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AMERICAN HISTORY REGENTS REVIEW
There SIX sections to the review, each section is worth 15 points:
Layer One:
Active Reading / Graphic Organizer– 4 points each
Step one: ACTIVELY READ THE INFORMATION
 Read the document with a pen and highlighter.
 Underline the important information and vocabulary words in each section in a way that
you can easily make a connection to the topics.
4
points each
Step two: Graphic Organizer
 Your main ideas must be important information on each topic.
 Make sure you write in neat, clear words that you understand and can use to study.
Layer Two:
Step one: Answer the MC questions
 Complete all of the multiple choice questions for each topic.
 Record your score for each section
Step two: Assess you work
 Based on what you got incorrect/had trouble with, create a list of 10 WORDS /KEY
IDEAS
 You explain your ten words/ideas with details
4
points each
Layer Three:
7
points each
Multiple Choice – 4 points each
WRITE A THESIS AND SUPPORTING PARAGRAPH – 7 points
Step one: After each section, there will be an essay
 Create a Thesis for the essay
Step two:
 Write the 1st body paragraph that addresses the task
 Write the 2nd body paragraph that addresses the task
*******Make sure that you INCLUDE analysis*********
Grading Rubric
Topic
Excellent
Completion All tests and assignments
are thoroughly complete
AND handed in on time.
Details +
Analysis
Sec / Unit
Sec. 1
1,2,3
Graphic Organizers
Unit 1: _____
Unit 2: _____
Unit 3: _____
Tests and assignments are not
complete AND/OR not handed in
on time.
Analysis/detail is very weak and
may be missing.
Essays
Final Score
Score
Score
___/7
__/15
Score
Score
__/7
__/15
Unit 7: _____
Unit 8: _____
Score
Score
Score ____/4
Score ____/4
Unit 9: _____
Unit 9: _____
__/7
Score
__/15
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Score ____/4
__/7
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__/15
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Unit 11:___
__/7
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Score: ____/4
__/7
__/15
Score
__/15
Unit 4: _____
Unit 5: _____
Unit 6: _____
Score ____/4
Sec. 3
7, 8
Sec. 6
11
Unsatisfactory
Multiple Choice
Unit 1: _____
Unit 2: _____
Unit 3: _____
Score ____/4
Unit 4: _____
Unit 5: _____
Unit 6: _____
Score ____/4
Unit 7: _____
Unit 8: _____
Sec. 2
4,5,6
Sec. 5
10
All tests and assignments are
complete, but parts may be
missing/not fully done.
All assignments are handed in
on time.
Students demonstrate
Students demonstrate
thorough analysis and detail moderate analysis and detail in
in their work
their work
Score ____/4
Sec. 4
9
Satisfactory
Unit 10:
Score ____/4
Unit 11:
Score ____/4
Completed on time = 10 points
Unit 10: ____
Score ____/4
Total Score: _______/100
THE MORE YOU PRACTICE, THE BETTER YOU WILL DO! Visit these websites below for more practice
WEBSITE:
http://www.regentsprep.org
http://www.myfreshprep.org
# 1 Colonies and the Revolutionary War Information Sheet
1A. Coming to America
Did Christopher Columbus the famous explorer discover America? Not really. Many other explorers came before him, but Columbus landing in the
Caribbean in 1492 was very important because his travel led to the colonization of the New World (North, Central, and South America) by European
countries. Colonization is when a country tries to take control of land that doesn’t belong to them. Spain colonized most of the Caribbean, Central and
South America, while France and Britain colonized most of North America. England’s greatest possession was its 13 colonies along the East Coast of
North America (what is now present-day United States), these were known as The American Colonies. The Mother Countries get rich from colonization
because they would take natural resources from the land, sell their products and collect taxes from their colonists. Colonists were restricted on trade with
other countries and limited manufacturing. The economic system they created was known as mercantilism.
Another reason why Columbus did not discover America was that America was never empty. Native American Tribes, what many people call Indians,
were living in America for thousands of years before the Europeans arrived. The arrival of the Europeans led to the destruction of the Indian tribes, as
Europeans stole Indian land, killed their people and brought new diseases to America that killed as many as one in three Indians. Eventually the massive
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade was established to import African slaves to the New World to be used as workers on European farms.
Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary…
Explain the impact of this events / people in “America”?
1B. American Colonies
In the American Colonies under Great Britain, colonists come settle for political, economic, social and religious freedom (such as the Quakers and Puritans)
and opportunity. The colonies were divided into three sections based on geography – the New England Colonies, the Middle Colonies and Southern
Colonies. Due to geography, each had a different type of economy and lifestyle (New England colonies had rocky soil but many harbors so focused on
shipping and trade, but the Southern colonies had hot weather and good land so focused on farming and relied on slave labor).
The America colonists slowly began to form early steps of self-government and early representative democracies (governments based on the people—
consent of the governed). The Mayflower compact, New England town meetings, and the Virginia House of Burgesses are early examples of
democratic practices in early American history. The British policy of Salutary Neglect, being left alone by Britain, allowed for the growth of democratic
government. At this time there was movement called the Enlightenment where many great thinkers began to question things like human rights and the role
of government. The ideas of philosophers like John Locke, and John Jacques Rousseau greatly affected the way people viewed Britain’s control over her
13 American colonies – the relationship between the two was about to be strained!
By the mid 18th century, North America was divided up between the European powers of France, England, and Spain. The competition between France and
England for control of North America, particularly over land between the Ohio River Valley, resulted in The French & Indian War, seven years of brutal
warfare. War had left England deep in debt.
Britain looked to tax its 13 American colonies to help pay off that debt and created many new taxes such as the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts (which
included a Tea Tax). The Colonists protested using slogans such as “no taxation without representation” – the colonists wanted a say if they were
being taxed. The colonists boycotted British goods, but eventually tension led to armed conflict such as The Boston Tea Party, Boston Massacre and
Battles of Lexington and Concord (“The shot heard round the world!”). All of this tension, including Enlightenment ideas such as Thomas Paine’s
pamphlet “Common Sense” led the colonists to write The Declaration of Independence and fight the American Revolution. Under the leadership of
George Washington, using the American terrain to our advantage, and with some help from the French (after the battle of Saratoga), a British army
surrendered at Yorktown and England signed The Treaty of Paris, giving America our independence!
Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary…
Explain the impact of this events / people in “America”?
Key Vocabulary Words
1) Geography – the study of the political (states, countries) and physical (rivers, mountains) features of the earth
2) Colonization - when a country tries to take control of land that doesn’t belong to them
3) Colony - land taken over and controlled by a "mother" country
4) Colonists - the people living in colonies
5) Mother Country -- country that economically and politically controlled a colony.
6) Democracy – a representative government run by many people that includes equality, freedom and voting
7) Mayflower Compact- document of democratic government, written by the Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower ship
8) Virginia House of Burgesses - A representative government in the British colony of Virginia
9) Mercantilism - a system in which England made money by taking natural resources from the American colonies and forcing colonists to trade only with England.
10) Salutary Neglect - period of time when England was at war and allowed the colonies to manufacture and trade with little interference
11) Stamp Act (1765) - British plan to tax colonists by forcing them to purchase special stamps
12) Townshend Acts 1767 – Series of acts passed by British Parliament to tax the colonists (including tea)
13) Intolerable Acts 1774 – laws passed by Britain to punish the citizens of Boston for the Boston Tea Party – includes Quartering Act, closing the Boston Harbor,
no town meetings and trying criminals in England.
14) Boston Tea Party- the dumping of British tea into Boston Harbor as a form of protesting English taxes
15) Boston Massacre -- when British soldiers shot colonists who were throwing snowballs packed with rocks at them.
16) Representative Democracy—government based on consent of the governed, with elected representatives to make decisions.
17) “No Taxation Without Representation” – slogan used by the colonists to protest England making laws without colonial representatives in Parliament.
18) Boycott- refusing to purchase goods or services as form of protest
19) Enlightenment – a movement of philosophers that believed government was responsible for its citizen’s well-being
20) John Locke - Enlightenment philosopher who believed people had “natural rights” (life, liberty, property)
21) Common Sense – pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that convinced many colonists to support the revolution.
22) Sons of Liberty – a radical organization that used terror tactics and propaganda against the British government
23) American Revolution - when the American colonies fought England in order to become a free country
24) Declaration of Independence – a document that stated why America was right in breaking away from England
25) Continental Congress – Colonial government in charge of governing during the Revolutionary War.
26) Treaty of Paris -- Treaty that gives America its freedom.
Questions
1. Which phrase from the Declaration of Independence most clearly reflects
the idea that the people are the source of government?
1) that all men are created equal,...”
2) all men are . . . endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable
rights
3) deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. . .“
4) governments long established should not be changed for light and
transient causes .
2. The British system of mercantilism was opposed by many American
colonists because it
1) placed quotas on immigration
2) discouraged the export of raw materials to England
3) placed restrictions on trading
4) encouraged colonial manufacturing
3. The British benefited from their mercantilist relationship with the
American colonies primarily by
1) supporting the growth of colonial industries
2) prohibiting colonists from fishing and fur trading
3) taking large amounts of gold and silver from the southern colonies
4) buying raw materials from the colonies and selling them finished
products
4. In the Colonial Era, developments such as the New England town
meetings and the establishment of the Virginia House of Burgesses
represented
1) colonial attempts to build a strong national government
2) efforts by the British to strengthen their control over the colonies
3) steps in the growth of representative democracy
4) early social reform movements
5. The Mayflower Compact is important to the concept of a democratic
society because it represents
1) an effort by the colonists to use force to resist the King
2) a clear step toward self-government
3) an early attempt to establish universal suffrage
4) an attempt by the colonists to establish freedom of religion
6. During the Revolutionary War period, Thomas Paine’s Common Sense
was important because it
1) described a military plan for the defeat of England
2) convinced many Americans who had been undecided to support
independence
3) contained a detailed outline for a new form of government
4) argued for the addition of a bill of rights to the Constitution
7. The Mayflower Compact and the House of Burgesses were important to
the development of democracy in colonial America because they
1) expanded freedom of religion
2) promoted self-government
3) protected private ownership of property
4) granted voting rights to all white males
8. Which heading best completes the partial outline below?
I. ____________________________________
 Committees of Correspondence
 Nonimportation Agreements
 Boston Tea Party
 First Continental Congress
1) Protests Against Slavery in the American Colonies
2) British Parliamentary Actions to Punish Colonial Americans
3) Colonial Responses to British Mercantile Policies
4) Colonial Attempts to End the British Policy of Salutary Neglect
9. According to the Declaration of Independence, the fundamental purpose
of government is to
1) protect people’s natural rights
2) equalize opportunities for all citizens
3) provide for the defense of the nation
4) establish a system of free public education
10. The colonists' slogan, "No taxation without representation," expresses
a belief in
1. free trade
2. economic interdependence
3. the supremacy of Parliament
4. the consent of the governed
11. What was the main cause of the French and Indian War (1754–1763)?
1. disputed land claims in the Ohio River valley between the French and
the British
2. conflicts between American colonists and the French over control of
the Great Plains
3. taxation of American colonists without representation in Parliament
4. violation of trade agreements between European nations and Native
American Indians
1.
