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Name ______________________________________________________________________________
Test Date ____________
UNIT 11 - MICROBIOLOGY
I. VIRUSES (pg 478-483)
 Living or non-living?
o Lack a ___________________________
o Do not contain _________________ for ___________________
o Lack ____________________ for protein synthesis
o Do contain _______________________
o _______________________, although they require a ____________ cell
 Typically referred to as a _____________________ or ________________.
A. Structure of Viruses
The following structures are found in all viruses:
 Genetic Material – The genome of a virus may be either _________ or _____________, but never both. It can be
___________________________ or _______________________, ___________________ or __________________.
 Protein Coat – The DNA or RNA is surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid. The proteins making up the capsid are
known as ________________________ and play an important role in the __________________________ of the virus. In
addition, the capsid has __________________ ID tags known as ______________________ which can ________________
to enable the virus to escape detection by a host cell’s immune system.
The following additional structures may be present:
 Viral Envelope – Many viruses have an outer membrane known as an envelope. A viral particle “steals” the components for
its envelope from the host cell membrane, so a viral envelope is primarily composed of _________________. It aids in the
attachment of the virus to the host cell, but a virus enclosed by an envelope is also more sensitive to __________.
Examples of viruses with envelopes are _____________________________.
 Tail Fibers – Viruses that infect _____________________ are known as _________________. They have “tail fibers” to aid
in attachment.
B. Host Range
The host range of a virus is the range of host cells that it can infect. It is based on a complementary fit between viral
______________________ and receptor ______________ on the host cell membrane.
 Some viruses have broad host ranges which can include several species; for example, swine flu and rabies
 Some viruses have narrow host ranges where they infect only a single species; for example, the ____________________ that
attacks E. coli.
 Some viruses only infect a particular type of tissue or cell within a single species; for example the human cold virus infects only
cells of the _____________________________; HIV binds to receptors on certain ____________________.
C. Viral Replication
A virus can infect a host cell and use it for reproduction in two ways:
 Lytic Infection – ________________________ cycle in which virus ___________________ host cell DNA.
Examples are ______________________________
 Lysogenic Infection – ________________________ cycle in which viral DNA is incorporated into
_________________________. Examples are _______________________________________.
There are two initial steps that are common to all types of viral infections:
1) Virus attaches to _______________________________ of ___________ cell.
2) Virus releases _________________________________ into cell, either by _______________________
cell or ______________________ genetic material into it.
_____________ Cycle
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
_______________ Cycle
D. Viruses and Disease (485-490, 503, 504, 539, 688, 690-692)
All viruses are _______________________, meaning they require a living host and they cause harm to that host.
1. Herpesvirus – Group of viruses that are ___________________ and have many forms. Results in lifelong infections, although
virus can move back and forth from ___________ to ______________ cycle. Group includes viruses that cause cold sores,
chicken pox, genital warts, shingles, and mononucleosis.
2. HIV - ______________________________________ – Affects ___________ blood cells and immune system. The HIV virus is a
_________________. Retroviruses contain ________ and the enzyme, __________________ which allows the viral RNA to be
__________________ into _______. Initial symptoms are flu-like, then virus enters ___________________ cycle and replicates
in lymph nodes, sometimes for years. When the HIV virus becomes active, it causes __________ - Acquired ImmunoDeficiency
Syndrome. Death of the patient results from ___________________________________________________________.
3. Human Papilloma Virus – Diverse group of DNA viruses; common cause of skin warts. Danger comes from group of sexuallytransmitted HPV which can cause genital warts, but more seriously, _____________________________. Controversial
___________________ has been produced; effective against most types of sexually-transmitted HPV.
4. Other viral diseases – hepatitis, influenza, smallpox, measles, common cold, rabies, Ebola
II. BACTERIA
(pp. 471 - 477)
Bacteria make up two kingdoms, the ________________________ and ___________________. In this unit, we will focus on the
kingdom that has the greater impact on our lives, the ___________________.
 ___________________
 ___________________
 Cell Structures
o Cell wall composed of ________________________.
 ___________________________
o ______________________
 ________________________________________________
 Found in region known as ________________
o _____________________________
o _____________________________
o _____________________________
o Most bacteria are motile and have one or more _______________.
o May have hair-like appendages called _________ that allow bacteria to _______________ to surfaces or other
_______________.
o Some bacteria have an outer _________________; helps bacterial cells attach to a substrate or deter the
host’s infection-fighting cells.
A. Classification
1. Gram Stain Reaction - Eubacteria are organized into two groups based on differences in the amount of __________________
in their cell walls. This difference can be seen by performing a __________________. Gram-positive bacteria have a
________________ concentration of peptidoglycan and appear _______________ under the microscope. Gram-negative
bacteria have more complex cell walls with ___________ peptidoglycan – they appear ____________________.
Gram-___________________ bacteria are generally more resistant to _________________________.
2. Shape – Bacteria are also grouped according to their shape. There are three major shapes:
_________________ _________________
________________
B. Reproduction & Adaptations
1. Binary Fission - ______________________ reproduction in which the bacteria doubles its DNA, grows 2X its size, and then
splits in half. Produces ______ _______________________ bacterial cells.
2. Adaptations for Genetic Variation
 Conjugation – a form of “sexual reproduction”. Involves direct transfer of a __________________ from one bacteria to
another via ________________.
 Transformation – Direct uptake of DNA from surroundings
 Transduction – Use of viral ________________________ to incorporate new genetic information into bacterial
genome. Often used in biotechnology as a means of having bacteria produce human proteins. to
3. Adaptations for Survival
 Endospores - Some bacteria are able to produce ____________________________ to survive adverse conditions. A
hard, protective wall forms around the DNA of the bacteria; can survive for centuries. When favorable conditions return,
the spores revive and germinate. Examples include Bacillus anthracis; Clostridium botulinum
 Toxin Production – Some ______________________ bacteria are able to secrete a poison known as a
______________. For example, Clostridium botulinum produces a neurotoxin that causes a very serious type of food
poisoning known as ___________________________ characterized by a spreading ________________________.
This powerful toxin has important uses in medicine and is also used in ________________________ procedures.
C. Bacterial Diseases – tuberculosis, Lyme’s disease, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, whooping cough, tetanus, gangrene, leprosy,
syphilis, diphtheria, anthrax, Bubonic plague, cholera
D. Benefits of Bacteria
1. _____________________ - recycle nutrients
2. _____________________________ – All organisms require nitrogen for making _____________ and __________________
but they cannot use N2 gas from atmosphere. Bacteria convert nitrogen to a form plants can absorb.
3. Food Processing – Most bacteria can carry out __________________ in __________________ conditions. This is
used to produce _____________________________________________
4. ________________________ Inhabitants of our Digestive Tract – They help us with ___________________ and
produce ________________.
III. OTHER IMPORTANT MICROORGANISMS
 Protists
o Giardia
o Plasmodium
 Fungi
o Ringworm/Athlete’s Foot
 Animals
o Hookworm, tapeworm, Ascaris
 Prions