Download Unit F

Unit F: Muscular System
Program Area:
Health Occupations Education
Course Title:
Allied Health Sciences I
Unit Title:
Muscular System
Suggested
Time for
Instruction:
Number: 7211
5 class periods (90 minute classes)
11 class periods (55 minute classes)
Course Percent:
5%
Unit Evaluation:
100% Cognitive
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Competency:
1H06. Analyze the anatomy and physiology of the muscles.
Specific Objectives:
1H06.01
Explain the structure of the muscles.
1H06.02
Analyze the function of the muscular system.
1H06.03
Discuss characteristics and treatment of common muscle
disorders.
Summer 2005 F.1
Unit F Master Outline
F.
Muscular System
1H06.01
Describe the structure of the muscles
A. Muscles
1. Nearly half our weight comes from muscle tissue
2. There are 650 different muscles in the human body
3. Muscles give shape and form
4. Muscles produce body heat
B. Types of muscles
1. Voluntary
a. Skeletal – muscles attached to bone
b. The sarcolemma is the cell membrane
2. Involuntary
a. Smooth (visceral) – found in internal organs
b. Cardiac – found in heart
3. Sphincter – circular muscles in openings between esophagus and
stomach, anus and urethra
C. Principal skeletal muscles
1. Biceps brachii
2. Brachioradialis
3. Buccinator
4. Deltoid
5. Diaphragm
6. External oblique
7. Hamstrings
8. Gastrocnemius
9. Gluteus maximus
10. Gluteus medius
11. Intercostal muscles
12. Latissiumus dorsi
13. Masseter
14. Pectoralis major
15. Quadriceps femoris
16. Rectus abdominus
17. Rectus femoris
18. Sartorius
19. Soleus major
20. Sternocleidomastoid
21. Tibialis anterior
22. Trapezius
23. Triceps brachii
24. Vastus lateralis
25. Vastus medialis
Summer 2005 F.2
1H06.02
Analyze the function of the muscular system
A. Responsible for:
1. Body movement
2. Posture
3. Body heat
B. Types of muscles
1. Voluntary
a. Skeletal – muscles attached to bone
b. The sarcolemma is the cell membrane
2. Involuntary
a. Smooth (visceral) – found in internal organs
b. Cardiac – found in heart
3. Sphincter – circular muscles in openings between esophagus and
stomach, anus and urethra
C. Characteristics
1. Contractibility – muscle becomes shorter and thicker causing muscle
movement
2. Excitability – respond to stimuli
3. Extensibility – ability to stretch muscles
4. Elasticity – ability to return to original length
D. Movement
1. Muscles move bones by pulling on them
2. Groups of muscles usually contract to produce a single movement
a. Motor unit – a motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers it stimulates
b. Neuromuscular junction – junction between the motor neuron’s fiber
which transmits the impulse, and the muscle cell membrane
c. Acetylcholine – chemical neurotransmitter, diffuses across the
synaptic cleft (carries impulse across synaptic cleft)
d. Muscle fatigue – caused by the accumulation of lactic acid in the
muscles
e. Oxygen debt – after exercise, the amount of oxygen needed by the
muscle to change lactic acid back to glucose
3. Diaphragm – dome-shaped muscle, separates abdominal and thoracic
cavity, aids in breathing
E. Muscle tone – muscles slightly contracted and ready
F. Exercise and training
1H06.03
Identify characteristics and treatment of common muscle
disorders
A. Conditions
1. Atrophy – wasting away of muscle due to lack of use
2. Hypertrophy – an increase in the size of the muscle cell
B. Injury and overuse
1. Strain – muscle tear, symps are pain and swelling, Rx – ice packs
2. Muscle spasm (cramp) – sustained contraction of muscle
3. Myalgia – muscle pain
4. Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon
Summer 2005 F.3
Unit F:
Muscular System
Competency 1H06:
Analyze the anatomy and physiology of the muscles.
Materials/Resources
Scott, Ann Senisi and Elizabeth Fong. Body Structures & Functions. Delmar Publishers, Latest
Edition. www.DelmarAlliedHealth.com
National HOSA Handbook: Section B. Published by HOSA, Flower Mound, Texas. Current
Edition. www.hosa.org
Teaching/Learning Indicators: The following letters are used to indicate specific
skills/areas required in the instructional activity.
R
W
M
H
Reading
SS
Social Studies
Writing
S
Science
Math
A
The Arts
Health professional/parent/community involvement
Summer 2005 F.4
Objective 1H06.01
Describe the structure of the muscles
Teaching/Learning Activities

