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I. The Colonies
English Civil War around 1600 resulted in persecution of Puritans, so Puritans emigrated.
1607 - Virginia - London/Plymouth Co.
1587 - Roanoke
1607 - Jamestown of Chesapeake, John Smith
1609 - Virginia Co., more settlers came
1609-1610 - Starving time, 90% death rate
1610 - Priate land ownership
1612 - John Rolfe, tobacco farming
Headright - 50 acres for every adult who settled
1619 - Virginia House of Burgesses, first slaves
1624 - Virginia Co. goes bankrupt, becomes Virginia crown colony
1640 - Powhatan, Susquehanna defeated
1676 - Bacon's Rebellion
Deog Indians attacked
Bacon was angry that Governor Barkley tried to appease Indians
Bacon raised army, overthrew Barkley, burned the town
1620 - Plymouth - Pilgrims (Puritan separatists or Congregationalists)
Pilgrims had permission to settle in Virginia but landed in Massachusetts
Mayflower Compact - set up a goverment outside jurisdiction of Virginia Co.
Squanto, friendly Indians
William Bradford - 2nd governor of colony
1621 - became a chartered colony
1625 - Charles I
1629 - Massachusetts Bay Colony - Puritans (non-separatists)
1630 - first settlement of over 1000 (largest single migration)
1630 - set up own government
Each town had own little government, self-governed
Only elect ("Saints") could hold public office, which caused frequent divisions
1635 - Connecticut - Thomas Hooker and his congregation
Hooker broke from the Massachusetts colony government
1639 - Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
1662 - recognized as a colony and given royal charter
1635 - Rhode Island - Roger Williams and followers
Williams broke from Massachusetts government
Bought land from Indians to found town of Providence
1644 - obtained royal charter
Only American colony with complete religious freedom
1629 - Maine and New Hampshire
Separated from Massachusetts by the Council of New England
1639 - New Hampshire - followers of Anne Hutchinson (Anti-Nomianists)
John Mason was governor
John Wrainwright started the colony
1679 - recognized as a colony
1675 - King Phillip's War
Wompanowags - Massachusetts had tried to assert court jurisdiction over Indians
Lasted 1 year, ended with help from Mohawks
1632 - Maryland
Established for Catholics, proprietary
Led by a noble with charter
Founded by George Calvert
1649 - Act Concerning Religion established religious freedom
1624 - New Netherlands - Dutch
Colony in the New York area
Peter Stuyvesant was governor
1642 - English Civil War
1647 - Cromwell became Lord Protector
1660 - Stuart Restoration (King Charles II took over)
1663-1665 - Carolinas
Charles II paid off 8 supporters by giving them the Carolinas
These 8 sold land to settlers, set up headrights, government, etc.
All but one of the 8 eventually quit, had to pay colonists
1690 - Charleston
John Locke drew up Fundamental Constitution for Carolina (never actually instituted)
Carolina split into North and South
Southern region had ties to sugar islands
Northern region was mostly farms
Conflicts between rich South and poor North
1729 - English Crown divided colony into NC and SC
1664 - New York
Proprietary with rich noble class (like Carolina)
1664 - British took New York from Dutch
Charles II gave his brother (Duke of York) the NY area
Dutch already owned the NY region
1664 - British sailed into harbor
Dutch colonists hated their governor Stuyvesant
Dutch threw the governor off the dock and surrendered to British
1673 - Dutch retook New Amsterdam
1674 - British recaptured New Amsterdam and renamed it New York
Conflicts between land-owning and poor
1685 - New York was the most populous colony
1702 - New Jersey
Duke of York gave this region to two of his friends
1702 - New Jersey declared a separate colony
1681 - Pennsylvania
Charles II gave land to William Penn
Penn founded a colony for Quakers
Religious freedom, no church heirarchy
1682 - Philadelphia was built, but no one lived there
1701 - Charter of Liberties
Established representative government
Allowed counties to form new colonies
1703 - Delaware
County that broke away from Pennsylvania
1773 - Georgia
Queen Anne's War (1701-1713) showed need for a buffer for Carolinas
Founded by a charity
Military - protected Carolinas from Spanish Florida and Indian raids
Founded by Oglethorpe
Resettled poor and criminals, colony was tightly disciplined
No slaves, no alcohol, no catholics
Colony leadership broke down
Residents wanted to own slaves
People angry at Oglethorpe's dictatorship
1750 - end of ban on slavery
1752 - English King authorized an elected government for colony
II. English Involvement in the Colonies
Colonies were left almost independent until 1690 (Restoration in England)
Colonial economics:
Triangle Trade
Caribbean (molasses)
-> to colonies (rum)
-> to Africa (slaves)
-> Caribbean (molasses)
Northern colonies economy:
Shipbuilding, distilling, various industry, only small farming
Southern colonies economy:
Cash crops - tobacco, rice, indigo, cotton
Great Awakening (1730-40) - Methodism (John Wesley)
Inspired by Moravians
Sense of piety, but no Puritan elect
Democratic
Involved many different colonies working together
Glorious Revolution (in England)
James II ousted, William & Mary took throne
No children, so crown went to Hannovers: Anne, George I-III
Brough imperialism, more control over colonies
Colonial government before war:
1686-1692 - Dominion of New England
Massachusetts & other New England colonies unified under Gov. Andros
Ended when James II ousted
Plymouth & Massachusetts combined
1707 - Privy council given authority over colonial assemblies
1754 - Albany Convention
Proposal for unified government in colonies
Only northern and middle colonies attended
Would have combined some colonial independence with some federal control
Never put into effect
Seven Year's War / French & Indian War
Iroquois worried about English expansion into Ohio Valley, allied with French
Phase I - little British involvement, colonials losing to Iroquois
1754 - Ohio Valley (French & Iroquois vs. English)
Fort Necessity (Washington & Virgina army) vs. Fort Dusquesne
Washington's surrender
Phase II - British involvement
1756 - England allied with Prussia
1757 - William Pitt became Sec. of State
Brought war under British control
Drafted colonials, sparking riots
Phase III - war turned over to colonial legislatures (1758), colonials start winning
1759 - James Wolfe captured Quebec, turning point in war
1760 - French in North America surrendered
1760 - George I took throne
1763 - Treaty of Paris
France lost Canada & territory E of Mississippi to British
France lost New Orleans & territory W of Mississippi to Spain
France lost some Caribbean islands to British
1763 - Colonists had own government & army, no longer felt British, Britain decided to bring colonies under
federal control
1763 - Proclamation Line - no westward settlement
1763 - Navigation Acts
Passed by William Pitt & George III
Meant to tax colonies and increase British trade
Sugar Act (1764)
Enforced tax on molasses
Created vice-admiralty courts
British judges tried colonials
No juries
Made it illegal to buy goods from non-British Caribbean colonies
Currency Act
Outlawed paper colonial money
Made colonies dependent on British money
Stamp Act (1765, under Prime Minister Grenville)
All legal documents had to be on special British paper
Caused riots
Mutiny Act (1765)
Colonials had to provide housing & food for British troops in America
Created standing army in colonies (there had never been a standing army in England)
When colonies protested acts, British repealed them but replaced them with similar acts
Virginia Resolutions - Patrick Henry spoke against Stamp Act
Stamp Act Congress (1765) - organized by James Otis
Sons of Liberty
Organized by James Otis
Fomented riots
Burned custom houses with the paper
1766 - Parliament repealed Stamp Act, passed Declatory Act
Declatory Act (1766)
Declared Parliament had power to tax colonies
New York Act (1767, under Prime Minister Charles Townshend)
Disbanded NY colonial assembly
Punishment because NY had not obeyed Mutiny Act
Townshend duties
Taxed paper, lead, tea, paint (quasi-luxury items)
1768 - Boston Circular Letter urged colonies not to import goods taxed by Townshend duties
New York, Boston, Philidelphia agreed to non-importation
1770 - Prime Minister Lord North repealed Townshend duties except for tea tax
March 1770 - Boston Massacre
British soldiers worked cheap, taking jobs from colonials
Colonials provoked soldiers
Killing of colonials outraged colonies
Political theories
Hobbs - need absolute leader to force people to be civilized
Locke - contract theory of government
1772 - Gaspee Incident
British customs ship ran aground
British crew went ashore for help
Colonials burned ship and sank it
Colonials were tried in England
1773 - Tea Act
Gave East India Co. monopoly
Made it illegal to buy non-British tea
Forced colonists to pay tea tax
Dec. 16, 1773 - Boston Tea Party - tea boycott
1774 - Coercive Acts
Shut down Boston harbor
Disbanded Boston assembly (it moved and restarted)
Removed power of colonial courts to arrest royal officers
1774 - Quebec Act
Allowed French-Canadians more self-government
Gave Canada the Ohio Valley
Recognized Roman-Catholic church
Made colonists think the king wanted to impose Catholicism on colonies
1772 - Committee of Correspondance
Started about Gaspee attackers
Protest letters by colonists
Sept. 1774 - First Continental Congress
Virginia supported Boston against Coercive Acts
Concern about how Britain had dissolved NY, Boston, & Virginia assemblies
Rejected plan for unified colonial government (Albany Plan)
Made statement of grievances against crown
Resolution for military preparedness
Created Continental Association to inforce non-importation
Voted to meet again (made it a continuing organization)
Conciliatory Acts (under Prime Minister William Pitt)
Cancelled Coercive Acts
News did not reach colonies until after Lexington & Concord
Lexington & Concord - start of Revolutionary War
III. Revolutionary War
Two main conflicts for colonies:
Achive home rule
Decide who would rule at home
After Lexington & Concord battles, King George declared colonies in rebellion