2.
3.
4.
12. “The only representatives of the people of these colonies are persons
chosen therein by themselves; and that no taxes ever have been, or can be
constitutionally imposed on them but by their respective legislatures.”
Statement by the Stamp Act Congress, 1765
What is a valid conclusion that can be drawn from this quotation?
The colonial legislatures should be appointed by the English King with the
consent of Parliament.
Only the colonists’ elected representatives should have the power to levy taxes.
The English King should have the right to tax the colonists.
The colonists should be opposed to all taxation.
13. The British system of mercantilism was opposed by many American
colonists because it?
1. placed quotas on immigration
2. discouraged the export of raw materials to England
3. placed restrictions on trading
4. encouraged colonial manufacturing
14. The Mayflower Compact of 1620 is considered an important step in the
development of democracy in America because it?
1. expressed the importance of self-government
2. established freedom of religion
3. created the first colonial judiciary
4. granted all males the right to vote
15. The Virginia House of Burgesses was important to the development of
democracy in the thirteen colonies because it?
1. provided an example of a representative form of government
2. created the first written constitution in America
3. provided for direct election of senators
4. began the practice of legislative override of executive vetoes
16. The pamphlet Common Sense, by Thomas Paine, aided the American
cause in the Revolutionary War because it?
1. convinced France to join in the fight against England
2. led to the repeal of the Stamp Act
3. created a new system of government for the United States
4. persuaded individuals who were undecided to support independence
17. In its economic relationship with its North American colonies, Great
Britain followed the principles of 18th-century mercantilism by?
1. outlawing the African slave trade
2. limiting the colonies’ trade with other nations
3. encouraging the development of manufacturing in the colonies
4. establishing laws against business monopolies
18. Which statement is most accurate about the movement for
independence in the thirteen colonies?
1. The independence movement began soon after the founding of the
Plymouth Colony.
2. Protests against British colonial policies gradually led to the demands
for independence.
3. The King of England required the colonists to become economically
self-sufficient.
4. The movement for independence was equally strong in all of the
colonies
19. During the colonial period, the British Parliament used the policy of
mercantilism to?
1. limit manufacturing in America
2. prevent criticism of royal policies
3. deny representation to the colonists
4. force colonists to worship in the Anglican Church
20. Which conclusion about the American Revolutionary War is most
clearly supported by information in this chart?
1.
2.
England had few advantages in a war with her American colonies.
The thirteen colonies had more advantages than disadvantages upon
entering the war.
3.
England did not believe that the thirteen colonies were worth the
expense of a war.
The thirteen colonies had few, but important advantages in the war
with England
4.
# 2 Creating A New Government – The Critical Period (1776-1787) Information Sheet
2A.New Nation
The former colonies, now the free and independent United States of America, needed to create their own government after winning the American
Revolution. Many American leaders did not trust powerful governments since America was originally controlled by the English King. Therefore, the first
U.S. government, The Articles of Confederation, was kept weak on purpose. Although this weak government prevented one person from controlling the
government, it also proved too weak to make laws and protect the country. The Articles did not allow for taxation or even raising an army, but was
successful at creating guidelines to admit new states into the Union. After Shay’s Rebellion (a farmer’s rebellion), the Founders knew it was time for a
change. Representatives from the now 13 states, met at the Constitutional Convention (1787-1789) to create a new government.
Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary…
Explain the impact of this events / people in “America”?
2B. Constitutional Compromise
Getting all of the states to agree on how a new and more powerful government would operate was not easy. Many compromises had to be agreed upon so
that all the states could be sure that they would not be overpowered by the new national government. There were many differences especially between
Northern and Southern States (over slavery and taxation), big states and small states (over representation in Congress) and Federalists (people who
wanted a strong central government) and Anti-Federalists (people who wanted a weak central government and argued that the central government held
power). The Compromises included the Great Compromises (creating a Bi-Cameral – two-house legislature), the controversial 3/5’s compromise over
how slaves are counted for representation/taxation and the Bill of Rights. The U.S. Constitution split the national government up into three branches so
that there would be a separation of powers. One branch would make the laws (Legislative- Congress), another branch would enforce the laws
(Executive – President), and the third branch would judge and decided the meaning of the laws (Judicial- Supreme Court). Power was separated into
three branches and each branch was given the ability to limit the power of the other branches. This is called checks and balances.
The Constitution also divided power between the national government and state governments. This system is called federalism and it allows state
governments and the national government to share power and responsibilities. The new government created by the U.S. Constitution was not immediately
accepted by all the states. People began to argue for and against the Constitution. Many people felt that the new government was too powerful and would
violate the rights of the citizens just as Britain had done. In order to get the Constitution approved, a Bill of Rights was added that guaranteed that certain
important rights such as freedom of speech would not be taken away by the new national government. These became the First Ten Amendments. The
Convention also created a Ratification Process to add and change amendments, and The Elastic Clause – where the Constitution can change as the
needs of the country change over time. Despite all of the compromises, it took a lot of effort to convince people to ratify the Constitution. James Madison,
Jon Jay and Alexander Hamilton wrote The Federalist Papers to convince the other states and their representatives to do ratify the constitution. In
September 1787, the Constitution was ratified.
Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary…
Explain the impact of this events / people in “America”?
Key Vocabulary Words
1) Federalism – the sharing of power between state governments and the national government
2) State Government – Government in charge of individual states. (NY’s is located in Albany, NY)
3) Federal/Central/National Government – Government in charge of the country. (this is located is in DC)
4) Federalists- argued for a strong federal government
5) Anti-Federalists- argued for a weak federal government, strong state governments and a Bill of Rights
6) Articles of Confederation- the first attempt at a US government. It had a weak federal government and didn’t have the power to collect taxes or raise
an army.
7) Shay’s Rebellion – farmers’ rebellion which convinced people the Articles of Confederation were too weak.
8) Constitution- a document that outlines how the government is structured
9) Amendment- a change to the Constitution
10) Bill of Rights- The first 10 Amendments to the Constitution that guarantee basic freedoms for citizens
11) 3/5ths Compromise- 5 slaves would count as 3 people when determining a state’s representation and taxes.
12) Great Compromise- made states with small population and states with large populations happy by creating a bi-cameral legislature. It creates the
Senate (2 representatives from each state) and the House of Representatives (each state has an amount of representatives based on its population).
13) Checks and Balances- the system where each branch of government can limit the powers of the other branches
14) Legislative Branch- branch of government that makes laws called the Congress.
15) Bicameral Legislature - the two-house system in Congress made up of the Senate & House of Representatives
16) Senate- the upper house of Congress where each state gets the same 2 votes
17) The House of Representatives- the lower house where each state gets more or less votes based on its population
18) Bill- an idea for a law
19) Veto- when the President refuses to sign a Congress approved bill into a law
20) Executive Branch- branch of government that enforces laws. Run by the president
21) Electoral College- a controversial system by which the U.S. President is selected indirectly – each state has a certain number of electors (points) which
the president receives based if he wins the popular vote of the state. A president can win without the majority of the popular vote.
22) Judicial Branch- the branch of government that interprets the laws. Run by the courts.
23) Elastic Clause – part of the Constitution which allows it to “stretch” or change based on needs of the time.
24) Federalist Papers – papers written to convince people to support the constitution
25) Ratify – approve/give consent.
Questions:
1. At the Constitutional Convention of 1787, the Great Compromise
resolved the issue of?
1. representation
2. taxation
3. slavery
4. control of trade
2.Which heading best completes the partial outline?
I.____________________________________
A. Representation
B. Slave trade
C. Taxation
D. Election of the president
1.
2.
3.
4.
Causes of the Revolutionary War
Provisions of the Treaty of Paris, 1783
Protections under the 10th Amendment
Compromises at the Constitutional Convention
3. A major reason the Antifederalists opposed the ratification of the United
States Constitution was because the Constitution?
1. created a national bank
2. lacked a provision for a federal court system
3. failed to provide for the direct election of members of the House of
Representatives
4. changed the balance of power between the state and national
governments
4. In terms of representation in the United States Congress, which state
benefited most from the three-fifths compromise reached at the
Constitutional Convention of 1787?
1. Massachusetts
2. New Jersey
3. New York
4. Virginia
5. Which idea did the Founding Fathers include in the Constitution that
allows Congress to meet the needs of a changing society?
1. federalism
2. separation of powers
3. the elastic clause
4. States rights
6. "There can be no liberty if the same man or the same group has
executive, legislative, and judicial control."
Which political idea would the author of this statement most likely support?
1. States rights
2. separation of powers
3. socialism
4. Federalism
7. Which statement about the United States House of Representatives is
accurate?
1. Representatives are chosen by the legislatures of their states.
2. The Constitution allows each state two representatives.
3. The number of representatives from each state is based on its
population.
4. The political party of the president always holds a majority of House
seats.
8. A system of checks and balances was included in the United States
Constitution because the authors were concerned about?
1. one branch of government becoming too strong
2. the states having too much power
3. the people having a voice in government
4. the military gaining control of the United States
9. Those who supported the ratification of the United States Constitution
promised to add a bill of rights in order to?
1. encourage economic development
2. prevent the return of English control over the new nation
3. increase the power of the National Government over the states
4. persuade the anti-Federalists to accept the Constitution
10. At the Constitutional Convention of 1787, the Great Compromise
resolved the issue of?
1. representation
2. taxation
3. slavery
4. control of trade
11. Federalism is best described as the?
1. authority to make and enforce decisions based on a written constitution
2. difference in the function of the public and private sectors of the economy
3. divisions of power between a national government and state governments
4. use of checks and balances between the three branches of government
12. Which statement about the electoral college system is accurate?
1. The number of electoral votes a state receives is based on its geographic
size.
2. A candidate can be elected president without the majority of the popular
vote.