S, R
Basic Skills
Working alone, in pairs, and in small groups, have students complete the
activities on the “Reading Guide” (Appendix 1H06.01B) for the Muscular System.
Students are to work at their own pace. Pairs and teams need to be assigned prior
to starting the activities.
 Cognitive
S
Have students color the muscle diagram (Appendix 1H06.01C).
 Basic Skills S, A, W
Have students write a story about their favorite hobby or sports activity using the terms
from the Muscle System terminology list. (Appendix 1H06.01A) Students should NOT tell
what the activity is, but should write a short story that describes the muscles they use as
they do their activity.
Then, have students read their stories in class, and see if classmates can guess what
their hobby is.
 HOSA S
Have each student write five fill-in-the-blank questions related to the structure of the
muscles. Then, using HOSA Bowl guidelines, play HOSA Bowl.
Note: If you do not have a buzzer system you may substitute a bell.
 Cognitive S
Have students use 10 of 30 given terms (Appendix 1H06.01A) to form a crossword
puzzle. Use definitions as the clues and terms as the answers.
 Special Needs
Each student will reach the highest level of mastery in the least restrictive environment as
recommended in the student’s IEP.
Summer 2005 F.5
Objective 1H06.02
Analyze the function of the muscular system
Teaching/Learning Activities
 Cognitive
S
Have students participate in a teacher-led discussion of the function of the muscular
system. (Transparency masters - Appendix 1H06.02A
Have students complete the “Muscle Function Matching”. (Appendix 1H06.02B)
 Critical Thinking
S
Have students create a game dealing with the topic “muscular function.” Included
in the game should be instructions and materials necessary to play the game.
Upon completion, students will bring the game to class for fellow classmates to play.
 Basic Skills S, M
Answer the muscle math worksheet found in the appendix. (Appendix 1H06.02C)
 Team Work S
Working in pairs, have students perform exercises as listed in “The Power System.”
(Appendix 1H06.02D) Students should alternate reading and performing tasks.
 Critical Thinking S, A, SS
Teacher or students can take a dance and write the instructions using movement terms,
muscles, and bones. It works out well for students or teachers to write the instructions
and then cut up the instructions giving each student a different step or movement of the
dance. Each student demonstrates their movement. Finally you put the steps in order,
add the music and dance!
(An example of this with the Macarena is included in Appendix 1H06.02E)
 Special Needs
Each student will reach the highest level of mastery in the least restrictive environment as
recommended in the student’s IEP.
Summer 2005 F.6
Objective 1H06.03
Identify characteristics and treatment of common
muscle disorders.
Teaching/Learning Activities
 Employability
S, H
Invite a chiropractor, massage therapist, physical therapist or local health spa
representative to speak to your class. Discuss common muscle disorders.
 Teamwork
S, R, W, SS
Divide students into teams of 4 and provide time for teams to visit the media center to find
information on genetic testing and muscular dystrophy.
Allow students to debate the topic in class, with 2 teams to debate at a time. One team
will be pro and one will be con. Debate the following topic: According to genetic testing,
you carry the defective gene for muscular dystrophy. Gene manipulation costs $100,000
and is experimental. What do you do? What if this person was a family member?
 Critical Thinking
S
Divide students into groups of 2-3 members. Assign each group one of the following
muscular system diseases/conditions:
Sprain
Muscular dystrophy
Strain
Myalgia
Muscle spasm
Bursitis
Give groups an assigned amount of time to review their disease/condition. Then, let one
group at a time go in front of the class. Allow the class at large to ask them 5 questions of
the yes/no variety. The class may not ask for the name of the disease/condition, but
questions should lead to discovery of disease. For example: Are you an injury?
Note: Bursitis is addressed in Body Structures and Functions.