Olive Branch Petition
Colonies offered to be loyal if Crown fixed grievances
Britain sent no reply
British hired German troops - Hessians
Britain built up Boston blockade
"Common Sense" pamphlet
Influenced Americans towards independence
Spoke against monarchy
July 2, 1776 - Motion of Virginia
Virginia moved that colonies declare themselves independent
July 4, 1776 - Declaration of Independence
Justified the Revolution
Nov. 1777 - Articles of Confederation
Foreign military experts aided the Colonials:
Baron von Steuben
Marquis de Lafayette
France aided colonies with money and weapons
France hoped a colonial victory would help them regain Canada
Spring 1776 - Washington sent to Boston to break blockade
Continental army about one-third the size of British army
Benedict Arnold - Siege of Quebec
Ethan Allen
Took Ft. Ticonderoga and Crown Point
Prevented British attack down Hudson River to New York
Stole cannons, which Washington took to Boston
British evacuated Boston, but took New York
New York was a haven for Loyalists
Became center of British operations
Gen. Howe (British) chased Washington around New England until winter
Battle of Saratoga - Gen. Bergoyne (British) defeated
Gen. Howe turned over command to George Clinton
Winter 1776 - Washington crossed Delaware River
Dec. 26, 1776 - Washington launched surprise attack on British
Day after Christmas, British were still too drunk to fight well
1777 - British realized they could not acheive quick victory
New plan - split colonies in half from New York
1777 - Adams and Franklin sought and received more aid from France
1778 - British switched their attention to the South
British expected to find Loyalists in South, but didn't
Cornwallis and Clinton (British) vs. Nathaniel Green (Continental)
British spent most of their time wandering around the South looking for the Continental Army
Dec. 1778 - British captured Savannah
1780 - British captured Charleston
Clinton went back to New York
Cornwallis marched to Virginia, headed towards New York
Yorktown - Cornwallis became trapped there
Cornwallis decided to dig in and wait for naval reinforcement
French navy (lead by DeGrasse) blocked his escape
Oct. 19, 1781 - Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown
Franklin, Adams, and John Jay in France
France wanted Canada and Gibraltar for Spain
Continental delegates left discussion
France received only Guadelupe from the Revolutionary War
Treaty of Paris (1783)
Recognized colonies' independence
Granted colonies territory from Canada to Florida, Atlantic Ocean to Mississippi River
No reparations (penalties) for war
Aftermath of Revolutionary War
American Indians lost all support from British
Loyalists were transported to Nova Scotia, where many died
Most of America's ruling class (landed elite, associated with Crown) left colonies
Tradesmen and professionals (mostly lawyers) moved into leadership roles
First stirring of abolitionism and suffrage
First move towards manufacturing/industry within the colonies
State governments created
Most had weak executive branch, religious freedom
Property was required to vote
Massachusetts - first constitution with direct election of governor
Some states outlawed slavery (Pennsylvania and Massachusetts)
Articles of Confederation
Federal government controlled war and foreign policy and issued money
Federal government could not regulate trade, draft troops, or levy taxes
Each state had 1 vote in government, 9 had to agree for majority
Ohio Valley - an Articles of Confederation success
Claimed by New York, Massachusetts, and Virginia
Federal government convinced all three to give up their claims
States agreed not to claim land west of the Appalachians
Under Articles of Confed., federal government controlled land in Ohio Valley
Northwest Ordinance
Federal government carved up Ohio Valley, planned development, sold land
Criteria for statehood - population of 60,000 and a petition
Indian removal program in the Appalachians
Creek War (1790)
Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)
Anthony Wayne defeated Indian coalition
Shay's Rebellion - an Articles of Confederation failure
1786 - Shay wanted tax and debt relief, more money
Federal government had trouble raising army to put down rebellion
1787 - Shay defeated in battle, but some of his demands were enacted
Washington felt that country needed a new government
Annapolis Convention
Five states attended
Recommended that all states meet and find ways to improve Articles of Confed.
Washington supported motion
Constitutional Convention (May - Sept. 1787)
All states except Rhode Island attended
Virginia Plan vs. New Jersey Plan
Great Compromise, 3/5 Clause
Bill of Rights was discussed but not included in final draft
Short terms for House of Rep. members (2 years), long terms for Senate (6 years), President's term in the middle
(4 years)
Ratification Conventions (1788)
Constitution sent out to each state to ratify
Conventions were held by the people of the state, not the state legislatures
Antifederalists opposed the Constitution
Antifeds in New York and Virginia opposed it
Federalists promised to add a Bill of Rights to get ratification
Rhode Island was last state to ratify (only 9 states needed for majority)
12 Amendments passed (only 10 ratified) - Bill of Rights
Judiciary Act of 1789 - created federal judiciary
Cabinet created - Sec. of State, Sec. of War, Sec. of Treasury, Attorney General, Postmaster
Bond issue - how to pay off war debt
Question was whether to repay bonds at face value
Hamilton wanted bonds paid at face value
Hamilton - leader of Federalists, also favored tariffs, excise tax on whiskey
Whiskey Rebellion
Western farmers in Penn. refused to pay whiskey tax
Washington led militia to put down rebellion
Much easier to put down than Shay's rebellion, thanks to Constitution giving federal government more power
New states - Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee
Foreign affairs under Washington
French-English war - U.S. remained neutral
Jay's Treaty
Took no action against British attacks on neutral American ships
Very unpopular because it was amicable to England
Pickney's Treaty (1795, with Spain)
Gave U.S. transport rights on Mississippi River
Allowed U.S. to store goods in New Orleans
Election of 1796
Southern Federalists didn't support Hamilton, Northern Federalists didn't support Pickney
John Adams (Federalist) elected
Downfall of Federalists
Adam's repressive laws
Alien Act - discouraged immigration
Sedition Act - got a few news reporters arrested
XYZ Affair
U.S. Ambassador to France turned away
France would only talk to him in exchange for bribes
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Prompted by Alien and Sedition Acts
Said that states could nullify federal laws
Fights in Congress over Alien and Sedition Acts, other partisan issues
"Tongs incident" - a Federalist congressman from Connecticut and an Antifederalist from Vermont attacked
each other with cane and fireplace tongs during a heated debate
IV. The Jeffersonians
Public education improved after Revolutionary War
1780-90 - educational opportunities for women and American Indians expanded
By 1800 there were 22 public colleges
Benjamin Rush - founded first medical school, taught sanitation
Early American cultural movements
Hartford Wits - poets
Joel Barlow - "The Columbiad"
Mason Weems, Life of Washington - fictionalized biography
Second Great Awakening
Congregational Church was breaking up, new churches emerged
Unitarian and Universalism
Started in Kentucky in 1801, based on Methodism, Baptism
Completely democratic church system - open to Indians, Blacks, women
Salvation through good works, tolerance of all Protestant sects
Eventually replaced by factory system
Neolin and Handsome Lake
Native American preachers
Handsome Lake encouraged Indians to adopt white way of life
Early American industrial advancements
Cotton gin - made low-grade cotton and slave labor viable
Oliver Evans - steam engine and auto flour mill
Lancaster Pike (1818) - road across Pennsylvania
Fulton & Livingston - steamboat
Merchant marines took over French and English shipping lanes
Growth of cities
Philadelphia was largest city in U.S.
Next largest were New York, Baltimore, Boston, and Charleston
Pierre L'enfant - D.C. architect
Election of 1800 ("Revolution of 1800")
Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) vs. Burr (D-R) vs. Adams (Federalist)
Jefferson and Burr tied, Jefferson won in House of Representatives vote
Jefferson's administration
Spoils system - Jefferson fired Federalist office holders and replaced them
Jefferson scaled down federal government, armed forces, judiciary
Barbary War
Sultan at Tripoli cut down U.S. flag to provoke U.S.
War was never declared, but some skirmishes
Barbary reduced bribe rates and U.S. agreed to pay
Impeachment of Samuel Chase - politically motivated
Toussaint L'Ouverture - led slave revolt in Santo Domingo
Soured Napoleon on colonies
Prompted sale of Lousiana to U.S. for $15,000,000
Louisiana became first Louisiana Purchase state
Exploration - Lewis & Clark to Washington state, Pike in the southwest
Spain ended Pickney Treaty, forbade U.S. to enter New Orleans
U.S. fleet threatened New Orleans
Essex Junto - extreme Federalists
Lead by Aaron Burr (Jefferson's vice president)
Wanted New England to secede (1805)
Hamilton-Burr duel
Burr ran for New York governor and lost, blamed Hamilton for spreading bad PR
1804 - Burr shot Hamilton in duel, fled, and joined mercenaries
Burr claimed he was going to conquer Mexico
U.S. thought he was going to lead a secession movement in the territories
1806 - Burr tried for treason and aquitted
French/English War became Napoleonic Wars
1805 - Trafalgar - England wiped out French fleet
1806 - Napoleon's Continental System
Closed continental Europe to all ships that had docked in England
1807 - Blockade by England
Only ships that had docked in England could trade in Europe
Chesapeake-Leopard incident
Chesapeake refused to allow British to board (because of impressment)
Leopard opened fire
U.S. expelled all British ships from U.S. waters
Britain apologized for the incident
1807 - Embargo, Enforcement Act
No ships could leave U.S.