3. Presidential candidates are forced to campaign equally in every state.
4. The total number of electoral votes has increased with each census.
13. What was the primary reason for holding the Constitutional Convention
of 1787?
1. outlaw slavery in both the North and the South
2. place taxes on imports and exports
3. revise the Articles of Confederation
4. reduce the power of the federal government
14. In the 1780’s, many Americans distrusted a strong central government.
This distrust is best shown by the?
1. lack of debate over the ratification of the United States Constitution
2. plan of government set up by the Articles of Confederation
3. development of a Federal court system
4. constitutional provision for a strong President
15. The authors of the United States Constitution believed that the voice of
the people should be heard frequently. Which part of the Government was
instituted to respond most directly to the will of the people?
1. Senate
2. House of Representatives
3. Supreme Court
4. Presidency
16. One way in which the United States Constitution differed from the
Articles of Confederation was that the Constitution?
1. created a national government having three branches
2. provided for the direct election of the President by the voters
3. made the amendment process more difficult
4. increased the powers of the states
17. One way in which the authors of the Constitution tried to create “limited
government” was by providing for?
1. a loyal opposition through a two-party system
2. a division of power between the national and state governments
3. the establishment of naturalization laws
4. the popular election of Federal judge
18. Antifederalists criticized the United States Constitution primarily
because governing power was concentrated in the?
1. State legislatures
2. President’s Cabinet
3. delegates to the Constitutional Convention
4. National Government
19. The United States Government is considered a federal system because?
1. national laws must be passed by both houses of Congress
2. powers are divided between the State and National Governments
3. the States are guaranteed a republican form of government
4. the President is selected by the electoral college
20. The Bill of Rights was added to the United States Constitution to?
1. provide the president with the power to enforce the laws
2. protect individuals’ civil liberties
3. establish a presidential cabinet
4. guarantee voting privileges to all citizens
21. What was an important accomplishment of the central government
under the Articles of Confederation?
1. elimination of debts from the Revolutionary War
2. removal of all British troops from North America
3. formation of a national policy relating to Native American Indians
4. development of guidelines for the admission of new states into the
Union
22. The Federalist Papers were published in 1787 and 1788 to help gain
support for?
1. a bill of rights
2. the ratification of the Constitution
3. a weaker central government
4. the abolition of slavery and the slave trade
# 3 Building A New Nation and the Age of Jacksonian Democracy Information Sheet.
3A. Early Republic
After the Constitution was ratified, the representatives unanimously elected George Washington to be America’s first President. Washington
knew that he would be setting important precedents (important firsts). Washington was the first person to create a cabinet (groups of advisors and
specialized departments). This was part of the Unwritten Constitution (powers not specifically listed in the Constitution). Washington set another example
on the home front by demonstrating the Federal Government would exercise their power to strike down domestic uprisings during the Whiskey Rebellion.
Another part of the Unwritten Constitution that Washington establishes is that Presidents only serve for two terms – after Washington’s second term, he
chose not to run again. His Farewell Address, at the end of his presidency is also important because in it, Washington outlines a policy of isolationism –
warning America to stay away from foreign affairs. Washington also established Future Presidents would both follow and debate this policy. Washington
also warned against political parties, but people took sides over political issues and eventually formed the Federalist Party and the DemocraticRepublicans. In 1796, John Adams defeated Thomas Jefferson to become the 2nd President. During Adams’ Presidency, America almost went to war with
France over the XYZ Affair and in response Adams passed the Alien and Sedition Act which limited rights during time of war. The election of 1800 saw the
peaceful transfer of power between two presidents after Adams lost to Jefferson (this was known as “The Revolution of 1800). In 1803 the 3rd U.S.
President, Thomas Jefferson, made the Louisiana Purchase from the French Emperor Napoleon. This purchase, which Jefferson made Constitutional by
calling it a treaty, more than doubled the territory of the U.S (westward expansion). The Louisiana Purchase demonstrates that Jefferson changed his
original view that the constitution should be interpreted strictly to that it should be interpreted loosely. This treaty between the US and France gave the U.S.
full control of rich natural resources and the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans. This rich and plentiful land was attractive to many American
settlers.
As America began expanding, it began having problems. England began instigating America and America’s 4 th President, James Madison,
declared war (with Congress’s approval) on England. This became known as The War of 1812. It was a draw, but its long term significance is that America
established itself as a legitimate power. America used its new power to protect its interests. In 1823, President James Monroe in his State of the Union
Address to Congress issued the Monroe Doctrine which declared that the Western Hemisphere was not allowed to be colonized any more by the
European Powers – this was now America’s area. It is debated if the policy was expansionist (expanding America’s power) or keeping with George
Washington’s policy of isolationism. Regardless, America, in just under 40 years as a nation, was becoming a powerful country.
Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary…
Explain the impact of this events / people in “America”?
3B. Jacksonian Democracy
Throughout his political career as a representative from Tennessee and then as President, Jackson was a champion of the common man.
Jackson’s support for changes and the following era of those changes became known as “The Age of Jacksonian Democracy.” Jacksonian democracy
was built on the following general principles: extended suffrage (voting rights) – voting rights were given to all white men, manifest destiny (it is our right to
expand West), patronage (giving offices to supporters – such as Jackson’s Spoil System), strict constructionism (strict reading of the Constitution –
although many debate how much Jackson did this), laissez-faire economics (government should stay out of economics) and an opposition to banks. In
order to help laissez-faire economics and stop what Jackson believed was the corruption of the Bank of the United States (Jackson believed that too few
were getting too rich at the price of farmers and laborers), Jackson refused to renew the Bank re-Charter Act in 1832. As a result, the national bank closed
down. This unfortunately led to the Panic of 1837 and an economic depression because local banks ran out of gold and silver and had to shut down.
Jackson also believed the two other branches of government were becoming too powerful and corrupt. During his time as President, he vetoed
most of the bills that came from Congress. He also was the first President to challenge the Supreme Court’s power of judicial review. The power of
judicial review was created as part of the unwritten constitution in the case of Marbury v. Madison (1803). Chief Justice John Marshall stated that the
power of judicial review was meant to be in the Constitution (as a part of checks and balances) by the Founders and that the courts have the power to rule
acts, actions and laws constitutional or unconstitutional. Marshall then used this power (in cases such as Gibbons v. Ogden and McCulloch v. Maryland) to
strengthen the power of the Federal Government over the States and encourage the growth of business and capitalism. In 1830, Jackson signed the Indian
Removal Act which allowed the President to buy Indian lands and then give them new lands in the West and put them onto reservations. The Cherokee
Nation sued the U.S. government and the case went all the ways up to the Supreme Court. In the case of Worcester v. Georgia the Supreme Court said
that this act was illegal. However, in response Jackson stated, “John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it!” Jackson and the following
President Martin Van Buren moved thousands of Indians onto reservations (now present day Oklahoma). This was unfortunately a sad episode in American
History because 800 Indians died along the way from starvation, poor nutrition and drowning in poor government transports and became known as The Trail
of Tears.
Jackson also strengthened the system of Federalism and enforce that the Federal Government was stronger than the states. States’ Rights
have been an issue since the founding of America, and this issue came to a head with the Nullification Crisis of 1832. When North Carolina wanted to
nullify (cancel) a federal tariff (trade tax that was being placed on good being brought into the nation. It was to protect domestic manufacturers to having to
compete with lower priced goods made by other countries), Jackson was prepared to send the army to the state to enforce the tariff. Fortunately,
Congressman Henry Clay stepped in and created a compromise tariff. However, the issue of sectionalism (northern vs. southern states) and states’ rights
was becoming an issue that was going to tear the country apart.
Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary…
Explain the impact of this events / people in “America”?
Key Vocabulary Words
1) Precedent – something done that is followed by others.
2) Unwritten Constitution – powers, procedures and traditions that become precedent but are not specifically listed in the Constitution
3) Cabinet – the President’s group of political advisors. (part of unwritten Constitution)
4) Whiskey Rebellion – farmers’ rebellion over a whiskey tax. President Washington uses the army to put down the rebellion to show the strength of the
Federal Government.
5) Farewell Address – Washington’s letter to the nation when he chooses not to run again. In it, Washington stresses a future policy of
isolationism/neutrality and warns against political parties.
6) Isolationism – a policy of neutrality – America should not be involved in foreign affairs.
7) Political Parties – organizations that represent a set of political (and social and economic) beliefs. The first two political parties where the Federalists
and Democratic-Republicans.
8) XYZ Affair – When France tried to blackmail America to pay France to stop attacking ships. Leads to “The Quasi-War” between America and France.
9) Alien and Sedition Acts – Acts passed by President Adams that limit rights and speech against the government during time of war and are antiimmigrant.
10) Revolution of 1800 Jefferson defeats Adams in the election of 1800. Adams peacefully transfers the Presidency to Jefferson. This is the first
peaceful political exercise of democracy/exchange of office in American history.
11) Louisiana Purchase a treaty President Thomas Jefferson made with France that doubled the size of the U.S and gave the U.S. full control of the
Great Plains, Mississippi River and New Orleans.
12) Strict Constructionist - a person who interprets the Constitution exactly as it is written, word for word.
13) Loose Constructionist- a person who interprets the Constitution in a loose flexible way and may stretch the meaning of the Constitution.
14) War of 1812 – A war between the US and England which was fought over trade rights. The US barely won and the White House was burned down.
The significance is that America is now respected as a legitimate and powerful nation.
15) Alexander Hamilton – advisor to President Washington who supported the creation of a National Bank
16) Lewis and Clark - explorers hired by President Jefferson explore the Louisiana Territory
17) State of the Union Address – Part of the unwritten Constitution – the President addresses Congress (and now the nation) and tells them his plans for
America, what he wants done, etc.
18) Monroe Doctrine- This was the nickname for President Monroe’s State of the Union Address that said that Europe should not interfere with the West
(North & South America), the Western Hemisphere is the U.S.’s area, and the U.S. would not get involved in European affairs.
19) Spoils System – Jackson gave political posts to his supporters.
20) Rotation System – Government employees can only serve 4 years
21) Kitchen Cabinet – Jackson consulted with his friends more than his cabinet.
22) Indian Removal Act of 1830 – Jackson orders the Cherokee and other Indian nations removed West onto reservations (special land just for
Indians).
23) Worcester v. Georgia – Cherokees sue in the Supreme Court saying that they cannot be removed. The Supreme Court sides with the Cherokees, but
Andrew Jackson ignores the Supreme Court’s ruling and moves the Indians onto reservations anyway. (“Marshall made his ruling, now let him enforce it.”)