HOSA
S, W, SS
Have students research various careers related to the muscular system (physical
therapist, orthopedist, athletic trainer, chiropractor, exercise physiologist, occupational
therapist, massage therapist, etc.)
Using the HOSA Competitive Events Guidelines, have student work in pairs and
create a career health display, This display should have information about
the education, duties, job opportunities, etc. of the selected career.
 Special Needs
Each student will reach the highest level of mastery in the least restrictive environment as
recommended in the student’s IEP.
Summer 2005 F.7
Unit F: Muscular System
Terminology List
1. acetylcholine
2. biceps brachii
3. brachioradialis
4. buccinator
5. cardiac muscle
6. contractability
7. deltoid
8. diaphragm
9. elasticity
10. excitability
11. extensibility
12. external oblique
13. hamstrings
14. gastrocnemius
15. gluteus maximus
16. gluteus medius
17. intercostal muscles
18. involuntary
19. latissimus dorsi
20. masseter
21. motor unit
22. muscle fatigue
23. muscle tone
24. neuromuscular junction
25. oxygen debt
26. rectus femoris
27. pectoralis major
28. quadriceps femoris
29. rectus abdominis
30. sarcolemma
31. sartorius
32. skeletal muscle
33. smooth muscle
34. soleus major
35. sphincter
36. sternocleidomastoid
37. tibialis anterior
38. trapezius
39. triceps brachii
40. vastus lateralis
41. vastus medialis
42. voluntary
Disorders and Related Terminology
1.
2.
3.
4.
atrophy
hypertrophy
muscle spasm (cramp)
myalgia
5.
6.
Appendix 1H06.01A
Summer 2005 F.8
strain
tendonitis
Name _______________________________________________ Date ____________
Reading Guide: The Muscular System








Alone
Small Groups
Pairs
Whole Class
Skim quickly through pages 92 - 111 in your Body Structures and Functions book. Look
at pictures and headings. Write down what you think this section will be about. (10 pts.)
Discuss and write down all you already know about the following topics before you
began your reading.
1.
What are the 3 types of muscle? (2 pts.)
2.
How are the types of muscles alike and how are they different? (2 pts.)
3.
How do skeletal muscles work? (2 pts.)
Whisper read (read softly together) pages 93 to the top of page 97 (stop when you get
to the section “ Sources of Energy and Heat.”) (4 pts.)
With your hand on your biceps, bend your arm upward at the elbow. Describe what you
feel related to the biceps muscle. (5 pts.)
Summer 2005 F.9



Design your own skeletal muscle on a piece of 8” x 10” white paper. Label and define
its parts including: origin, insertion, body, and tendons. Describe what movements your
muscle will cause. (20 pts.)
Read pages 97 to the top of page 99. (5 pts.)
Review with your partner information on these pages. Be sure to have a clear
understanding of the following vocabulary words: (2 pts. each)
motor unit
neuromuscular junction
acetylcholine
muscle fatigue
muscle tone
isotonic contractions
isometric contractions

Jake has decided to improve his appearance by exercising. He would like to build up
his chest and shoulder muscles so he looks better in the tank tops he is fond of wearing.
He has decided to play racquetball everyday as his primary training program because
he knows that he will use his upper body muscles in this sport. After his first game of
racquetball, you ask him how he likes his new sport and he can hardly answer you - he
seems out of breath.
Is Jake’s plan likely to help him meet his goal? How do you explain his breathing
difficulties? (10 pts.)
Summer 2005 F.10


One of you needs to stand in a doorway and with your palms against the doorjamb for 2
minutes. After the 2 minutes is up, have your partner step away and relax their arms (
let them go limp.) What happened and why do you think it did happen? (10 pts.)
Congratulations! The four or five of you at the Muscular Moving Ad Agency have been
hired to produce a brochure which will provide a luxury tour through the Muscular
System. You must highlight the trendy spots, spotlight the exciting activities, and also
warn the prospective guest of any dangers or special precautions they might need to
take. You may us drawings, computer graphics, photographs from magazines, etc.
Whenever possible, type all written parts of the brochure. BE CREATIVE! You will
present you brochure to the class and they will vote on which team gets the contract.
Include a lot of your vocabulary words. (20 pts.)
Appendix 1H06.01B
Summer 2005 F.11
Muscle Anatomy
Color the following structures – and be sure to identify
your color scheme.
















Vastus medialis
Tibialis anterior
Trapezius
Sartorius
Biceps brachii
Triceps brachii
Rectus femoris
Rectus abdominis
Deltoid
Pectoralis major
Sternocleidomastoid
Brachioradialis
External oblique
Vastus lateralis
Gastrocnemius
Soleus major
Appendix 1H06.01C
Summer 2005 F.12
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
“the power system”
MOVEMENT
1. Muscles move bones by pulling on them.
As a muscle contracts, it pulls the
insertion bone closer to the origin bone.
Movement occurs at the joint between the
origin and the insertion.
2. Groups of muscles usually contract to
produce a single movement.
3. When the antagonist muscles contract,
they produce a movement opposite to
that of the prime movers.
Summer 2005 F.13
MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS

Muscle Tone
In order to function, muscles should always be
slightly contracted and ready to pull.
Muscle contractions may be isotonic or
isometric.