1809 - Non-intercourse Act
Prohibited trade with France and England
1810 - Macon's Bill No. 2
U.S. would resume trade with whichever nation lifted its restrictions first
France lifted restrictions, and U.S.-French trade resumed
1811 - Embargo against England only
Tippecanoe
William Henry Harrison, governor of Indiana
Weakened tribes, looked to England and Spain for aid
The Prophet - preacher, Tecumseh - Shawnee chief
Wanted to unite tribes
1811 - Harrison defeated Indians at Tippecanoe
War movement
War with England would be excuse to annex Florida from Spain, Englands ally
Ambitious war supporters hoped to annex Canada as well
War Hawks - Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun
1810 - U.S. siezed western Florida and annexed it
War of 1812
1812 - U.S. invasion to Canada defeated
U.S. naval victories on Great Lakes
Tecumseh defeated U.S. in Illinois
1813 - Tecumseh killed at the Battle of Thames
1814 - Jackson defeated southern Indians at Battle of Horseshoe Bend
British burned Washington, D.C. and raided costal towns
1814 - Jackson seized Florida, U.S. turned back British invasion of New York
1815 - Battle of New Orleans
Dec. 1814 - Hartford Convention
Discussed secession, proposed amendments, right of nullification
Destroyed Federalists
1814 - Treaty of Ghent
Signed by John Q. Adams, Henry Clay, Albert Galatin
Return to status quo
1815 - Treaty gave U.S. right to trade freely in British empire
1817 - Rush-Bagot Treaty
Disarmed Great Lakes, later expanded into unarmed U.S./Canadan border
War of 1812 opened up West to settlement, but ended hope of conquering Canada or Florida
Post-war economic developments
1819 - Brief post-war depression caused by overproduction
War increased textile mills in New England, cotton production in South
1816 - Many tariffs passed to protect U.S. production
Canal and road systems expanded
Great Migration
From New England to Ohio Valley
From South to Mississippi, Louisiana, and Missouri
Four new states - Indiana, Mississippi, Illinois, and Alabama
1821 - Mexico won independence from Spain, weaker government
American fur trappers moved into southwest
Stephen Long
Explored middle of Louisiana Purchase (Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado)
Claimed land was worthless - "Great American Desert"
Era of Good Feelings
Post-war economic growth and prosperity
Only one political party (Republican)
James Madison (president 1808 - 1816)
Made John Q. Adams his Secretary of State
Included different regions/parties in his staff
James Monroe (president 1816 - 1824, kept John Q. Adams as Sec. of State)
1818 - Spain had Seminoles raid U.S.
John Q. Adams ordered Jackson to seize Spanish forts in North Florida
Convinced Spanish they could not defend Florida
1819 - Adams-Onis Treaty
Spain gave Florida to U.S.
U.S. gave up claims to Texas to Spain
1819 Depression ended Era of Good Feelings
Blamed on banks, but was really caused by overproduction
1819 - Missouri controversy
Missouri had slaves, but Northerners opposed adding Missouri as a slave state
Federalists used controversy as an issue to gain power
Rufus King (Federalist) ran against Madison
Issue resolved when Maine applied for statehood as a free state
1820 - Missouri Compromise
Missouri and Maine both became states
Southern border of Missouri would be cut-off line for slavery
Monroe Doctrine
Many Latin American countries were declaring independence
U.S. feared European nations would move in and take over the new democracies
1823 - France authorized to invade Spain and take over to end civil war
U.S. feared France would also take over Spanish colonies
Monroe Doctrine
Attempts by Europe to interfere in Western Hemisphere would be taken as threat to the U.S.
At the time, mostly just a show of nationalism
Whig Party formed from remains of Federalist Party
Election of 1824 - John Q. Adams, Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson, William Crawford
Jackson got the most votes, but no one got a majority
"Corrupt Bargain"
Clay gave his support to Adams
Adams made Clay his Secretary of State
American System (Henry Clay)
Foster U.S. manufacturing with high tariffs
Strengthen National Bank
Direct federal financing of internal improvements (Madison had vetoed a bill for financing internal improvements
with federal money)
Adams prevented from actually implementing American System
Jackson's supporters filled Congress and voted against it
Only the tariffs were enacted
1828 - Tariff of Abominations
Election of 1824 - Jackson won by a large margin
V. Jackson and the Age of the Common Man
Jackson and the common man
First president to hold mass meetings
Gave speeches to crowds (in the style of the Second Great Awakening)
Voting restrictions finally abolished with Jackson's election
Earlier elections had required property or money to vote
Thomas Door
Formed People's Party (Doorites) in Rhode Island
1840 - Drafted a new egalitarian constitution, proclaimed themselves new federal government
Presidential primaries
1832 - Anti-Masons party held the first formal primary election
Before this, caucuses of party elite selected the candidates
President Jackson
Believed in states' rights and strong executive
John C. Calhoun - Jackson's VP and his main opponent
Calhoun's nullification doctrine - compromise to prevent secession
Martin Van Buren - Encouraged the Jackson/Calhoun split, became Jackson's right-hand man
Peggy Eaton Affair
Peggy had supposedly had affairs with Eaton and Jackson
She married Eaton (Secretary of War), but other cabinet wives didn't accept her
Jackson ordered federal staff to accept her, all complied but Calhoun
Jackson/Calhoun split - Jackson turned support to Van Buren
Nullification crisis
North was trying to slow western development
South and West joined forces against North
Nullification debates, South Carolina stopped collecting tariff
Force Bill - Jackson forced Carolina to pay tariff
Clay's Compromise
South Carolina would repeal tariff nullification
Congress would lower tariff
South Carolina nullified Force Act (Just to have the final word)
Indian Removal
Jackson vs. Indian tribes
1831-2 - Black Hawk War
Sauks fought over the treaty ceding land to the U.S.
Sauks were defeated, last major Indian war
1830 - Indian Removal Act - transport southern tribes to Oklahoma
Five Civilized Tribes
Cherokee, Creek, Chocktaw, Chicksaw, Seminole
Farming tribes in the South that adopted White customs
1834 - Indian Removal Act enacted with removal of Chocktaws
1838 - Trail of Tears
Some Cherokees fled to North Carolina reservation, but otherwise removal was complete
1835 - Seminole War
Osceola (Seminole chief) stabbed removal treaty with a knife
Most Seminoles captured and transfered by 1842
Indian removal opened up land for Southern planting
War on the National Bank
Jackson had vendetta against Nicholas Biddle, head of National Bank
Daniel Webster and Henry Clay supported bank
1832 - National Bank's charter expired
Congress renewed the charter
Jackson vetoed the renewal
Pet Banks
National Bank still operated for a few years after 1832, but Jackson removed federal funds
Jackson transfered federal funds to state banks run by Jackson and supporters
Jackson fired a few Secretaries of Treasury over the removal
Finally, Sec. of Treasury Roger Taney agreed to remove federal funds to pet banks
Jackson later made Taney Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
National Bank collapsed from loss of federal funds
Election of 1832
Clay ran against Jackson on the National Bank issue, but lost
Clay's loss was partly because third party candidates stole votes
Political parties of the Jacksonian period
Two main parties
Democratic-Republicans
Jacksonians - favored common man
Mainly Westerners and rural Southerners
Whigs
Favored businesses
Mainly New Englanders and wealthy Southerners
Major Whig leaders - Clay, Webster, Calhoun
Represented middle, New England, and rich South, respectively
No clear presidental candidate
Webster was an alcoholic, Clay and Calhoun lacked broad appeal
Clay ran and lost three times
Both parties favored economic expansion
Third parties
Anti-Masonic
Right-wing Whigs, conspiracy theorists
Anti-immigrant (German and Irish main immigrants at this time)
Election of 1836
Martin Van Buren (Dem.) vs. Henry Clay, Hugh Lawson White, William Henry Harrison (all Whigs)
Martin Van Buren won
Whig vote split between three candidates
Van Buren not a great speaker, but a great manipulator, also had Jackson's support
Panic of 1837
Partly caused by destruction of National Bank
Briefly held off by surplus from sale of western lands
Specie circular
Issued by Jackson
Said that government land could only be bought with specie
Stopped land sales
Brought economy to a standstill
1840 - U.S. Treasury Department created to hold federal money
Near-war with Canada (late 1830s)
Part of Canada rebelled against Commonwealth government
Rebels used U.S. ships to run guns
British attacked one such ship, Caroline
An American was killed
U.S. tried British soldier for murder
New York jury acquitted him
Aroostook War
Prompted by Caroline incident and lumberjack fight
Election of 1840
Martin Van Buren (Dem.) vs. William Henry Harrison (Whig)
Van Buren was hated by this time, Harrison won
Log Cabin and Hard Cider campaign
Van Buren portrayed as an aristocrat, Harrison as a simple rural man
Actually, Harrison was from a rich plantation family
Vp John Tyler
Southerner, former Jacksonian
Took over when William Henry Harrison died months after the election
Raised tariffs
Did not recharter U.S. Bank
Whole cabinet resigned over bank issue
Tyler replaced them with Jacksonians
Pro-states' rights, appointed Calhoun to cabinet
1842 - opened U.S.-China trade, which helped economy
Immigration
U.S. population quadrupled between 1800 and 1840
Immigration increased in 1830s, mostlty Irish and German
Irish settled mainly in cities, Germans in West
Transportation