24) Trail of Tears – When the Cherokees were moved from Georgia to Nebraska, 800 of them die on the way due to traveling in bad conditions and using
poor equipment to travel with.
25) Vetoing Congress – Jackson did not like the power that Congress and Congressmen had too much power and were corrupt. He vetoed many of
Congress’s bills and did not take their advice in foreign and domestic policy.
26) War with the Bank of the U.S. (BUS) – Jackson believed that the national bank only helped the wealthy class and hurt the poor. He vetoed its recharter (renewal). When the bank closed, every state had its own main bank. This complication led to The Panic of 1837.
27) The Panic of 1837 -- where many banks closed and people lost their money.
28) Nullification Crisis – When North Carolina wanted to not follow and nullify a federal law and Jackson was prepared to send the army to enforce the
law.
29) Sectionalism – conflict between Northern and Southern interests in the country.
30)States Rights: the political ideology that states have individual rights and do not have to listen to everything the federal government says.
31) Jacksonian Democracy: time period in American history, when suffrage was extended to all men, and there was increased participation by people in
government and politics.
32) Manifest Destiny: belief America has the God-given right to expand West and fill the entire continent.
33) laissez-faire economics – economic ideology that government should stay out of economics.
34) Supreme Court – Third branch of government and highest court in the United States. Created in Article III of the Constitution. Responsible for
interpreting the Constitution.
35) Judicial review – implied power (not specifically written in the Constitution - unwritten Constitution - but becomes precedent) that gives the
Supreme Court the power to rule laws and actions Constitutional or Unconstitutional
36) Marshall Court (1801-1832) – uses his decisions to strengthen federal government power over the states
37) Marbury v. Madison (1803, Early Republic Period) – gives the Supreme Court the power of judicial review
38) McCulloch v. Maryland(1812, Early Republic Period) – Maryland wants to tax Bank of the U.S.. Supreme Court says not allowed -- supremacy of the
federal law in taxation
39) Gibbons v. Ogden (1824, Early Republic Period) – The Supreme Court rules that a State’s cannot affect interstate trade (trade occurring over
more than one state border) or a Federal Contract.
Questions:
1. What were two key precedents established by George Washington
2.
3.
during his presidency?
1. aid to farmers and the end of the slave trade
2. universal male suffrage and support for political parties
3. foreign policy of neutrality and the use of presidential advisors
4. protective tariffs and foreign alliances during peacetime
An example of the use of the unwritten constitution is the creation of
the
1. presidential veto
2. United States Navy
3. federal postal system
4. president's cabinet
A major purpose of the president's cabinet is to
1. offer advice on important issues
2. nominate ambassadors
3. conduct impeachment trials
4. regulate the amount of money in circulation
4. "It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any
5.
6.
portion of the foreign world..." - George Washington, Farewell
Address.
In the 1920s and 1930s, some Americans used this statement to justify
a policy of
1. isolationism
2. collective security
3. mercantilism
4. Imperialism
Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality (1793) and the Monroe
Doctrine (1823) were efforts to
1. avoid political conflicts with European nations
2. directly support European revolutions
3. aid Great Britain in its war against France
4. promote military alliances
The Louisiana Purchase had great geographic significance for the
United States because it
1. reduced British control of North America
2. focused the United States on westward expansion
3. extended United States control over Mexico
4. decreased tensions with Native American Indians
7. The Louisiana Purchase initially presented a dilemma for President
8.
Thomas Jefferson because he believed it would
1. lead to war with Great Britain
2. bankrupt the new nation
3. force Native American Indians off their lands
4. violate his strict constructionist view of the Constitution
In 1823, the Monroe Doctrine was established mainly because the
United States wanted to
1. keep control of Alaska and Hawaii
2. establish more colonies in Latin America
3. support England's attempt to keep its empire in Central America
4. warn Europe against any further colonization in Latin America
9. Which proposal was included in Secretary of the Treasury Alexander
Hamilton's financial plans in the 1790s?
1. incentives to encourage agricultural expansion
2. creation of a national bank
3. direct taxes on the states to support government operations
4. free trade with other nations
10. On what grounds would strict constructionists of the United States
Constitution have questioned the purchase of the Louisiana Territory?
1. It violated the guarantee of states' rights.
2. The president was not specifically given the power to purchase new
land.
3. Congress was opposed to expansion west of the Mississippi River.
4. The Constitution applied only to the original thirteen states.
11. During the presidency of Andrew Jackson, the spoils system resulted in
1. federal laws being nullified by the states
2. elected officials rewarding their supporters with government jobs
3. all free males being given the right to vote
4. the end of political corruption in the federal government
12. The United States government is creating memorials along the Trail of
Tears because it was
1. an important road used by settlers going to the frontier
2. the location of injustices against many Native American Indians
3. the site of victories by General Andrew Jackson during the War of
1812
4. the route followed by the first transcontinental railroad
13. Which Supreme Court decision is most closely associated with the Trail
of Tears?
1. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
2. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
3. Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
4. Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
14. According to the theory of laissez faire, the economy functions best
when the government
1. subsidizes business so that it can compete worldwide
2. regulates business for the good of the majority
3. owns major industries
4. does not interfere in business
15. Which term did Americans use in the 1840s to describe the idea that the
United States should possess the entire continent?
1. containment
2. globalization
3. Manifest Destiny
4. popular sovereignty
16. At times, the United States Government has passed protective tariffs to
1. encourage foreign trade
2. help the nation’s manufacturers
3. reduce the cost of consumer goods
4. improve the quality of goods
17. A major reason for the issuance of the Monroe Doctrine (1823) was to
1. discourage United States trade with Latin America
2. defend the Panama Canal from Great Britain
3. prevent further European colonization in the Caribbean region
4. provide economic aid to Latin American nations
18. President Andrew Jackson claimed that use of the spoils system increased democracy in the federal government because it
1. passage of an amendment ending religious qualifications for voting
2. extension of suffrage to Native American Indians
3. end of property requirements for voting by many states
4. arrival of more immigrants from nations with democratic governments
19. President George Washington set a precedent for all future presidents by
1. appointing a career soldier to be Secretary of War
2. choosing a friend to be Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
3. campaigning actively for the office
4. creating a cabinet of advisors
20. One goal of Alexander Hamilton's financial plan was the establishment of a
1. stock exchange
2. national sales tax
3. federal income tax
4. national bank
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SECTION #1
USE THE INFORMATION FROM UNIT #1, #2 and #3 to answer the Thematic essay from August 2010
Theme: Presidential Actions
United States presidents have taken actions that have had a significant effect on
United States foreign or domestic policies.
Task:
Identify two presidential actions that have had significant effects on United States
history and for each
• Describe the historical circumstances surrounding the action
• Discuss the impact of the presidential action on United States foreign policy or on
American society
You may use any presidential action that has had a significant effect on United States history. Some suggestions you
might wish to consider include George Washington issuing the Proclamation of Neutrality, George Washington’s
Farewell Address, Thomas Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase, Andrew Jackson and Indian Removal or others.
# 4 The Road to Civil War (1820-1861) and Reconstruction (1865-1877)
4A. Expansion and Division of the Nation
The expansion of the US throughout the 1800’s made the US larger, richer, and stronger, but the new territories also brought about major conflict. At first,
most people believed that the country could exist with half of its economy based on slave labor (the South) and the other half based on manufacturing (the
North). As new territory was added, many of the compromises over slavery began to break down. This slowly led to increased sectionalism. Northern
States wanted these new states to be “free states” to stop the expansion of slavery and to get enough representatives to make a law to end slavery. The
South was scared of this, so they wanted the new states to become “slave states” so there would be a balance of power in Congress. Compromises, such
as the Missouri Compromise, the 1850 Compromise and the Kansas-Nebraska Act tried to make both sides happy, but actually made things worse. In
the Kansas territory, because of the idea of popular sovereignty, people started fighting each other, which became known as Bleeding Kansas.
Tensions greatly escalated with the Dred Scott Decision. Chief Justice Robert Tawney ruled that not only was slavery legal in the North, but the
Missouri Compromise which separated free and slave states was illegal – Congress cannot regulate property – it was now legal to own slaves in any state!
This infuriated abolitionists and gave the new anti-slavery Republican Party even more momentum. Republican Congressman Abraham Lincoln in his
debates with Senator Stephen Douglas in the Lincoln-Douglas Debates made it clear that “a house divided cannot stand” with the issue of slavery. The
South saw this is a threat that if a Republican President won, slavery would be made illegal. Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin (which depicted
the life of a slave very negatively) and the abolitionist John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry to try to create a slave revolt both increased the anger of
Southern “Fire Eaters” (outspoken politicians), and convinced many that the only choice left for the South was to secede (leave) the United States and
form their own country. They believed in the principle of States Rights – they did not want a Northern-controlled Federal Government to tell the states what
to do or take away their property. Poor Presidential leadership just allowed the situation to get worse. Due to Abraham Lincoln’s popularity, he was
nominated as the Presidential candidate for the Republican Party in 1860. South Carolina stated that if Lincoln won, they would secede from the Union.
Lincoln, thanks to a divided Democratic party, did win, and on December 20, 1860, South Carolina voted and left the Union! Through early 1861, ten more
Southern States seceded and formed a new government – The Confederate States of America – they had their own constitution, flag, president
(Jefferson Davis) and government.
The war started with the Battle of Fort Sumter. From 1861 to 1865, Americans from the North fought Americans from the South in one of the
bloodiest wars ever fought in order to preserve the union of the US! The American Civil War changed the United States forever. The federal government
showed that the U.S was a union of people and that the states couldn’t be allowed to secede from the country.
Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary…
Explain the impact of this events / people in “America”?
4B. Reconstruction
As the Southern Confederacy lay in ruins after its defeat, the American North had to decide on how to reintroduce The South back into the United
States. Abraham Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan wanted to make it easy for The South to rejoin the US and slowly give rights to the freed African
Americans. The Radical Republicans Reconstruction Plan wanted The South punished for their actions during the Civil War and wanted to make it
difficult to reenter the Union and wanted to create equality right away. When Lincoln was assassinated on April 15, 1865, his Vice President, Andrew
Johnson became President. Johnson and the Radical Republicans would continue to fight over the two competing visions of reconstruction.
