______________________ cell or ______________________ genetic material into it. _____________ Cycle ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… _______________ Cycle D. Viruses and Disease (485-490, 503, 504, 539, 688, 690-692) All viruses are _______________________, meaning they require a living host and they cause harm to that host. 1. Herpesvirus – Group of viruses that are ___________________ and have many forms. Results in lifelong infections, although virus can move back and forth from ___________ to ______________ cycle. Group includes viruses that cause cold sores, chicken pox, genital warts, shingles, and mononucleosis. 2. HIV - ______________________________________ – Affects ___________ blood cells and immune system. The HIV virus is a _________________. Retroviruses contain ________ and the enzyme, __________________ which allows the viral RNA to be __________________ into _______. Initial symptoms are flu-like, then virus enters ___________________ cycle and replicates in lymph nodes, sometimes for years. When the HIV virus becomes active, it causes __________ - Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome. Death of the patient results from ___________________________________________________________. 3. Human Papilloma Virus – Diverse group of DNA viruses; common cause of skin warts. Danger comes from group of sexuallytransmitted HPV which can cause genital warts, but more seriously, _____________________________. Controversial ___________________ has been produced; effective against most types of sexually-transmitted HPV. 4. Other viral diseases – hepatitis, influenza, smallpox, measles, common cold, rabies, Ebola II. BACTERIA (pp. 471 - 477) Bacteria make up two kingdoms, the ________________________ and ___________________. In this unit, we will focus on the kingdom that has the greater impact on our lives, the ___________________. ___________________ ___________________ Cell Structures o Cell wall composed of ________________________. ___________________________ o ______________________ ________________________________________________ Found in region known as ________________ o _____________________________ o _____________________________ o _____________________________ o Most bacteria are motile and have one or more _______________. o May have hair-like appendages called _________ that allow bacteria to _______________ to surfaces or other _______________. o Some bacteria have an outer _________________; helps bacterial cells attach to a substrate or deter the host’s infection-fighting cells. A. Classification 1. Gram Stain Reaction - Eubacteria are organized into two groups based on differences in the amount of __________________ in their cell walls. This difference can be seen by performing a __________________. Gram-positive bacteria have a ________________ concentration of peptidoglycan and appear _______________ under the microscope. Gram-negative bacteria have more complex cell walls with ___________ peptidoglycan – they appear ____________________. Gram-___________________ bacteria are generally more resistant to _________________________. 2. Shape – Bacteria are also grouped according to their shape. There are three major shapes: _________________ _________________ ________________ B. Reproduction & Adaptations 1. Binary Fission - ______________________ reproduction in which the bacteria doubles its DNA, grows 2X its size, and then splits in half. Produces ______ _______________________ bacterial cells. 2. Adaptations for Genetic Variation Conjugation – a form of “sexual reproduction”. Involves direct transfer of a __________________ from one bacteria to another via ________________. Transformation – Direct uptake of DNA from surroundings Transduction – Use of viral ________________________ to incorporate new genetic information into bacterial genome. Often used in biotechnology as a means of having bacteria produce human proteins. to 3. Adaptations for Survival Endospores - Some bacteria are able to produce ____________________________ to survive adverse conditions. A hard, protective wall forms around the DNA of the bacteria; can survive for centuries. When favorable conditions return, the spores revive and germinate. Examples include Bacillus anthracis; Clostridium botulinum Toxin Production – Some ______________________ bacteria are able to secrete a poison known as a ______________. For example, Clostridium botulinum produces a neurotoxin that causes a very serious type of food poisoning known as ___________________________ characterized by a spreading ________________________. This powerful toxin has important uses in medicine and is also used in ________________________ procedures. C. Bacterial Diseases – tuberculosis, Lyme’s disease, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, whooping cough, tetanus, gangrene, leprosy, syphilis, diphtheria, anthrax, Bubonic plague, cholera D. Benefits of Bacteria 1. _____________________ - recycle nutrients 2. _____________________________ – All organisms require nitrogen for making _____________ and __________________ but they cannot use N2 gas from atmosphere. Bacteria convert nitrogen to a form plants can absorb. 3. Food Processing – Most bacteria can carry out __________________ in __________________ conditions. This is used to produce _____________________________________________ 4. ________________________ Inhabitants of our Digestive Tract – They help us with ___________________ and produce ________________. III. OTHER IMPORTANT MICROORGANISMS Protists o Giardia o Plasmodium Fungi o Ringworm/Athlete’s Foot Animals o Hookworm, tapeworm, Ascaris Prions