Before 1820, turnpikes were main transport routes
After 1820, canals and steamboats were main transport routes
Erie Canal (1825)
Connected Albany, NY to Lake Ontario
Transport from New York to Ohio Valley and Chicago
Railroads became major in 1840s, linked with canals
All of North and Northwestern states linked by 1850
Created strong North-Northwest ties
British and French built and owned early American railroads
Technology
1839 - vulcanized rubber (Goodyear)
1844 - telegraph (Samuel Morse), more widely used in North than South
1846 - rotary printing press (Richard Hoe)
1846 - sewing machine (Elias Howe)
Industry
1830s - more companies - stock companies
1830s - factory system
Interchangeable parts, steam-engine-powered machines
Lowell, Massachusetts textile mills
U.S. became a manufacturing center - textiles, shoes, guns, iron, tools
Unions
First formed among textile women
1842 - Commonwealth v. Hunt declared unions legal
Unions formed for cattle ranchers, textile workers, stonecutters
Society
More urban population, individualism
Fewer extended families - nuclear family became more important
"Cult of domesticity" stressed nuclear family, defined male/female roles
1837 - Mt. Holyoke, first women's college founded
American upper class developed, led to concern for lower class, reform movements
Frontier - "Safety valve", less social unrest
Southern Life
Economy organized around cash crop agriculture
1840s - mechanical reaper invented (Cyrus McCormic)
Mechanized farming
Cotton was primary crop - more profitable than industry
Cotton production and slave ownership increased from 1820s to 1860s
Society
Aristocratic plantation society, very little middle class
Few cities, mostly widespread farms
Little contact between neighbors
Little need for railroads, river transport was available to main ports
Slavery
Slavery less oppressive before 1800, became increasingly dehumanizing 1800-1860s
Slaves couldn't own property, be educated, or testify in court
Slave owners not legally responsible for killing or injuring slaves
In cities, slaves worked menial/factory jobs
Better hours and lifestyle than that of plantation slaves
As number of free blacks increased, white Southerners feared rebellion
Passed laws to oppress blacks in general
Slave revolts
1800 - Richmond, VA, led by Gabriel Prosser
1822 - Charlestown, SC, led by Denmark Vessey
1831 - Southern VA, let by Nat Turner
Nat Turner's insurrection was the only slave revolt that wasn't put down before it started
Reform movements
Abolitionism, women's movements, aid for poor, better treatment for insane
Socialist communities
Fourier Experiment, Owen's city of "New Harmony"
Complete failures
Mormons - Joseph Smith
Started in New York, moved west
1844 - Smith arrested for treason and killed by a mob
Brigham Young - moved Mormon community to Utah
Abolitionists
1817 - American Colonization Society
Back-to-Africa movement, bought African land and formed Liberia
Not a very feasible plan
William Lloyd Garrison
Wrote for abolitionist paper and founded "The Liberator"
Wrote about slavery from Blacks' point of view
Believed in abolition and not gradual emancipation
Lost support when he started calling for overthrow of the government
Frederick Douglass
Escaped slavery 1838
Joined abolitionists and started "North Star"
Henry Beecher - preacher, Harriet Beacher Stowe's father
Elija Lovejoy - martyr
Prigg v. Pennsylvania
Ruled states were not required to assist each other in return of slaves
Northern states began passing laws that made escaped slaves free
Liberty/Free-Soil Party - run by James Birney
Uncle Tom's Cabin (1851) by Harriet Beecher Stowe
Protections for slavery
States' rights
With states' rights, federal government could not outlaw slavery
Westward expansion
Expansion of slavery into western states gave slave states more power
Westward expansion
John L. O'Sullivan - "Manifest Destiny"
Henry Clay opposed manifest destiny, felt it would bring out North-South conflicts
Election of 1844
Henry Clay (Whig) vs. James Polk (Democratic-Republican) vs. James Birney (Liberty)
Polk believed in manifest destiny, wanted to annex Texas and Oregon
James Birney ran on anti-slavery platform, stole votes from Clay
Texas
Mexican government invited Americans to settle Texas
Mexico wanted a buffer between their land and the U.S.
Americans clashed with Mexican government, tried to become independent
Mexico banned further immigration (unsuccessfully)
Santa Ana
Dictator of Mexico, established control over Texas
Planned to intimidate the Texans into submission
Stephen Austin
Leader of the Texas immigrants
His arrest led to guerilla fighting
1863 - Texas declared independence, Santa Ana invaded
Battle of the Alamo - Texans wiped out
Goldiad - Texans surrendered, Santa Ana had them executed
Battle of San Jacinto
Texas army led by Sam Houston wiped out Mexican army
Santa Ana recognized Texan independence, Mexican government did not
Texas applied for annexation to the U.S.
At first, U.S. worried about angering Mexico
Then U.S. worried whether to make Texas slave state or free
1845 - Tyler annexed Texas just before leaving office
Oregon
1818 - Joint occupancy (Britain/U.S.) of Oregon
1820s and 30s - American settlers moved into Oregon
1840s - American settlers formed the majority in Oregon
Polk wanted to annex Oregon
Wanted to show Britain that U.S. was serious about expansion
(Mexican-American war cause)
54-40 or Fight!
Debate over where to draw line between Canada and Oregon
1846 - British offered to compromise at 49 degrees latitude, Congress agreed
VII. The Sectional Crisis
Wilmot Proviso
Attached the to bill that approved the treaty with Mexico
Would have outlawed slavery in the territory gained from Mexico
Election of 1848
Polk didn't run
Lewis Cass (Democrat) vs. Zachary Taylor (Whig) vs. Martin Van Buren (Free-Soil)
Free-Soil wanted Willmont Proviso
Taylor was elected
1848 - Gold Rush - gold discovered at Sutter's Mill in California
Debate over how to handle slavery in new states
Missouri Compromise ended at Louisiana Purchase boundaries
Taylor thought new states should be allowed to decide for themselves whether to be slave or free
The South blocked admission of California & New Mexico
Compromise of 1850 (the Great Compromise) by Henry Clay
1. California admitted as a free state
2. Rest of Mexico cession territory would decide slave status for itself
3. Texas would agree to arbitrary border, with New Mexico between TX and CA
4. Slave trade outlawed in District of Columbia
5. More effective Fugitive Slave Law
Debate between Clay, Calhoun, & Webster
During summer Clay got sick, Webster became Sec. of State, and Calhoun died.
More debate between Jefferson Davis (South) & Stephen Douglas (North)
Purely sectional arguments
Eventual agreement
Presidential Opposition to Compromise of 1850
Taylor planned to veto because it gave in to sectional arguments
Taylor died (1850) before he could veto it
Millard Fillmore took over
Fillmore passed bill, both sides were happy (for the moment)
Election of 1852 - Democrat (Franklin Pierce) vs. Whig vs. Free-Soil
Whig & Free-Soil split vote, so Pierce won
Democrat tended to be the party of the South, but Pierce was a Northerner
North was against Fugitive Slave Law, Wisconsin declared it unconstitutional (1857)
Young American Movement
Pierce's plan to end sectionalism
Diverted attention by focusing on West, nationalism, expansion
Ostin Manifesto (1848)
Pierce advocated annexing Cuba
North was afraid that he would add it as a slave state
1854 - U.S. annexed Hawaii
Hawaii added as a free state
Small movement for trying to annex Canada
Kansas-Nebraska Act - 1854
Repealed Missouri Compromise, which had made Kansas and Nebraska free states
Allowed Kansas and Nebraska to choose their slave status
Outraged the North and destroyed Whig party
Whigs and Free-Soil combined to form Republican party
Kansas Civil War
Caused by the Kansas-Nebraska Act
Northerners & Southerners poured in to try to influence vote
Each side tried to intimidate other into leaving
Territorial elections, Kansas, 1855
Slavery won by 6,000 votes (when there were only 15,000 registered voters)
Missourians had crossed border and voted illegally
Free-Soilers held their own vote & voted for free state
Pierce recognized the pro-slavery vote, touched off civil war
Pro-slavery marshal arrested Free Soil leaders
John Brown killed pro-slavers in Lawrence
Murdered their families, too
Hacked up the bodies and left them in street as a warning
Cassius Clay - 1830s, published an anti-slavery newspaper in Kentucky (border state)
Anti-abolitionists increased racism in arguments
Brooks-Sumner Affair
Sumner (Northern senator) gave speech against Brooks (Southern senator)
Brooks beat Sumner with cane, crippling him
Election of 1856
John Buchanan (Democrat) versus John Freemont (Republican)
Buchanan's platform - no strong opinions on issues
Freemont was guy who had declared CA independent during Mexican-American War
Whigs didn't support Freemont, Buchanan won
Buchanan - weak president who tried not to offend anyone
Dred Scott decision - Supreme Court
Slave did not become free just by entering slave state
Overruled all Northern laws that made escaped slaves free
Kansas constitution
Buchanan supported introduction of Kansas as slave state
Kansas constitution was pro-slave
People voted down that version of the constitution
Pro-slavers claimed vote fraud
Lee-Compton Constitution re-submitted and rejected
With no constitution, Kansas couldn't become a state
1858 - Abraham Lincoln elected to Congress
Lincoln-Douglas debates for Sentate seat
Debated slavery and western territories
Lincoln against the expansion of slavery
1859 - John Brown & Harper's Ferry Raid
Robert E. Lee led marshals who put down raid
Convinced South that they weren't safe in the Union
Election of 1860
Lincoln (Rep.) vs. John Breckenridge (Southern Dem.) vs. Douglas (Northern Dem.)