During the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln issued The Emancipation Proclamation, which only freed slaves in the rebelling states. After the Civil
War, Congress issued the Thirteenth Amendment, which ended slavery throughout the United States and granted all slaves freedom. Although slaves
were officially “free.” The Radical Republicans also passed the Fourteenth Amendment that granted former slaves citizenship and they suffered
persecution and The Fifteenth Amendment was supposed to protect voting rights for all adult males, regardless of race or color. Congress also created the
Freedman’s Bureau to help freed Blacks find work and living. To protect Blacks from the South and to punish the South, Congress passed The
Reconstruction Act that kept soldiers in the South and kept the army in charge of the South until they ratified their new Constitutions (that didn’t have
slavery) and became states in the United States again. Andrew Johnson did not like any of these efforts and continually tried to veto Congress, but
Congress kept overturning his veto with a 2/3 majority vote. Congress then tried to impeach Johnson for violating the Constitution by not helping the freed
Blacks, but fell one vote shy. Reconstruction would not end until 1877 with the election of Alexander Hayes, during a complication, when there was a tie and
Congress decided to elect him President if he removed soldiers from the South and ended Reconstruction.
Even though Reconstruction would end after 12 years, there were lasting problems during and after, as the South also tried to stop all of the
improvements that Congress was creating for the freed Blacks. To keep them working on the plantations, they developed a system known as
Sharecropping. Citizens joined the Ku Klux Klan to use terror tactics (such as lynching) to intimidate African Americans to leave the South and to not
practice voting rights. States tried to prevent them from voting by passing literacy tests, poll taxes and grandfather clauses. States also tried to prevent
Blacks from becoming equal by creating Black Codes and Jim Crow Laws which segregated them. In 1896, in the Supreme Court case of Plessy v.
Ferguson, the Supreme Court held that segregation was legal as long as it was separate but equal. With so much resistance, early Civil Rights leaders
Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois offered two different opinions on how African Americans should try to achieve equal rights. However, it would
not be until Brown vs. Board of Education in 1954 that this case was overturned and segregation was illegal and it would not be until the Civil Rights
Movement of the 1950’s and 1960’s that African Americans would truly gain equal rights.
Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary…
Explain the impact of this events / people in “America”?
Key Vocabulary Words
1) Sectionalism- when each part of the U.S. (North, South, & West) puts its own needs before the needs of the country as a whole.
2) Secession/Secede- to break away from
3) Abolitionist- a person who tried to end (abolish) slavery
4) Underground Railroad- a system of hideouts Harriet Tubman and many others used to help slaves escape slavery in the South
5) Frederick Douglas- escaped slavery and published a newspaper (The North Star) discussing the evils of slavery
6) Cotton Gin- an invention that made cotton-farming easier. This device increased demand for slavery.
7) Nullification – the idea that a state can nullify (ignore) a law of the national government
8) Missouri Compromise (1820)- allowed the state of Missouri to enter the US as a "slave state", Maine to enter as a "free state", and outlawed the spread
of slavery above a certain boundary line.
9) Compromise of 1850- allowed the state of California to enter the US as a "free state" and created a stronger fugitive slave act.
10) Fugitive Slave Act- made it a crime for Northerners to help runaway slaves from the South
11) Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)- allowed Kansas and Nebraska to use popular sovereignty (states could vote to decide if they would be "free" or "slave"
state)
12) Popular Sovereignty – the idea that the people living in a state will vote to decide if they would be "free" or "slave" state.
13) Bleeding Kansas- Fighting between pro-slavery and anti-slavery supporters in Kansas.
14) Dred Scott Decision- Supreme Court decision that made it illegal for Congress to ban slavery in any US territory.
15) John Brown- a radical abolitionist who wanted slaves to rise up and fight.
16) Raid at Harper’s Ferry—John Brown’s attempted slave rebellion. Harper’s Ferry was a military warehouse. The rebellion fails but the South is very
angry at the North.
17) Uncle Tom's Cabin- a very important anti-slavery novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe.
18) States’ Rights – The idea that states do not have to listen the Federal Government if they disagree.
19) Lincoln-Douglas Debates – Debates that made Abraham Lincoln famous and called attention to that the country cannot survive half slave and half
free.
20) Abraham Lincoln – Republican politician. Became America’s 16th President. His election caused the Civil War, but his leadership helped the U.S. win
it.
21) Election of 1860- Election where South Carolina said that if Abraham Lincoln won then they would secede from the Union. Lincoln wins and they
secede.
22) Civil War- a war between different groups within one country. The American Civil War was when 11 Southern States tried to break apart and form their
own country – the Confederate States of America. From 1861-1865, the United States fought to conquer the Confederacy and reunite the country.
23) The Confederate States of America – the new “rebel” country formed by the southern states during the Civil War. It had a government and
Constitution similar to America’s and a President (Jefferson Davis).
24) Reconstruction- 12-year period after the U.S. Civil War where the southern states were rebuilt and allowed back into the U.S.
25) Freedmen- term used after the Civil War that referred to recently freed slaves.
26) Radical Republicans- group of Congressmen who wanted to punish the South after the Civil War. Soldiers were kept in the South, Civil Rights laws
were passed and the South tried to fight the legislation. It ends in the “backdoor” deal of the election of 1876.
27) Emancipation Proclamation – a letter that President Lincoln signed ending slavery during the Civil War
28) Thirteenth Amendment- officially ended slavery, except as punishment for a crime, in the U.S.
29) Fourteenth Amendment- gave citizenship to Freedmen and “equal protection under the law.”
30) Fifteenth Amendment- gave voting rights to all adult male citizens regardless of race or color
31) Freedmen's Bureau – organization that created schools and work training for Freedmen
32) Reconstruction Act – Act that keeps the military in charge of the South during Reconstruction.
33) Ku Klux Klan (KKK)- a group that terrorized and killed Freedmen after the Civil War
34) Lynching – a group led hanging meant to terrorize black citizens in the South
35) Jim Crow Laws and Black Codes- state laws in the South that restricted the rights of African Americans and created segregation.
36) Sharecropping/Tenant Farming- a system of renting land that kept many Freedmen poor farm workers after slavery was made illegal
37) Literacy tests- confusing exams given only to blacks in the South to prevent them from voting
38) Poll taxes- fees that kept poor Freedmen from voting.
39) Grandfather clauses- a racist southern law that said you can vote only if your grandfather could vote. This prevented Freedmen from voting.
40) Segregation- the separation of people based on color, race, or religion
41) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) - U.S. Supreme Court case that legalized segregation, saying that segregation is legal as long as it is separate but equal.
42) Jim Crow Laws- laws that enforced segregation in southern places (restaurants, train cars, bathrooms)
43) Booker T. Washington - African American leader who accepted segregation, and believed that working from the bottom up and education was the best
way to achieve equality.
44) W.E.B. Dubois - African American leader who rejected segregation and believed that blacks must fight for equality through the court system and by
protest.
45) Brown v. Board of Ed (1954) – Supreme Court case that overturns Plessy v. Ferguson stating that “separate but equal in inherently unequal
Questions:
1. Sectional differences developed in the United States largely because
1. the Federal Government adopted a policy of neutrality
2. economic conditions and interests in each region varied
3. only northerners were represented at the Constitutional Convention
4. early Presidents favored urban areas over rural areas
2. Early in his Presidency, Abraham Lincoln declared that his primary goal
as President was to
1. enforce the Emancipation Proclamation
2. preserve the Union
3. end slavery throughout the entire country
4. encourage sectionalism
5. The Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) was
significant because it
1. allowed slavery in California
2. outlawed slavery in the Southern States
3. upheld the actions of the Underground Railroad
4. ruled that Congress could not ban slavery in the territories
6. Which situation was the most immediate result of Abraham Lincoln's
election to the presidency in 1860?
1. Kansas and Nebraska joined the Union as free states.
2. A constitutional amendment was adopted to end slavery.
3. Missouri entered the Union as a slave state.
4. Several Southern States seceded from the Union.
3. Which phrase best completes the title for the partial outline shown
below? I. Reasons for the ______________________ A. Increasing
sectionalism B. Disagreements over states’ rights issues C. Breakdown of
compromise D. Election of 1860
1. Start of the Revolutionary War
2. Adoption of the Bill of Rights
3. Failure of the Whiskey Rebellion
4. Secession of Southern States from the Union
7. After the passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments, African
Americans continued to experience political and economic oppression
mainly because
1. the amendments were not intended to solve their problems
2. many African Americans distrusted the Federal Government
3. Southern legislatures enacted Jim Crow laws
4. poor communications kept people from learning about their legal rights
4. Which term refers to the idea that settlers had the right to decide whether
slavery would be legal in their territory?
1. nullification
2. sectionalism
3. popular sovereignty
4. southern secession
8. Poll taxes and grandfather clauses were devices used to
1. deny African Americans the right to vote
2. extend suffrage to women and 18-year-old citizens
3. raise money for political campaigns
4. prevent immigrants from becoming citizens
18. "By the 1850’s, the Constitution, originally framed as an instrument of
national unity, had become a source of sectional discord."
9. In their plans for Reconstruction, both President Abraham Lincoln and
President Andrew Johnson sought to
1. punish the South for starting the Civil War
2. force the Southern States to pay reparations to the Federal Government
3. allow the Southern States to reenter the nation as quickly as possible
4. establish the Republican Party as the only political party in the South
10. The 14th and 15th Amendments, passed during Reconstruction, resulted
in
1. equal rights for women in the United States
2. expanded rights for Native American Indians on reservations
3. increased individual rights for African Americans
4. additional rights for Southern segregationists
11. The underlying reason for the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson
was
1. the Credit Mobilier scandal
2. a power struggle with Congress over Reconstruction
3. his refusal to appoint new justices to the Supreme Court
4. his policies toward Native American Indians
12. The Articles of Confederation and the theory of nullification were both
attempts to
1. strengthen the national government
2. form new political parties
3. protect states' rights
4. strengthen the presidency
13. Which problem did the Missouri Compromise, the Compromise of 1850,
and the Kansas-Nebraska Act attempt to solve?
1. extension of slavery into the western territories
2. equitable distribution of frontier lands to the owners of small farms
3. placement of protective tariffs on foreign imports
4. need for internal improvements in transportation
14. In which case did the United States Supreme Court rule that segregated
public facilities were constitutional?
1. Worcester v. Georgia
2. Plessy v. Ferguson
3. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
4. Miranda v. Arizona
This quotation suggests that
1. vast differences of opinion existed over the issue of States rights
2. the Federal Government had become more interested in foreign affairs
than in domestic problems
3. the Constitution had no provisions for governing new territories
4. the Southern States continued to import slaves
19. "Compromise Enables Maine and Missouri To Enter Union" (1820)
"California Admitted to Union as Free State" (1850)
"Kansas-Nebraska Act Sets Up Popular Sovereignty" (1854)
Which issue is reflected in these headlines?