ISOTONIC CONTRACTION
When muscles contract and shorten. (Walk,
talk, etc.)

ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION
When the tension in a muscle increases but the
muscle does not shorten. (exercises such as
tensing the abdominal muscles.)
Appendix 1H06.02A
Summer 2005 F.14
Muscle Function Matching
1._____Extends femur and rotates it
A. gluteus medius
2._____Flexes thigh and extends leg
B. sartoris
3._____points toes and flexes lower leg
C. rectus abdominis
4._____Helps with breathing
D. deltoid
5._____Raises ribs and helps with breathing
E. biceps brachii
6._____Flexes and rotates thigh and leg
F. gluteus maximus
7._____Extends the lower arm
G. sternocleidomastoid
8._____Abducts the upper arm
H. diaphragm
9._____Abducts and rotates thigh
I. rectus femoris
10.____Compresses abdomen
J. gastrocnemius
11.____Flexes upper arm and helps abduct it
K. trapezius
12.____Compresses and closes lips
L. intercostals
13._____Flexes and rotates the head
M. orbicularis oris
14.____Moves the shoulder and extends the head
N. triceps brachii
15.____Flexes lower arm
O. pectoralis major
Appendix 1H06.02B
Summer 2005 F.15
Answer Key to Muscle Function Matching Exercise
1. F
2. I
3. J
4. H
5. L
6.B
7. N
8. D
9. A
10. C
11. O
12. M
13. G
14. K
15. E
Summer 2005 F.16
Muscle Math
Round answers to the nearest whole number.
1.
What percentage of muscle weight would you have if 60 pounds out of 140
pounds is muscle weight?
2.
If you know out of 140 pounds, 60 pounds is muscle weight, what is the muscle
weight of a 200 pound male?
3.
What would the muscle weight be on an 80 pound female? (Use information
from #1)
4.
If muscle weight is 90 pounds, how much does the person weigh?
5.
If muscle weight is 45 pounds, how much does the person weigh?
Appendix 1H06.02C
Summer 2005 F.17
Answers to Muscle Math
1. 451
2. 86 pounds
3. 34 pounds
4. 210 pounds
5. 105 pounds
Summer 2005 F.18
The Muscular System
“The Power System”
Working in pairs, perform the following exercises. Alternate one reading the task
and the other performing it. Make sure both of you could demonstrate these
tasks in front of the class if asked to. You may use your
textbook if you need a reference for the muscles.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Abduct fingers.
Flex right forearm
Adduct arm
Flex leg.
Extend leg.
Flex fingers
Contract diaphragm.
Contract diaphragm.
Contract masseter.
10. Flex masseter.
11. Flex foot.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Extend foot.
Flex pectoralis major.
Contract gastrocnemius.
Contract tibialis anterior.
Extend quadriceps.
Flex biceps.
Contract abdominal muscles
Flex and rotate sartorius.
Extend/contract gluteal
maximus.
21. Extend trapezius.
22. Contract/abduct deltoid.
Appendix 1H06.02D
Summer 2005 F.19
Skeletal System and Muscle System Review
   The Macarena   
1.
Extend right Latissimus Dorsi and Triceps and abduct to the front of your body.
Metacarpals , carpals, and phalanges should be pronated.
2.
Extend left Latissimus Dorsi and Triceps and abduct to the front of your body.
Metacarpals, carpals, and phalanges should be pronated.
3.
Extend right Latissimus Dorsi and Triceps and abduct to the front of your body.
Metacarpals, carpals, and phalanges should be in supination.
4.
Extend left Latissimus Dorsi and Triceps and abduct to the front of your body.
Metacarpals, carpals, and phalanges should be in supination.
5.
Flex right Biceps and place right phalanges and metacarpals on left scapula.
6.
Flex left Biceps and place left phalanges and metacarpals on right scapula.
7.
Rotate right arm about 90 degrees, flex right biceps, and place right metacarpals and
phalanges on occipital bone.
8.
Rotate left arm about 90 degrees, flex left biceps, and place left metacarpals and
phalanges on occipital bone.
9.
Extend right Latissimus Dorsi and with right Biceps slightly flexed, adduct and place right
metacarpals and phalanges on left ilium.
10.
Extend left Latissimus Dorsi and with left Biceps slightly flexed, adduct andplace left
metacarpals and phalanges on right ilium.
11.
Extend right Latissimus Dorsi and with right Biceps slightly flexed, rotate the right Deltoid
90 degrees and place right metacarpals and phalanges on right gluteus medius.
12.
Extend left Latissimus Dorsi and with left Biceps slightly flexed, rotate the left Deltoid 90
degrees and place left metacarpals and phalanges on left gluteus medius.
13.
Rotate gluteus maximus and gluteus minimus as well as the entire pelvis three times.
14.
Plantar-flex bilateral metatarsals and phalanges. Flex hamstring muscles bilateral while
rotating self a quarter turn to the side. Extend quadriceps group and start over.
Appendix 1H06.02E
Summer 2005 F.20
Unit F: Muscular System
OVERHEAD TRANSPARENCY
MASTERS
Summer 2005 F.21
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
“the power system”