Lincoln elected, Southern states seceded
Secession
1860 - South Carolina seceded
Rest of deep South and Texas followed
Seven states in all seceded immediately
1861 - Meeting in Alabama, formed Confederacy
South began seizing federal installations
1861 - Fort Sumter (in Charlestown)
South Carolina demanded its surrender
Buchanan refused and sent reinforcements
South Carolina fired on supply ships & took fort
Crittenden Compromise
Proposed amendment to the Constitution
Would preserve slavery in slave states
Would extend Missouri Compromise Line to the Pacific
Wasn't accepted by Republicans
April 1861
South Carolina began bombarding Ft. Sumpter
Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas joined Confederacy
Border states
Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri stayed with Union
West Virginia separated from Virginia and stayed with Union
Lincoln prepared for war
VIII. The Civil War (1861-1865)
Major change caused by Civil War - states lost individual identities & became one nation economically, politically,
& socially
South had initial advantage, but North had long-term advantage
Congress without the South
More efficient
Passed national development plans
Homestead Act (1862)
Morral Act (1862)
created public trust lands
school land - land grant colleges
Intercontinental railroad finished
Financial development
National Bank Act (1863)
Created new central bank
Made up of state banks holding federal deposits
Income tax (1861)
Paper money
Draft instituted March 1863
First time the U.S. had used a draft
Draft riots by poor, Irish
Lincoln called for 2-million-man army, wartime production, declared blockade of South
"Copperheads"
Northern Democrats who denounced war
(copperhead is a snake)
1862 - Lincoln suspended Writ of Habeus Corpus
Allowed army to arrest civilians who interfered with war
Election of 1864
Lincoln (Union Party) versus George McClellan (Northern Dem.)
Union Party formed from pro-war factions of many parties
McClellan was pro-peace
Sherman captured Atlanta a month before election, making it clear North would win war
Emancipation Proclamation
1861 - Confiscation Act
Declared forfeit slaves of any individual who took up arms against Union
Allowed Union army to seize plantations
1862 - John C. Freemont's Emancipation Proclamation
Slaves in areas controlled by Union army would be free
Jan 1, 1863 - Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation
Freed slaves in the 11 Confederate states
13th Amendment (1865)
Made slavery illegal
14th Amendment (1868)
Made former slaves citizens with full rights
Barred Conferates from federal government
Absolved the U.S. from the Confederacy's debts
15th Amendment (1870)
Former slaves had full voting rights
Slavery not immediately abolished at state level
Women's movements
U.S. Sanitary Commission
Organized women to serve as nurses for Union army
Created by Dorothea Dix
Joined by Clara Barton & Susan B. Anthony
Clara Barton - Red Cross
Susan B. Anthony - women's suffrage
Confederacy
Government of the Confederacy
Jefferson Davis - President
Alexander Stephens - VP
South divided over question of secession
Political elite favored secession
People were not all as enthusiastic
Enlistment problems led to Southern draft (1862)
Confederacy was a weak national government
Favored states' rights
Some states failed to collect taxes or enforce draft
Economics
War gave North an economic boom
Blockade crippled Southern economy
Food riots in South
South had military equipment
(Calhoun had used influence to move military outposts to South)
Commanders
Winfield Scott - first Union general
Robert E. Lee - Confederate commander
Winfield Scott didn't do much, Lincoln replaced him with George McClellan
First Phase of War
1862 - Virginia campaigns launched by McClellan
D.C. and Richmond were only across Potomac from each other
McClellan wanted to seize Richmond
1st Virginia campaign - Peninsular campaign
McClellan sailed to Yorktown peninsula, marched toward Richmond
Lee cut him off, they entrenched there
2nd front - Battle of Bull Run
Union army attacked from the north
Stopped by "Stonewall" Jackson
3rd front - Freemont
Union army attacked from west
Stopped by Jackson
2nd Battle of Bull Run
Direct attack from D.C. to Richmond
Union lost again
Fall of 1826
South attacked D.C. from the northwest
Stopped at Antietam (Jackson again)
First major Union victor
Union general - Burnside
North pushed straight on towards Richmond, but were stopped at Battle of Fredricksburg
May 1863
Lee marched to Antietam, trying another northwest attack
Entered Gettysburg and met Union army
July 1863 - Battle of Gettysburg
Decisive Union victory
Stonewall Jackson killed
Southern army retreated back to Confederacy
Second Phase of War
Union decided to strangle South by stopping supplies
Union needed to take Mississippi to cut off South from West
South had forts all along Mississippi
Grant (Union general in West) moved down Mississippi, taking major ports
1862 - Grant took Ft. Henry & Ft. Shiloh on Ohio River
More people died at Shiloh than had been killed in every U.S. war to date
Grant got nickname "Unconditional Surrender"
1862 - Union ironclads began to move up Mississippi, taking New Orleans
June 1862 - Vicksburg attacked
Sherman (Union army) attacked from north
Farragut (Union ironclads) attacked from south
Fortress at Vicksburg repelled both attacks
Wilderness campaigns
Northern guerilla troops slowly moved south through border states
1862-3 - Siege of Vicksburg
Vicksburg surrendered July 4, 1863
Coincided with Gettysburg victory
1863 - Pause in the war - both sides exhausted
Draft riots in North, food riots in South
South almost completely cut off from supplies
South low on men, North insituted draft
Third Phase of War
Ulysses S. Grant took control of Union army, set out to crush South
Nov. 1863 - Grant marched southwest from Nashville, destroying everything in his path
Sept. 1864 - "March to the sea"
Sherman, Grant, Union army laid seige to Atlanta
Sherman sent half of army to Savannah
Cut a path of destruction through Georgia, cutting South in half
May 1865 - Appomatox
Grant returned to North and attempted another attack on Richmond
Lee's forces blocked him but were finally pinned down
April 9, 1865 - Lee surrendered to Grant
IX. Reconstruction
No peace treaty signed at the surrender of Appomattox -- a peace treaty would have recognized the Confederacy as
a legitimate government
Lincoln had two goals in Reconstruction
Reincorporate the South into the Union
No punishment
No aid
Acting as if there hadn't been a war
Not recognize the Conferacy as ever having existed
Congress wanted both punishment and aid for South
Thaddeus Stevens (Penn.) and Charles Sumner (Mass.)
Radical Republicans / Radical Reconstructionists
Freedman's Bureau
Created to deal with former slaves
Distributed food, set up schools
Helped Blacks find jobs and get land
Lincoln's Reconstruction Plan
1. General amnesty (except for high-ranking officials of Confederate government)
2. Southern states could regain their state governments if 10% of voters took loyalty oath
Louisiana, Arkansas, Tennessee were recaptured by the Union and qualified for the 10% plan before the end of the
war, but Congress refused to seat their representatives
Wade-Davis Act
Congress' response to Lincoln (it was vetoed)
1. State could only be readmitted if majority of male population took loyalty oath
2. State would have to adopt new constitution abolishing slavery and disenfranchising Confederate officers and
government officials
3. New state constitution would have to be adopted by a state convention made up of people who had never born
arms against the U.S.
