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Test Study Guide
Causes of WWI
M. Militarism –
A. Alliances –

Who were in the Triple Alliance?

Who were in the Triple Entente?
N. Nationalism –
I. Imperialism –
Spark that started the war (event):
Who were the Central Powers?
Who were the Allied Powers?
Which country switched sides?
What is trench warfare?
Name FOUR weapons/technology used in the war and DESCRIBE how they were used:
 1.
 2.
 3.
 4.
What led the United States to enter into World War 1? (At least two events)
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What is Communism?
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What was the main cause of the Russian Revolution?
Describe the following people:

Nicholas II

Karl Marx

Vladimir Lenin
Advantages
Command Economy
Free Market Economy
Disadvantages
1.
1.
2.
2.
1.
1.
2.
2.
What caused the Great Depression?
Who was the president during the depression? Who became president at the end of the depression?
Define the following terms:

Immigrant

New Deal

Dust Bowl
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Russian Revolution
Russian Revolution:
Poor leadership caused the Bolshevik R.E.V.O.L.T. in 1917
R. Rasputin’s influence over the Czar
E. Every landless peasant demanded land
V. Violence broke out over bread shortages and military
defeats
O. Overthrow of provisional government was led by the
Bolsheviks
L. Lenin promises “Peace, Land, Bread”
T. Tzar’s Incompetence
Fall of the Tzar
 Rasputin – Mystic leader of the Romanov’s increasing influence
 Food and Fuel Shortages
 Mounting defeats in WWI
 Strikes and riots broke out across the country
 March Revolution – spontaneous uprising of working people and soldiers
 March 15, 1917 Czar Nicholas Abdicates (steps down)
Provisional
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2.
3.
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5.
Lenin
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2.
3.
Government
Temporary Central Government
Mostly made up of Middle Class Duma reps.
Alexander Kerensky – Prime Minister
Big Mistake: Didn’t withdraw from the war
Challenged by Petrograd Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies (Mensheviks & small number of
Bolsheviks)
Leader of the Bolsheviks
Bolsheviks beliefs: small number of professional revolutionaries would lead a VIOLENT revolution
against Aristocrats (Noblemen & Lords), and Middle Class
Promised: Peace, Land, and Bread
Bolshevik Revolution – Nov. 1917
Leader – Vladimir Lenin
Slogan – “Peace (end war), Land (give more land to the peasants), Bread (food)”
Coup d’état – sudden overthrow of the government by people from with the country
Socialist state – No private property, economic equality for all citizens (distribution of land to peasants,
worker control of factories)
*Based on the ideas of Karl Marx and Communism
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk –
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**Lenin wanted to concentrate on stabilizing their government and economy
 Peace treaty between Germany and Russia, ending Russian participation in the WWI
 Russians lose much of western territory and 1/3 of population
 Germans get land from Russia
 Allows Germany to concentrate on western front
Civil War
Red Army (communists) vs. White Army (liberal democrats, moderate socialists, and royalists)
Leon Trotsky – communist leader of the Red Army
White Army defeated
Lenin establishes communist control throughout Russia
End of war
 2nd Battle of the Marne (July 1918)
o Ferdinand Foch puts 200K new U.S. soldiers intermixed with experienced soldiers
o Pushes German army out of France to German border
o German Generals tell Kaiser Wilhelm II war can’t be won
 Austria-Hungary quits (Oct 1918)
 German soldiers revolt (Nov 1918) “ No more fighting” – Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates
 Nov. 11 – Armistice day – Germans agree to end fighting
Effects of WWI
o 9 Million soldiers dead
o 21 Million soldiers wounded
o 13 Million civilians were dead of disease or starvation
o Armenian genocide by Ottoman Turks – massacre of 500K-1M Armenians for their support in helping the
Allies
o Absolute Monarchies in Europe destroyed
o Increased political and social instability
WWI
o
o
o
different from other wars:
Number of casualties
Use of new technologies
Scope of war – number of countries involved
 Colonies participated in hopes of gaining their independence
 Asian and African colonies expected citizenship or independence
 Arabs wanting freedom from Ottoman Turks helped the British
o Amount of destruction
Woodrow Wilson’s (US President) 14 points – peace plan
o Freedom of the seas and trade
o Arms limitations
o End to secret alliances
o Self-rule for all nations
o No punishments to Germany
o League of Nations – an organization of world nations to settle future problems peacefully
Paris Peace Conference – delegates from 27 nations signed the Treaty of Versailles
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o
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“Big Four” - George Clemenceau (France), David Lloyd George (Britain), Vittorio Orlando (Italy), Woodrow
Wilson, (US)
Central Powers not invited
Each nation had differing goals, Wilson had to compromise on his 14 Points
Five different Treaties signed with each of the Central Powers ( including a separate one with newly
created Hungary)
Most Important – Treaty of Versailles with Germany
Treaty of Versailles – the treaty was a R.A.W. deal for Germany
R. Reparations were forced on Germany
o German war reparations – $33 B
A. Allies Punish Germany - took German land/limit German military
o German army reduced,
o German weapons - can’t manufacture or buy weapons, no airforce
o German to return Alsace-Lorraine to France
o France gets control of Saar Basin (rich in coal deposits)
o Occupation of the Rhineland
o Germany stripped of Colonies
W. War Guilt was forced on Germany
o Germany must sign “war blame” clause
New nations established
o Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Poland
 Yugoslavia created a united Slavic country on the Balkan Peninsula
Other nations not granted independence
o Ottoman Empire partitioned by France and Great Britain
 mandates were created over territories in the Middle East (Palestine, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria)
 Arabs did not receive independence that G.B. had promised
o France and Great Britain did not give independence to colonies