Nearly half our weight comes from muscle tissue.

There are 650 different muscles in the human body.

Muscles give us form and shape.

Muscles produce most of our body heat.
THREE MAIN FUNCTIONS
1. Responsible for all body movement.
2. Responsible for body form and shape (posture)
3. Responsible for body heat and maintaining body
temperature.
SKELETAL
TYPES OF MUSCLES
SMOOTH
CARDIAC
Summer 2005 F.22
Skeletal Muscle






Attached to bone
Striated (striped) appearance
VOLUNTARY
Multinucleated muscle cell bundles (muscle cells
= muscle fibers)
SARCOLEMMA = cell membrane
Contract quickly, fatigue easily, can’t maintain
contraction for long period of time
Smooth Muscle






Visceral (organ) muscle
Found in walls of digestive system, uterus and
blood vessels
Cells small and spindle-shaped
INVOLUNTARY
Controlled by autonomic nervous system
Act slowly, do not tire easily, can remain
contracted for long time
Cardiac Muscle





Found only in the heart
Striated and branched
Involuntary
Cells are fused – when one contracts, they all
contract
Involuntary
Summer 2005 F.23
= special circular muscles in openings
of esophagus and stomach, stomach
and small intestine, anus, urethra
and mouth.
CHARACTERISTICS OF MUSCLES

CONTRACTIBILITY – the ability of a muscle to
reduce the distance between the parts of its
contents or the space it surrounds.

EXCITEABILITY (IRRITABILITY) – the ability to
respond to certain stimuli by producing impulses.

EXTENSIBILITY – the ability to be stretched.

ELASTICITY – ability of muscle to return to its
original length when relaxing.
Summer 2005 F.24
MOVEMENT
2. Muscles move bones by pulling on them.
As a muscle contracts, it pulls the insertion bone
closer to the origin bone. Movement occurs at the
joint between the origin and the insertion.
Rule: A muscle’s insertion bone moves toward its
origin bone.
2. Groups of muscles usually contract to
produce a single movement.

MOTOR UNIT – a motor neuron plus all the
muscle fibers it stimulates.

NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION – the junction
between the motor neuron’s fiber which transmits
the impulse – and the muscle cell membrane.

ACETYLCHOLINE – chemical neurotransmitter,
diffuses across the synaptic cleft (carries impulse
across synaptic cleft)

MUSCLE FATIGUE – caused by the accumulation
of lactic acid in the muscles.
Summer 2005 F.25

OXYGEN DEBT – after exercise, the amount of
oxygen needed by the muscle to change lactic
acid back to glucose.

MUSCLE TONE - When muscles are slightly
contracted and ready to pull.

DIAPHRAGM – Dome-shaped muscle that
separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities,
aids in breathing
Diaphragm
flattens when you
breathe in.
Summer 2005 F.26
Summer 2005 F.27
Summer 2005 F.28
Disorders and Related Terminology
ATROPHY – wasting away of muscle due to lack of
use.
HYPERTROPHY – an increase in the size of the
muscle cell.
STRAIN – tear in the muscle resulting from excessive
use. Bleeding inside the muscle can result in pain
and swelling. Ice packs will help stop bleeding and
reduce swelling.
MUSCLE SPASM (cramp) – sustained contraction of
the muscle, usually because of overuse.
MYALGIA – muscle pain
TENDONITIS – inflammation of a tendon
Summer 2005 F.29