Lincoln assassinated - April 15, 1865
Andrew Johnson took over
Restoration Plan (Andrew Johnson's Plan)
1. Loyalty oath for majority of male population
2. State must repeal the law by which state withdrew from the Union
3. State must abolish slavery and ratify 13th Amendment
4. U.S. would repudiate (refuse to pay) the Confederate war debt
By end of 1865, all southern states had qualified under Johnson's Plan, but Congress still refused to seat their
representatives
Congress created Committee on Reconstruction
South had passed "Black Codes"
Limited rights of Blacks
Legal equivalent of slavery
Radical Congress passed Civil Rights Act
Said Blacks couldn't be treated unequally
Authorized the federal government to use force to enforce it
14th Amendment gave equal rights and due process to Blacks
Not all of North (Kentucky & Delaware) ratified 14th Amendment immediately
1866 - race riots in South
Congress decided it was time to come up with a reconstruction program
Congress' Reconstruction Plan
1. State must ratify 14th Amendment (only Tennessee ratified immediately)
2. South divided into five military districts, in which the only people who could vote were black men and white
men who had never participated in the rebellion
3. Those voters had to elect constitutional convention to write a new constitution guaranteeing Blacks the right to
vote
1868 - Eight states qualified and were readmitted (only 3 states left)
1869 - Virginia and Texas readmitted
1870 - Mississippi readmitted
Last state to be readmitted
Mississippi also had to ratify 15th Amendment
Suffragettes opposed 15th Amendment because it did not give voting rights to women
Radical Congress disapproved of Johnson
Johnson did not use army to support reconstruction
Johnson removed civil servants who were too helpful to Congress & reconstruction
Tenure of Office Act
Impeachment of Johnson (failed by 1 vote)
Radical Congress angry at Supreme Court
Supreme Court declared use of military tribunals to try ex-Confederates unconstitutional
Congress tried to restrict Supreme Court's power
Supreme Court decided not to hear any more cases about Reconstruction
Both sides backed down
Blacks in Southern government
Blacks served in state legislatures
No Blacks served as state governors
Blacks only once held majority in state legislature (South Carolina)
Some Black officials well-educated, others were field-hands with no education
Reconstruction changed school system in South
Land redistrubution would have split confiscated plantations among slaves
Never happened, partly because Johnson prevented it
Sharecropping
Farms rented to Blacks
Supplies sold on credit at inflated prices
When crop came in, it went towards paying off debt
Crop never enough to cover debt, which just increased each year
Kept Blacks poor
Election of 1868 - Ulysses Grant (Rep.) vs. Horatio Seymore (Dem.)
Grant's cabinet
Grant rewarded all of his friends with offices
Many turned out to be corrupt or incompetent
Because of Tenure of Office Act, Grant couldn't remove them
"Credit Mobilier" scam - the "credit mobilier" bank took bribes from railroad companies and funneled them to
Congress
Panic of 1873 - paper currency issued during Civil War caused inflation
1879 - Specie Resumption Act
Put country back on the gold standard
Paper money became worthless
1867 - Sec. of State William Seward purchased Alaska
By 1872, most white males had regained right to vote, Southern states returned to much how they had been before
Reconstruction
Election of 1876 - Rutherford B. Hayes (Rep.) vs. Samuel Tilden (Dem.)
Votes for four Southern states disputed
House of Representatives created special electoral commission to decide election
Commission was supposed to be neutral, but 8 of the 15 were Republicans
Hayes won election, Republicans agreed to end reconstruction to pacify Democrats
Known as the "Compromise of 1877"
Fun Fact!
Because of the Compromise of 1877, Rutherford B. Hayes was known as "His Fraudulency" or "Old 8 to 7"
As reconstruction ended, South returned to conservative policies
"Redeemers"/"Bourbons"
Conservative, Antibellum-style Southern politicians
"Jim Crow" laws (1880s)
Instituted by Southern governments
Segregated whites and blacks
Blacks' right to vote was restricted:
Poll taxes (most Southern blacks were poor)
Grandfather clauses
Literacy tests
Supreme Court upheld "Jim Crow" laws
Reconstruction led South to industrialize (although they didn't quite catch up to North)
X. Post-Civil War America
Post-Civil War U.S.
Strong, unified national government
Large army and munitions
Aggressive, restless population
Before Civil War:
New England and South discouraged westward expansion
Each tried to hinder other's access to west
After Civil War:
Displaced populations moving out west
Northerners returning from army
Southerners who lost homes in war
Former slaves
Native American tribes in the southwest
Generally weaker than the old eastern tribes (except for Pueblos)
U.S.'s weaponry had advanced
Tribes were not a great threat to settlers
Mexican population in the southwest
Only tiny settlements
Quickly displaced by Americans
Treaty of Guadelupe Hildago
Recognized Mexican property rights in U.S.-owned territories
Not upheld by local governments
New American land claims upheld over old Mexican claims
Chinese migration to west
Union Pacific Railroad recruited workers in China
Chinese importations was cheap and they worked for low wages
Chinese emmigrants harrassed by Americans
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
Banned Chinese immigration for 10 years
Barred Chinese in the U.S. from citizenship
Renewed 1892, made permanent 1902
Result - companies started importing Japanese workers
Increased immigration from Europe
Civil wars, famine in Europe
Eastern European immigration increased in particular
Land acts promoted expansion
Homestead Act (1862)
Gave farmland to anyone who farmed it for 5 years
Covered 160 acres of Great Plains farmland
400,000 people took advantage of it
Desert Lands Act (1877)
Gave cheap land to anyone who irrigated it
During this time period Nevada and midwest states joined union
Gold and silver mining
1858 - Silver discovered in Nevada
Henry Comstock - Comstock lode
Quickly became more profitable than California gold mining
1874 - Gold discovered in South Dakota
Indian Wars (mostly in northern plains)
Sioux
Leaders: Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse
Major battles: Battle of Little Big Horn, Wounded Knee
Nezperce
Leaders: Chief Joseph
Major Battles: Battle of White Bird Canyon
Apache
Leaders: Cochise and Geronimo
Economy of west
Mining, farming, ranching
Settlers had many problems; small farms often did not support families
Expansion of industry in Ohio Valley and Chicago regions
John D. Rockefeller - Standard Oil Co. in Ohio (1870)
Cornelius Vanderbilt - consolidated railroads
Andrew Carnegie - U.S. Steele Corp.
Business benefitted from corporate structure
Monopolies - vertical and horizontal consolidation
Justification of wealthy/monopolies
"Social Darwinism"
Horatio Alger's rags-to-riches stories
Carnegie's The Gospel of Wealth - philanthropism
Henry George (1879) advocated single tax (income tax)
Edward Bellamy wanted to organize society into small, rural communities
Labor issues
Child labor problem - campaign to take children out of workforce
Labor unions (not associated with a single trade) appeared 1880s
First union was American Federation of Labor (AFL) (1881)
Wanted to take women and children out of workforce
Samuel Gompers
Pullman Co. labor dispute (1894)
Pullman Co. worked like sharecropping
1894 - Pullman reduced wages, leading to riots
Eugene V. Debs managed worker strike
Grover Cleveland called in army to put it down
Haymarket riots (1886)
AFL called for strikes in Chicago
Union members clashed with police
Homestead strike (1892)
Strike at U.S. Steele Corp.
Similar circumstances to Pullman strike
Carnegie brought in Pinkertons (rented cops)
Rioters overwhelmed Pinkertons
National Guard finally put down riots
Early unions had little power
Unions had not yet figured out that they needed political control
Many union goals were not accomplished
Only a small percentage of workers joined unions
Urbanization - movement to the cities
Causes:
Rise of industry
Transportation and sanitation improvements
Technological advancements
Skyscrapers
Safe, durable, cheap, easy to build
Louis Sullivan - built first skyscraper in Chicago 1884
Bessemer - steel production
Otis - elevator
Crapper - flush toilers
Mass migration from East and South
Either moved into cities or moved out west
Immigration reached a peak
Asian and Central/Eastern European
Majority of city population were immigrants
(Some American cities contained more people of a given nationality than could be found in the large cities of
their home countries)
Results:
Progressives lamented loss of rural roots
Urban problems
Fires, sanitation problems, overcrowding, crime
Sensationalist stories about city living led to move for reforms
Mixing of foreign cultures - caused friction
Many immigrants came from non-democratic nations
Many immigrants were Catholics or other minority religions
Rise of nativism
American Protective Association (1887)
Henry Bowers - founder
Dedicated to stopping immigration
Resurgance of Ku Klux Klan
First appeared in Reconstruction South
Revived in Midwest as anti-immigrant society
Spread back to South in 20th century
Growth of Political Machine
Tammany Hall, Boss Tweed, George Plunkit
Everything ran on political favors, inside information
Favors exchanged for votes
"Kickbacks" or bribes ("honest graft")
Political machines worked well in big cities
Took advantage of immigrants
Votes traded for jobs, housing, etc.
Many immigrants not used to democratic government
Political machine was like feudal system of Eastern Europe
Economics of the city
Mass market
Many people living and working in similar circumstances
All these people need to buy the same things
Mass production
Started with mass-marketed food
Mass-marketed clothing - department stores
As a result of mass marketing and mass production, prices fell steadily from 1890-1940
Turn-of-the-century American culture
Leisure time
Baseball was popular, football just invented
Theater - vaudeville, black minstrel shows
Movies
Invented by Edison 1900
First full-length movie - Birth of a Nation about the growth of the Ku Klux Klan after the Civil War
Mass communication
Newspaper chains started by Pulitzer
William Randolf Hearst - NY Times, brought comic strips to U.S.
Yellow journalism - sensationalism
Realism in art and literature
Universal public education, schooling for women
Republican split after Hayes' election
Stalwarts - traditionalists, favored "machine" politics and favor-swapping
Half-breeds - (half Democrat/half Republican), favored reforms
Main policy of the Half-breeds was civil service reform
Wanted to require tests for civil service positions
Civil servants should be qualified and not just friends of politicians
Election of 1880
Stalwart/Half-breed split caused deadlock at Republican convention
Half-breeds chose James Garfield as president
Stalwarts chose Chester Arthur as vice president
Garfield assassinated, Arthur took over
1881 - Garfield shot by Charles Guiteau, angry over not getting a civil service job
Arthur followed Garfield's policy of reform
Pendleton Act
Required written exams for some civil service jobs
Expanded over time to cover all civil service jobs
Election of 1884 - Cleveland (Dem.) vs. Blaine (Rep.)