1. enactment of protective tariffs
2. extension of slavery
3. voting rights for minorities
4. universal public education
20. "A house divided against itself cannot stand. . . . I do not expect the Union
to be dissolved; I do not expect the house to fall; but I do expect it will cease
to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other. . . .” -Abraham
Lincoln, 1858 The “divided house” referred to in this speech was caused
primarily by
1. expansionism
2. war with Mexico
3. slavery
4. the suffrage movement
21. "Although important strides were made, Reconstruction failed to provide
lasting guarantees of the civil rights of the freedmen.” Which evidence best
supports this statement
1. passage of Jim Crow laws in the latter part of the 19th century
2. ratification of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments
3. refusal of Southern States to allow sharecropping
4. passage of the Civil Rights Acts of 1866
22. Base your answer to the question below on the passage below and on
your knowledge of social studies.
15. Many Southern States tried to limit the effects of Radical Reconstruction
by
1. adopting federal laws mandating segregation
2. enacting Jim Crow laws
3. abolishing the Southern sharecropping system
4. securing passage of new amendments to the United States Constitution
"[The registrar] brought a big old book out there, and he gave me the
sixteenth section of the constitution of Mississippi, . . . I could copy it like it
was in the book, but after I got through copying it, he told me to give a
reasonable interpretation and tell the meaning of the section I had copied.
Well, I flunked out." Source: A History of the United States since 1861
16. In which area did the views of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois
differ most?
1. the need to stop violence against African Americans
2. the speed with which full equality of the races should be achieved
3. the need to integrate the armed forces
4. the idea of including white Americans in their political action organizations
The main intent of the literacy test described in the passage was to
1. encourage reform of the political system
2. encourage Mississippi residents to learn about their state’s legal system
3. prevent African Americans from exercising a basic right
4. enforce the provisions of the United States Constitution
17. Which statement best explains President Abraham Lincoln’s justification
for the Civil War?
1. As an abolitionist, President Lincoln wanted to end slavery in the United
States.
2. President Lincoln wanted to keep the South economically dependent on
the industrial North.
3. President Lincoln’s oath of office required him to defend and preserve
the Union.
4. To keep the support of Great Britain and France, President Lincoln had
to try to end slavery immediately.
23. “No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges
. . . of citizens . . . nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or
property, without due process of law. . . .” The major purpose of these
provisions of the 14th Amendment was to
1. limit the power of the federal government
2. expand the civil rights of women
3. maintain competition in business
4. protect the rights of African Americans
________________________________________________________________________________________
24. Which statement is best supported by the data in the table?
1.
2.
3.
4.
The Confederate troops lost the Civil War as a result of their higher numbers
of injuries and fatalities.
The Union army had better generals during the Civil War.
The Civil War had more casualties than any other war.
More soldiers died from disease than from wounds.
25. What is the most accurate title for this map?
1. Closing the Frontier
2. Results of Reconstruction
3. A Nation Divided
4. Compromise of 1850
# 5 The Gilded Age--The Rise of Industry & Immigration (late 1800’s)
5A.The Post- Civil War Industrialization of the United States
Industrialization is when a country goes from making products by hand to mass-producing products in factories with machines. Industrialization
was made possible by inventions like steam engines, railroads, iron, steel, electricity, and the production of raw materials (gas, coal, and oil).
Industrialization boosted the economy of the U.S. and made it a very powerful and wealthy nation. However it has also created many serious
problems for people and the environment. Industrialization was fueled by the United States Economic System of Free Market Capitalism, an economic
system based on no government interference in the economy, private ownership of business and businesses competing with each other. This was also
known as laissez-faire—the government does not get involved in businesses. Capitalism benefits consumers by increasing the variety of goods available
and keeping prices low. At the same time, capitalism can hurt certain workers as owners attempt to increase profits through poor working conditions and low
wages. Monopolies eventually became powerful enough to influence politicians in the government. They pressured politicians to pass laws that would
benefit the monopolies but not the public. The government tried to limit monopolies using anti-trust laws, but it was not until Theodore Roosevelt became
President during the Progressive Era, that the power of monopolies was limited.
“New Immigrants” came to the U.S. during this period of industrialization seeking jobs and religious freedom, which led to the rapid growth of
cities. Cities grew too fast for governments to handle and many problems such as pollution, crime, poverty, and anger towards new immigrants quickly
spread. Anti-immigration laws such as the Chinese-Exclusion Act were passed to limit them.
Workers formed Labor Unions to try to fight for their rights and protect American jobs against immigrants. They used strikes, boycotts and
collective bargaining to try to fight the monopolies, but the early labor unions and their efforts were usually not successful. Employers were very hostile
towards workers trying to organize. The Knight of Labor fell apart after the Haymarket Riot, and the government took the sides of big business during
strikes such as the Pullman Strike and Homestead Strike. Again, it would not be until the Progressive Era where unions started to gain more power and
workers began receiving more rights. America was growing, becoming richer and more powerful, but there were many underlying problems. This is why
America during this time was known as The Gilded Age (gilded means shiny but dull inside).
Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary…
Explain the impact of this events / people in “America”?
Key Vocabulary Words
1) Industrialization - the rise of technology, factories and big business.
2) Gilded Age – nickname for the industrial era in which rich Americans dominated the US. There were many successes but also many problems.
3) Free Market Capitalism - an economic system where individuals can privately own and run their own businesses without government interference.
4) Urbanization - when people move from rural areas (the countryside) to urban areas (cities)
5) Laissez-faire - when the government keeps its "hands off" business
6) Corporation - a large company where many investors own a part of the business by purchasing stock
7) Entrepreneur - a person who starts his or her own company
8) Social Darwinism – “Survival of the fittest” in society and economics
9) Rugged Individualism – people must help themselves. People need a good work ethic.
10) Supply and Demand: Prices are determined by consumers and businesses
11) Monopoly/Trusts - a company that has complete control over an industry and prevents competition
12) Robber Barons – a nickname for very rich Monopolists that were accused of being too greedy
13) Captains of Industry: nicknames for rich monopolists that helped grow industry and make affordable products for the public.
14) Andrew Carnegie - businessman who ran a steel monopoly by destroying his competition. He also donated large amounts of money to build libraries
and theaters (philanthropist).
15) John D Rockefeller - businessman who ran an oil monopoly and forced his competition out of business. He also donated large amounts of money to
build public spaces (philanthropist).
16) Knights of Labor – Labor union created by Terrence V. Powderly.
17) Labor Union- organization of workers that fought for workers’ rights and pay using strikes, boycotts and collective bargaining.
18) Haymarket Riot- riot that ends the Knights of Labor.
19) American Federation of Labor – Created by Samuel Gompers. Largest labor union in America. Did not accept blacks, women or immigrants though.
Focused on the rights of skilled workers.
20) Pullman Strike and Homestead Strike: Workers strikes on railroads that was put down with force by the government and workers did not get benefits.
21) Importance of Railroads : As America was growing, railroads connected America and transferred its population (including immigrants) all over. The
main railroad monopolist was John Vanderbilt.
24) The Old Immigrants - immigrants from Northern and Western Europe who moved to America between 1607-1880.
25) The New Immigrants – immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe who moved to America between 1880-1920 for jobs and to escape poverty.
26) Pluralism – diversity, a mixture of people from different religions and cultures
27) Assimilation – the process of immigrants becoming culturally American (learning English/eating American food)
28) Nativism - the dislike of immigrants and a strong pride for those born in the U.S.
29) Chinese Exclusion Act – (1882) law that completely banned immigrants from China
30) Gentleman’s Agreement - (1907) law that limited immigrants from Japan
31) Immigration Quotas – laws that restricted the number of immigrants from certain countries
Questions:
1. In the United States, the main purpose of antitrust legislation is to
1. protect the environment
2. increase competition in business
3. encourage the growth of monopolies
4. strengthen the rights of workers
2. After the Civil War, one way business leaders tried to eliminate
competition was by
1. forming monopolies or trusts
2. developing overseas markets
3. increasing the prices of their products
4. paying high wages to their workers
3. In the United States, organized labor made its greatest membership gains
when
1. the right to unionize and bargain collectively was guaranteed by
legislation
2. international competition began to threaten jobs in the United States
3. the major business groups encouraged unionization
4. the economy began to shift from manufacturing to service employment
4. Many reformers who opposed the laissez-faire attitude of the late 19th
century argued that
1. the National Government should not interfere in the activities of big
business …big business
2. national wealth could best be assured by the accumulation of gold
3. the idea of rugged individualism is vital to the nation’s economic
growth
4. government should protect society through the regulation of business
5. Nativism in the late 19th century was motivated primarily by
1. hostility toward immigrant workers
2. the need to reduce overcrowding in western states
3. cultural conflicts with Native American Indians
4. the migration of African Americans to northern cities
6. The Rockefeller Foundation, Carnegie Hall, and the Morgan Library
illustrate various ways that entrepreneurs and their descendants have
1. suppressed the growth of labor unions
2. supported philanthropic activities to benefit society
3. applied scientific discoveries to industry
4. attempted to undermine the United States economic system
7. Jacob Riis, Jane Addams, and Margaret Sanger are most closely
associated with efforts to
1. educate and train formerly enslaved persons
2. preserve the natural environment
3. advance the interests of organized labor
4. improve conditions for the poor
8. The term business monopoly can best be described as
1. the most common form of business in the United States
2. government control of the means of production
3. an agreement between partners to manage a corporation
4. a company that controls or dominates an industry
9. One reason John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and J. Pierpont
Morgan were sometimes called robber barons was because they
1. robbed from the rich to give to the poor
2. made unnecessarily risky investments
3. used ruthless business tactics against their competitors
4. stole money from the federal government
10. Which statement describes a result of the Industrial Revolution in the
United States?
1. Farm production decreased.
2. Slavery in the South increased.
3. The population of the cities decreased.
4. Immigration to the United States increased
11. “Prices and wages should be determined by the marketplace.” The
author of this statement would most probably support
1. government ownership of utilities
2. minimum-wage laws
3. wage and price controls
4. laissez-faire capitalism
12. Which factor most limited the growth of labor unions during the late
1800’s?
1. Most employers were very hostile toward workers’ efforts to organize.
2. Most factory workers were satisfied with their wages and working
conditions.