Republican's didn't support Arthur, chose James Blaine
Half-breeds didn't support Blaine
Mugwumps - Republicans who ditched the party and sided with Democrats for Grover Cleveland
Grover Cleveland's reforms
Wanted to do away with machine politics
Vetoed legislation that served friends of legislators
Worked for tariff reduction
Thought less money in the government would make it less corrupt
Election of 1888 - Cleveland (Dem.) vs. Harrison (Rep.)
Main issue was tariff reduction
Benjamin Harrison's campaign was probably most corrupt campaign in history
Harrison lost popular vote, but carried electoral college vote in large states
Legislation passed under Benjamin Harrison
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)
Largely symbolic, rarely enforced before 1900
More often used against unions than businesses
McKinley Act (1890)
Highest protective tariff ever in the U.S.
Outraged public
Caused many Republicans to be voted out of Congress
Election of 1892 - Cleveland (Dem.) vs. Harrison (Rep.) vs. Weaver (People's Party)
Cleveland won on a platform of lower tariffs
More Cleveland reforms
Wanted lower tariff (not passed by Congress)
First income tax passed (Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional two years later)
Granger laws, restrictions on railroads
Passed by states to help farmers
Supreme Court declared both unconstitutional
Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
Created Interstate Commerce Commission
Set rates for interstate transport
Railroads had been charging more for short-distance transport than longGrange movement
Oliver Kelley founded 1867 - farmers' society, men only
Small farmers couldn't produce enough to survive
Depression of 1873
Movement became more political
Farmers blamed banks and railroads for economic problems
Cooperatives
Farmers organized cooperatives against the monopolies
Cooperatives were effectively farm monopolies
Grangers became dominant party in some state legislatures
1880 - Grangers replaced by Farmers' Alliances
Much bigger movement, allowed women
Chiefly cooperative and marketing movement
Also served as a credit union
1889 - formation of People's Party
North and South Farmers' Alliances merged and formed political party
Also called the Populist movement
Theory was that little guys should join together and use mass buying power to counteract monopolies
Wanted 8-hour workday, rights for unions
Against gold standard
Wanted direct election of Senators
Free Silver movement
Connected to Populists, who favored inflation
Grangers limited by rural outlook
Did not join with urban labor unions
Did not allow blacks
Ignatius Donnelly - Populist leader
(Fun fact! He was also known for publishing his extensive theories on the lost city of Atlantis.)
1893 Depression
1890s - cheap labor allowed middle class to live well but angered lower class
Panic of 1893
Overexpansion of railroads and businesses led to bank failures
Also, crop failure due to blizzard of 1888
Worst depression in history (except for 1929 crash)
Wages cut due to depression
Resulted in Pullman strike, Homestead strike
Free silver debate revived
Election of 1896 - McKinley (Rep.) vs. Bryant (Dem.)
William McKinley - conservative, supported gold standard
Democrats split - liberal Democrats adopted some of Populist platform
Liberal democrats nominated William Jennings Bryant and Free Silver platform
William Jennings Bryant - "Cross of Gold" speech for Free Silver
Bryant had Democrat and Populist vote, but lost to McKinley
Populists lost power after this election
McKinley legislation
Dingley Tariff - a high tariff
Gold Standard Act
Not much effect on economy - industry was already recovering on its own
U.S. emerged as an international power
U.S. had matured economically
No more land on western frontier
Imperialism was big in Europe - U.S. began looking for new land to acquire
U.S. took a more active role in Latin America
1895 - U.S. intervened in dispute between Britain and Venezuela
Venezuela owed debts to Britain
U.S. invoked Monroe Doctrine to force Britain to leave Venezuela alone
1893 - Americans in Hawaii staged a revolution and asked for annexation
Hawaii had become an important port due to trade with Japan and China
Cleveland refused to annex Hawaii, but McKinley annexed it 1898
1899 - U.S. and Germany took joint control of the Samoan Islands
Conflicts in Cuba
1895 - Civil War in Cuba
Partly due to high U.S. tariffs on sugar, which damaged Cuban economy
McKinley opposed Spanish rule in Cuba
1898 - Lome letter
Spanish ambassador to U.S. gave insulting description of McKinley to Spanish government
1898 - Maine incident
U.S. ship Maine blew up in Havana harbor
April 1898 - U.S. declared war on Spain
Spanish-American War
U.S. invaded Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines
George Dewey sank Spanish fleet in Manilla Bay
Teddy Roosevelt had sent American fleet to Manilla Bay before war was officially declared
Spanish ships were too old to sail
Only one American casualty (he died of heat stroke)
U.S. invaded Cuba
Met little resistance
Battle of San Juan Hill - Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders
U.S. occupied Puerto Rico
1917 - Jones Act annexed Puerto Rico
Made Puerto Rico a U.S. territory
Made Puerto Ricans U.S. citizens
Dec. 1898 - Treaty of Paris ended Spanish-American War
Spain ceded to U.S. Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines, Cuba
Protectorates
Anti-Imperialist League
Thought imperialism was immoral
Felt that Latin Americans would pollute U.S. culture
Cuba and Philippines
Protectorates - U.S. territory but not U.S. citizens
U.S. was only taking care of them until they became independent
Guam
Started as a military protectorate, later annexed
1901 - Platt Amendment
Gave Cuba semi-independence
U.S. still had control of Cuban foreign policy and right to intervene
Philippino War
Uprising against U.S. occupation
Lasted 4 years, killed more Americans than entire Spanish-American War
1901 - William Taft became governor of the Philippines
China
U.S. insisted on open-door policy with China
Gave all powers equal access to Chinese markets
Prevented China from being carved up into European colonies
All European powers agreed, except for Russia
Boxer Rebellion (1900) - Uprising against the imperial family
Progressive movement
Rose out of Populism
Reaction to Social Darwinism
Wanted to humanize industry, take care of victims
Leaders were old rich families displaced by new industry bosses
Social Gospel
People with money had a moral duty to care for the less fortunate
Thought people were a result of their environment
Wanted to create a better environment and thus improve people
1900 - Salvation Army founded
Settlement House Movement founded by Jane Adams
Tried to create a middle-class environment for the poor
Muckracking journalism
Exposed corruption, poor working conditions
Lincoln Steffens - exposed corruption in big business
Professionalism
Progressives wanted everything run by people with expertise
Believed there should standards for everything
Professional licensing boards
People had to take tests and become certified for certain jobs
1901 - American Medical Association formed
Bar Association formed to certify lawyers
National Association of Manufacturers
Municipal reform - clean up cities
Secret ballot
Prevented political bosses from tracking their constituents' votes
Replace city bosses with professional city managers
Tom Johnson - reform mayor of Cleveland
Hazen Pingree - Detroit
Samuel "Golden Rule" Jones - Toledo
Reforms spread to state governments in 1910s
Restrictions on lobbyists
Woodrow Wilson - reform governor of New Jersey
Robert LaFollette - Wisconsin
Labor unions joined Progressive bandwagon
1911 - Triangle Shirtwaist fire
Used as an example of unsafe working conditions
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
Womens Rights
Progressives believed everyone should have an equal chance in life
Women began entering professions
Women's associations formed around professions
Colored Women's National Association - first black women's group
Many associations had pension funds - model for Social Security
Women's Suffrage Movement
Pitch was that women would all vote for reforms and human interests
1910 - various states gave women the right to vote
Started on west coast with Washington, gradually spread east
1920 - 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote
Beginning of Civil Rights movement
Niagra Movement (1905) - precurser to NAACP
Booker T. Washington
W.E.B. du Bois - founded NAACP in 1909
Wanted blacks to educate themselves, get better jobs, integrate into white society
Temperance movement
1873 - Women's Christian Temperance Union
Anti-Saloon League, run by Carry Nation, merged with WCTU
WCTU was largest women's organization in U.S.
Major influence in women's suffrage movement
1920 - 18th Amendment - Prohibition
Immigration restrictions
Scientific criminalism
Said that moral and intellectual traits were related to physical traits such as race
Madison Grant - The Passing of the Great Race
Lamented cross-breeding between whites and "inferior" races
Immigrants believed to be morally inferior, so removing them would improve environment for Americans
Dillingham Report
On scientific criminalism, recommended restricting immigration
Big business opposed immigration restriction
Immigrants provided cheap labor
Socialist movement
1900 - American Socialist Party formed
Led by Eugene V. Debs
Won many elections, but no federal positions
International Workers of the World (IWW, or Wobblies)
Socialist labor union
Louis Brandeis
Thought business and government were gettng too big
Became Cheif Justice of the Supreme Court
Socialist movements killed by World War I
Teddy Roosevelt and reforms at national level
1901 - McKinley assassinated by Leon Czolgosz
Teddy Roosevelt became president
TR was a popular war hero with a progressive outlook
Trust-busting
TR used Sherman Anti-trust Act against big business, railroads, banks
Support for labor
TR used federal government to aid unions
1902 - United Mine Workers' strike (Anthracite Coal strike)
TR suggested impartial federal arbitration
Mine workers refused, but TR threatened to send in troops
Election of 1904 - TR elected with little opposition
Square Deal
TR's plan to limit big business and help the working man
Interstate Commerce Commission regulated railroads
1906 - Pure Food and Drug Act
TR wanted additional reforms, but conservatives in Congress wouldn't pass them
Conservationism
National Park system created to preserve western lands
John Muir - founder of Sierra Club
Panic of 1907
Blamed on Teddy Roosevelt's reforms
Election of 1908
William Taft (Rep.) vs. William Jennings Bryan (Dem.)
TR had selected Taft as his replacement, felt Taft would continue his reforms
Taft won, primary because of TR's record and because Bryan came off as too radical
President Taft
Wanted lower tariffs, but got the Payne-Aldritch Tariff, which raised tariffs
Tariffs were primary source of government income, but high tariffs meant high price of goods for the common
man
1909 - Pinchot-Ballinger controversy
Ballinger sold park land to coal companies, Pinchot told Taft
Taft took no action because he had appointed Ballinger
Some people took it as a sign that Taft was not loyal to TR's ideals
1910 - TR decided to retake control of the Republican party
New Nationalism - TR's Progressive platform
National government would regulate big business
Income and inheritance tax, workers' compensation
Regulation of child and women's labor
TR wanted LaFollette as a presidental candidate, but LaFollette had a mental breakdown
1912 - TR at Republican nomination convention
TR asked Republicans to back Progressive reforms
Instead, delegates nominated Taft
TR formed his own party - Progressive party (or Bull Moose party)
Election of 1912
Taft (Rep.) vs. Woodrow Wilson (Dem.) vs. TR (Progressive)
Wilson was also a progressive, ran on New Freedom platform
Nearly the same as Roosevelt's platform
Wanted to break up trusts instead of just regulating them
Brandeis was Wilson's political advisor
Republican split ensured an easy victory for Wilson
President Wilson's reforms
1913 - 16th Amendment - income tax
Underwood-Simmons tariff - reduced tariffs
Federal Reserve Act
Created federal reserve banking system
Subjected all banks to federal regulation
Wilson didn't break up trusts, but did regulate them
Federal Trade Commission - regulated for unfair business practices
Keating-Owen Act - regulated child labor
Clayton Act - expanded Sherman Anti-trust Act
International Affairs
Teddy Roosevelt - "Big Stick" Diplomacy
Used military force in foreign affairs
Portsmouth Treaty
TR negotiated peace agreement ending Russo-Japanese War
Favored Japan
1903 - Panama
U.S. encouraged Panama to declare indepedence from Columbia, so U.S. could build canal
1904 - Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
Gave U.S. right to interfere in Latin America
1905 - U.S. took over Dominican Republic
William Taft - Dollar Diplomacy
U.S. would intervene to protect economic investments
Used money to solve disputes
Woodrow Wilson - Moral Diplomacy
U.S. should intervene for ethical reasons
U.S. would be the conscience of the world, make world safe for democracy
1913 - Huerta became dictator of Mexico in a coup
Wilson offered to send U.S. troops to aid Huerta's opposition
1914 - Dolphin incident
Sailors from the Dolphin arrested on shore leave in Mexico
Wilson demanded apology and 21-gun salute to U.S. flag on Mexican land
Mexico refused to do the salute
Wilson seized Veracruz, weakened Huerta and allowed Carranza to take over
1916 - Carranza would not adopt social reforms in Mexico
Pancho Villa attacked Southwestern U.S.
Villa blamed U.S. for putting Carranza in power
U.S. declared war on Pancho Villa
U.S. never caught him and eventually gave up
XI. World War I
WWI made the U.S. more isolationist and made it a world power
League of Nations - mediated international disputes
"Big 4" - Wilson (U.S.), Clemenceau (France), Lloyd George (Britain), Orlando (Spain)
U.S. never ratified the Treaty of Versailles
Democrats modified treaty and would not vote for original
Republicans would not vote for modified treaty
1919 - Wilson had a stroke, incapacited for rest of his term
1919 - Chicago race riots
1919-1920 - Brief economic recession
1920 - Red Scare
Caused by formation of Comintern, mail bombs
1920 - Palmer raids
1920 - Sacco and Vanzetti trial
1929 - German economy collapsed
Germany defaulted on reparation payments to France and Britain
France and Britain defaulted on debts to U.S.
XII. Great Depression and FDR
After the panic, U.S. banking system disappeared
Panic and depression cut off international trade
Agricultural marketing program
Hawley-Smoot tariff raised tariffs on agricultural goods
Government started buying farmers' produce
1932 - Reconstruction Finance Corporation
Gave money to build buildings and roads
Created jobs
Bonus Army
Marched on Washington
Hoover called out the army to drive them off
(army was led by Douglas McArthur and George Patton)
Economy sank even further in 6 months before FDR took office
Emergency Banking Act ("Bank Holiday")
FDR closed all banks for 100 days to stop the run on the banks
Prevented the last banks from collapsing
FDIC
Government insured the money in banks
Lured people back into banking
Economy Act - cut military pensions to give government more money
1933 - Agricultural Adjustment Act
Put limits on farm production to keep prices up
1936 - declared unconstitutional
1936 - Soil Conservation Act
Replaced Agricultural Adjustment Act
Farmers were paid not to grow certain crops
Resettlement Association - modernized and consolidated farms
1937 - Farm Security Administration
Taught people new farming techniques
1935 - Rural Electrification Administration
Built dams to regulate water and provide electricity
Tennessee Valley Authority
1933 - National Recovery Act and Administration
Industry wanted to suspent Antitrust law
FDR allowed it on condition that businesses recognize unions
1933 - Gold Standard abolished
Used bonds redeemable for gold or silver
1933 - Securities Exchange Act
Regulated buying of stocks
1933 - Federal Emergency Relief Administration
Provided money to local relief agencies
Was ineffective
1933 - Civil Works Administration
Put people to work building roads, parks, bridges, etc.
Civilian Conservation Corp. - gave people jobs in National Parks
Second New Deal
1935 - FDR enacted steeply progressive income tax
Had little effect on Depression
1935 - National Labor Relations Act and Board (Wagner Act)
Unions increased
John Lewis of United Mine Workers was important union leader
AFL and CIO considered merger
1935 - Social Security Act
1935 - Works Progress Administration
Similar to Civil Works Administration, but bigger
Included the Federal Arts Project
Cleared out slums and built new housing
U.S. Housing Authority was created to take over building housing
1936 - FDR carried all but 2 states in election vs. Alf Landon
1937 - FDR tried to increase size of Supreme Court
FDR wanted to increase court to 15 judges
FDR would get to pick all the new judges
Would have given the executive branch too much control of judicial
Caused an outcry
FDR backed down when the current Court upheld Wagner Act and Social Security Act
1937 - another recession, FDR put more money into New Deal programs
New Deal did almost nothing to aid minorities
XIII. World War II
General Marshall - Highest U.S. military commander (below FDR)
Eisenhower - U.S. supreme commander in Europe
Douglas McArthur - U.S. supreme commander in the Pacific
George Patton - sub-commander in Europe
Morocco Conference - Jan. 1943 (Casablanca)
Allies would only accept Germany's unconditional surrender
Stalin wanted Allies to open second front
Tehran Conference - Nov. 1943
U.S. and Birtain agreed to open second front within 6 months
Stalin agreed that Russia would join war against Japan as soon as war in Europe was over
Poland issue was left unresolved
Moscow Conference - Oct. 1944
Churchill promised Stalin that Britain would not interfere with Russia's claims in Eastern Europe
Yalta Conference - Feb. 1945
FDR, Churchill, Stalin agreed to:
1. Russia would get back islands that Japan had won in Russo-Japanese war
2. Establishment of the United Nations
3. Occupation zones in Germany
4. Poland issue unresolved (Stalin already had troops in Poland)
5. German reparations issue not resolved
(April 12, 1945 - FDR died and Truman took over)
6. Russia would not interfere in China or support Communism there
FDR avoided challenging Stalin over Poland and Eastern Europe in order to get the China agreement
Potsdam Conference - July 1945
U.S. recognized Soviet puppet-government in Poland
U.S. recognized new Polish borders
Soviets agreed to only take reparations from East Germany
Stalin recognized Chiang Kei-Shek's government (instead of Communist Mao Tse Tung) in China
XIV. The Cold War
Marshall Plan
U.S. gave economic aid to rebuild Europe
Helped to keep European nations from turning to Communism
Containment Policy (George Kennen) - stop Communism from spreading
1948 - Berlin blockade
Mao Tse Tung
Effective military leader against Japanese
Drove out Chiang Kei-Shek in 1949
NATO Treaty - April 1949
Military alliance between U.S., Western Europe, and Turkey
(Spain and Sweden were neutral countries and not in NATO)
SETO Treaty - Alliance between U.S. and non-Communist southeast Asia
1948 election - Truman (Democrat) beat Dewey (Republican)
Korean War (1950-1953)
Was the first United Nations action
Soviets occupied North Korea, U.S. occupied South Korea
Soviets pulled out but left a Communist government
North Korea attacked South Korea
Douglas McArthur led U.S. army
China (Communist) aided North Korea
Ended in stalemate at original North/South border
Armistice but no treaty (so we're technically still at war?)
McCarthyism
Truman blamed for fall of China