3. The Federal Government declared that unions were illegal.
4. Workers preferred to negotiate with factory owners as individuals
rather than as members of a group.
13. In the 19th century, the major national labor unions wanted to improve
the position of workers mainly by
1. obtaining the legal right to organize and bargain collectively
2. using government troops to settle labor disputes with management
3. supporting government ownership of major industries
4. endorsing a third political party for workers only
14. In response to the demands of farmers and small business owners,
Congress enacted laws in the late 19th century that
1. supported the organization of farm cooperatives
2. regulated the activities of railroads and trusts
3. provided direct payments to farmers to help them buy modem
machinery
4. dropped tariff rates to the lowest point in the century
15.The American Federation of Labor became the first long-lasting,
successful labor union in the United States mainly because it
1. refused to participate in strikes against employers
2. concentrated on organizing workers in industries in the South
3. formed its own political party and elected many prolabor public
officials
4. fought for the rights of skilled workers
16. One way in which the Chinese Exclusion Act, the Gentlemen’s
Agreement, and the National Origins Act were similar is that all were
expressions of
1. imperialism
2. nativism
3. militarism
4. Manifest Destiny
17. The main purpose of this 1886 poster was to
1. oppose immigrants who took jobs from American workers
2. support nativist calls for limitations on labor unions
3. organize a protest against acts of police brutality against workers
4. show support for police actions against foreign revolutionaries
18. Which generalization about population growth is supported by information in this chart?
1.
2.
3.
4.
For every census listed, rural population exceeded urban population.
By 1920, more people lived in cities than in rural areas.
The Civil War significantly slowed the rate of population growth.
Most urban population growth was due to people migrating from rural areas.
19. What is the main idea of this cartoon?
1.
2.
3.
4.
The Standard Oil Company was a harmful monopoly.
The best way to develop major industries was to form proprietorships.
Government regulations were strangling the Standard Oil Company.
Foreign competition in the oil industry was hurting American companies.
20. According to the graph, which was the first year in which more Americans lived in urban areas than
in rural areas? (look to the bottom)
1.
2.
3.
4.
1860
1890
1920
1930
# 6 The Progressive Era (1890’s to late 1910’s/early 1920’s)
6A. Problems of Labor, Farmers, Immigrants
The Progressive Era is a period of reform in which many of the problems that the U.S. faced during industrialization were addressed or solved.
During industrialization, it was common for children to work in unsafe factories alongside their parents who would work 70-80 hours a week. Life at home
wasn’t any better as most American were poor, ate spoiled food and lived in crowded, dirty tenements. During The Progressive Era, the U.S. government
moved away from its Laissez-faire policy and began to regulate businesses. The movement grew from the Granger Movement and Populist Party that
organized farmers in an attempt to break up the railroad monopoly that had been exploiting (taking advantage of) farmers by overcharging them for shipping.
The Populist Platform called for more popular involvement in government such as direct election of senators, initiative, referendum and recall. Even
though they lost, they paved the way for many reforms. The Populist Party and Progressives were third political parties that focused on a particular person
and issue.
The Progressives were a political, social and economic movement, which fought for the poor and working class people that were being exploited
during industrialization. Many writers, reporters, and social activists like Upton Sinclair and Jacob Riis contributed to solving the many problems that
developed during industrialization. Workers began to group together in labor unions in order to fight for better wages, shorter work hours, and safer working
conditions. The public and government did not support unions at first but key events like the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire eventually made people
realize that workers' rights were being violated by big businesses. Presidents read the works of the Progressive writers and made reforms based on their
writings; they became known as The Progressive Presidents. President Theodore Roosevelt is considered to be the American President at this time
most responsible for protecting Americans from the abuses of business. Roosevelt worked tirelessly to pass Anti Trust Acts, improve health and safety
conditions in factories and make sure the food we eat is safe. President William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson were also Progressive Presidents
who passed reforms.
The Progressive movement continued to 1920 when women received the right to vote with the passing of the Nineteenth Amendment. However,
the Progressive Movement ends when America enters World War I.
Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary…
Explain the impact of this events / people in “America”?
Key Vocabulary Words
1) The Granger Movement - farmers who pushed for government regulation of railroads
2) The Populist Party – a new political party started by William Jennings Bryan to represent workers and farmers against railroads, banks and big
business, and to get political reforms. Advocated fore free silver—new currency reform.
3) The Progressive Movement – Movement where people (Muckrakers) identified and fought against the social, political and economic problems in the
United
4) States due to urbanization (growth of cities) and industrialization (growth of businesses)
5) Theodore Roosevelt - Progressive President (1901-1908) who’s Square Deal Policies broke up monopolies, created the Meat Inspection Act and
was also a trustbuster – breaking up monopolies.
6) Trustbusting - when the government uses antitrust acts to break up trusts/monopolies
7) Anti Trust Acts - laws that tried to stop the spread of monopolies such as the Clayton Anti-Trust Act and Sherman Anti-Trust Act.
8) Meat Inspection Act (1906) - cleanliness requirements for all meat plants that were enforced with inspectors
9) Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) - required companies to label ingredients in food and drug products
10) Muckrakers - reporters who expose problems, corruption and the abuse of industry
11) Upton Sinclair - wrote The Jungle a book about the unclean and unsafe conditions of the meatpacking industry.
12) Jacob Riis - photographed the horrible living conditions of the urban poor in his book How the Other Half Lives
13) Initiative - allows citizens, instead of politicians, to come up with state bills (ideas for laws)
14) Referendum - allows citizens, instead of politicians, to vote on certain state bills
15) Recall - allows citizens, instead of politicians, to remove a politician from office
16) Seneca Falls Convention (1848) – a meeting of women, led by Susan B. Anthony to demand Women's Suffrage.
17) Suffrage - the right to vote. The 19th Amendment grants Women’s Suffrage
18) Labor Unions- Groups of workers who used the threat of going on strike in order to bargain for better working condition and higher salaries. (Terrence
Powderly’s Knights of Labor, Samuel Gomper’s American Federation of Labor - AFL)
19) Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1911) - 150 women die in a factory fire because of unsafe conditions
20) Tenements – small, unsafe apartments that immigrants in NYC would often live in.
21) Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall - The corrupt government of New York City that took advantage of people and immigrants through taxes, corrupt
deals, etc.
22) Thomas Nast – cartoonist who exposed corruption, especially against Boss Tweed.
23) Ida Tarbell – Wrote about the corruption of the Standard Oil Company.
24) Jane Adams – worked in Hull Houses that were houses for the poor.
25) Woodrow Wilson – another Progressive President. His “New Nationalism Program” targeted child labor, better working conditions, regulating banks
and breaking up trusts.
26) Interstate Commerce Act (1887) – Congressional Act that stated only the government controls trade between states (and not businesses)
27) Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) – Congressional Act that tries to make monopolies and trusts illegal, but does not have initial success.
Questions:
1. In passing the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), Congress intended to
1. prevent large corporations from eliminating their competition
2. distinguish good trusts from bad trusts
3. regulate rates charged by railroads
4. force large trusts to bargain with labor unions
3. A goal of the Granger and Populist movements was to
1. expand rights for African Americans
2. help western farmers fight unjust economic practices
3. provide support for the banking industry
4. enable big business to expand without government interference
2. In the late 1800s, many business practices of the railroads led to
1. an increase in the unemployment rate
2. an increase in the demand for government regulation
3. a decrease in the demand for raw materials
4. a decrease in the variety of products available for consumers
4. The Populist movement was most interested in improving conditions for
1. farmers
2. business leaders
3. African Americans
4. Native American Indians
5. A main purpose of President Theodore Roosevelt’s trust-busting policies
was to
1. reduce corruption in government
2. save the nation’s banks
3. encourage competition in business
4. end strikes by labor unions
6. During which period in United States history were the amendments
concerning the income tax, direct election of Senators. Prohibition, and
women’s suffrage enacted?
1. Reconstruction
2. The Gilded Age
3. Progressive Era
4. New Deal
7. The Populist and the Progressive movements were similar in their
approaches to reform in that both
1. supported the return of powers to the state governments
2. promoted the use of violent strikes and protests against big business
organizations
3. opposed the strict laissez-faire attitudes of the federal government
4. lobbied for immediate social and economic equality for African
Americans
8. In How the Other Half Lives, Jacob Riis described the living conditions of
1. workers in urban slums
2. African Americans in the segregated South
3. the rich in their mansions
4. Native American Indians on reservations
9. Which president was known as a trustbuster?
1. George Washington
2. Calvin Coolidge
3. Theodore Roosevelt
4. Dwight Eisenhower
10. In the late 1800s, the Homestead steel strike and the Pullman railcar
strike were unsuccessful because
1. the government supported business owners
2. most workers refused to take part in the strike
3. the Supreme Court ruled both strikes were illegal
4. factory owners hired children to replace the strikers
16. A common characteristic of third political parties in the United States is
that they
1. tend to focus on one person or one issue
2. come into existence only during periods of corruption
3. have dealt mainly with foreign policy issues
4. have frequently forced Congress to decide Presidential elections
11. In 1906, the publication of The Jungle, written by Upton Sinclair, led
Congress to
1. enact stronger prohibition laws
2. support the national conservation movement
3. establish a system for meat inspection
4. legalize strikes and boycotts by labor unions
17. The Farmer is the Man
When the farmer comes to town
With his wagon broken down,
Oh, the farmer is the man
Who feeds them all. . . .
The farmer is the man,
The farmer is the man,
Lives on credit till the fall;
Then they take him by the hand
And they lead him from the land,
And the middleman’s the man
Who gets it all. . . .
— American folk song
The problem identified by this folk song was a result of
1. low profits forcing many people out of farming
2. farm productivity declining for several decades
3. too many Americans entering the occupation of farming
4. poor farming practices destroying cropland
12. Which 19th-century event supported the movement for women's rights?
1. Seneca Falls Convention
2. Dred Scott decision
3. formation of the Republican Party
4. Lincoln-Douglas debates
13. A major purpose of the Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) was to
1. limit immigration of certain ethnic groups
2. enrich America's cultural diversity
3. treat all Asian and European immigrants equally
4. relocate Asians displaced by war
14. Which conclusion can be drawn about the impact of the Populist and
the Progressive parties on the United States?
1. Some third-party goals eventually become planks in the platforms of
the major parties.
2. The United States has steadily moved from a two-party system to a
multiparty system.
3. Religious ideals have most often motivated people to splinter away
from major parties .
4. An increasing number of citizens have grown weary of party politics
and fail to vote in elections.
15. The Populists believed that most of the United States economic
problems would be solved by establishing
1. currency reform
2. postal savings banks
3. a national property tax
4. a renewed policy of open immigration
18. Speaker A: "The business of America is business, and we would be
wise to remember that."
Speaker B:"Government ownership of business is superior to private
enterprise."
Speaker C:"Strict government regulation of business practices is a means
to insure the public good."
Speaker D:"Only through personal effort can wealth and success be
achieved."
Which speaker would most likely have supported the ideas of the
Progressive movement?
1. Speaker A
2. Speaker B
3. Speaker C
4. Speaker D
19. The purpose of the Interstate Commerce Act (1887), the Sherman
Antitrust Act (1890), and the Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) was to
1. eliminate unfair business practices
2. reduce imports from foreign nations
3. reduce the power of the unions
4. increase the power of local governments
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION #2
USE THE INFORMATION FROM UNIT #4, #5 and #6 to answer the Thematic essay from June 2006
Theme: Change — Turning Points
Major historical events are often referred to as turning points because
they have led to important political, social, and economic changes.
Task:
Identify two major events in United States history that were important turning points and
for each:
• Describe the historical circumstances that led to the event
• Discuss the political, social, and/or economic changes that resulted from the event.
You may use any major event from your study of United States history. Some suggestions you might wish to consider
include the signing of the Declaration of Independence (1776), Revolutionary War (1781), Civil War (1865) end of
Reconstruction (1877), Chinese Exclusionary Act (1882), Pullman Strike (1894) and the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
(1911) or any other turning point in US History.
# 7 World War I (1914-1919) & The Roaring 20’s and American Prosperity (1920-1929)
7A. World War I
During the turn of the 20th century, America became stronger from its imperialist and expansionist policies. Many people in the U.S. supported
these actions because it made the US strong since the country now had more places to sell goods. However, as America became stronger, it also got more
involved in European affairs (just as Washington warned about in his Farewell Address!) In 1914, the Alliances of Great Britain, France and Russia (Triple
Entente) went to war against Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire (Triple Alliance). During 1914-1917, despite the efforts of President
Woodrow Wilson, the U.S. was slowly pulled into World War I with the Zimmerman Telegram, Sinking of the Lusitania and Russian Revolution. The
U.S. began selling weapons to the more democratic countries of Britain and France as they fought against the more autocratic (rule of one person)
governments of the Triple Alliance. Eventually U.S. civilians became victims, as German unrestricted submarine warfare sank the cruise ship the
Lusitania. Germany claimed that the Lusitania was secretly transporting weapons and ammunition from the U.S. to Britain. In 1917, after Wilson’s
reelection and the Russian Revolution put Russia out of the war, America joined the war on Britain and France’s side in 1917. They wanted to maintain
freedom of the seas. With fresh soldiers, the Triple Entente won and in 1919, Germany surrendered.
Wilson was determined to create a lasting peace, with America at the lead. He believed that the United States had a democracy to protect and
spread democracies and the freedoms of peoples around the world. Wilson’s 14-Points tried to create a post-WWI world with no alliances, no military buildup, no colonialism and self-determination by all nations (nations should be independent) as well as an international peace keeping organization known as
The League of Nations. The Europeans however, wanted to punish Germany and only kept The League of Nations in the final peace treaty, The Treaty
of Versailles. However, after the war the Senate (which ratifies (approves) all treaties) did not want to sign the Treaty of Versailles because of the League
of Nations and wanted to follow a policy of isolationism – not getting involved in foreign affairs. The U.S. isolated itself from European U.S.
isolationism would last until the U.S. entered World War II in 1941.
The war’s greatest significance might have actually been felt on the home front, though. At home, the war changed America; the important
Supreme Court case Schenk v. U.S. limited freedom of speech during times of war. The Supreme Court ruled that speech or actions that creates a clear
and present danger (such as “shouting fire in a crowded theatre”) are not protected by the Constitution—Constitutional protection of liberties are not
absolute. However, rights were also gained. While the men were away fighting, women worked in factories – their work at home helped America send
millions of men overseas and win the war. The government rewarded the sacrifice of women and finally gave them the right to vote with the ratification of
the new 19th Amendment.
Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary…
Explain the impact of this events / people in “America”?
7B. Roaring Twenties
The Roaring Twenties was a very exciting time in U.S. History for many levels of society. Women, who now had the right to vote, went to college
in greater numbers and experienced social freedom. They were much more independent, wearing skirts, smoking, drinking, dancing and became known as
flappers. New inventions such as the toaster, washing machine, and vacuum made life at home easier on housewives. Mass production of the automobile
allowed more Americans the opportunity to travel within the country. There was also the birth of radio, television and movies.
Presidents Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge were presidents for most of the '20's. They believed in capitalism – the use of capital (resources)
to make profit, laissez-faire policy (the government should stay out of the economy), supply-side economics (the government should make taxes that support
the growth of businesses. However, there was also one major scandal known as The Teapot Dome Scandal where the Harding Administration was caught
selling oil rights to companies which violated American business practices. Due to their policies, the United States experienced great economic growth.
Henry Ford developed the assembly line to mass produce cars. Cars as well as other luxury goods became more affordable.
The 1920’s was also a great time for African Americans. During the Great Migration African Americans moved from the South and Mid-West to
Northern cities looking for job opportunities. Cities such as Chicago and New York City became centers for the growth of African American culture. This led
to the Harlem Renaissance - when African Americans expressed themselves and pride in culture through art, literature, music, acting. They created jazz
music and created the Apollo theatre where black artists and musicians performed.
However, the 1920’s was also controversial. There was much intolerance, especially towards immigrants. With the growth of Communism in
Russia, Americans were scared of immigrants especially from Russia and Eastern Europe and America went through the “Red Scare.” Attorney General
Palmer launched the “Palmer Raids” where the state department arrested and deported thousands of immigrants under suspicion of being communist. In
the Sacco and Vanzetti Case, Italian immigrants Sacco and Vanzetti were sentenced to death because of an anti-immigrant jury. The Ku Klux Klan also
had a rebirth, with hundreds of thousands joining in an effort to keep White American supremacy. People were also intolerant against the new evolution
theory, and in a famous case, “The Scopes Monkey Trial,” the controversy was made public. Lastly, people became intolerant towards alcohol and
pushed the government to pass the 18th Amendment – Prohibition – which banned the sale of alcohol. People violated these unpopular prohibition laws
and it became common for people to drink alcohol illegally in places called speakeasies. With alcohol illegal, mafia crime lords such as Al Capone became
rich by operating black market liquor sales. Prohibition was eventually appealed with the 21 st Amendment.
The U.S., while we enjoyed exporting all of our new products, reverted (went back to) a policy of isolationism, rejecting President Wilson’s plan for
the League of Nations; causing further division between Democrats and Republicans.
Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary…
Explain the impact of this events / people in “America”?
Key Vocabulary Words
1) President Woodrow Wilson -tried to keep the U.S. out of W.W.I, but was forced to after the Sinking of the Lusitania, Zimmerman Telegram and
Russian Revolution put Russia out of the war. He was also the creator of the 14 Point Plan for peace and the League of Nations.
2) Lusitania – American cruise ship that was sunk by German U-Boats (submarines) for suspicion of carrying supplies to England. Many wanted war
with Germany because of this.
3) Unrestricted submarine warfare - Germany's plan to attack all non German ships. The need to protect its military and commercial ships pushed the US
government to enter WWl.
4) Zimmerman Telegram – Letter from Germany to Mexico that supposedly said that Germany wanted Mexico to attack America. Many wanted war with
Germany because of this.
5) Russian Revolution – When the people of Russia overthrew the Tsar and Russia exited the war. America had to join England and France or they
would lose.
6) 14 Point Plan- Wilson’s plan for after the war that would create world peace. It called for self-determination of colonized nations, no alliances and
decrease size of militaries and the creation of a League of Nations.
7) League Of Nations - an organization that promoted world cooperation and peace. However, since the U.S. did not join, and the League did not have the
power to prevent World War II. The League of Nations is the first try/original version of the current United Nations.
8) Treaty of Versailles (1919) - blamed and punished Germany for starting World War I and created a League of Nations.
9) Isolationism – a foreign policy of not getting involved in foreign affairs
10) Foreign Policy – Relations/actions towards other countries.
11) Farewell Address – Washington’s Farewell letter to the nation (1796) that recommend a foreign policy of isolationism
12) Schenk v. U.S. (1919) - The U.S. Supreme Court decided that the government can limit freedom of speech during wartime if the speech/actions
represent a clear and present danger such as “shouting fire in a crowded theater.”
13) 19th Amendment – This gave women the right to vote. It was created after they worked in factories for men on the home front during World War I.
14) Ratify – to approve
15) Home front -- how the war affects life at home.
16) Prohibition- The 18th Amendment that banned the sale of alcohol. Unpopular and removed by the 21st Amendment.
17) Flappers- name given to a new type of woman who smoked, drank, wore less restrictive clothing
18) Scopes "Monkey" Trial - the trial of a science teacher was fired for teaching Darwin's theory of evolution
19) Harlem Renaissance – Growth of African American culture.
20) Great Migration – When African Americans moved up from the South to the North.
21) Laissez-Faire – Policy of no government interference in the economy
22) Supply-side Economics – Government policies that help businesses grow
23) Capitalism – When Entrepreneurs use privately owned capital (resources) to create profit.
24) Roaring 20’s – A time of great prosperity in America
25) Red Scare – When Americans were scared of immigrants and communist influence.
26) Sacco and Vanzetti Case – Two Italians were sentenced to death because of a prejudice jury.
27) Scopes Monkey Trial – Court case which exposes the conflict over teaching evolution in classrooms
28) Assembly Line – Created by Henry Ford to mass produce cars and make goods more available and cheaper.
29) Henry Ford – Innovator of the “assembly line; a businessman who helped revolutionize producing and selling goods to people (especially cars – Ford
Model-T)
30) Palmer Raids – Attorney General Palmer’s “raids” to arrest and deport Russian immigrants due to fear from Communism spreading.
31) Ku Klux Klan – organization whose agenda was to create a White Supremacist Society.
32) Intolerance – not accepting of other people.
33) Teapot Dome Scandal – When the Harding Administration was accused of selling oil rights to one company without a bidding by other companies.
34) Bootlegger: Someone who made and/or smuggled alcohol during Prohibition.
35) Speakeasy: Place where people went to illegally drink during Prohibition.
36) Al Capone: Mafia boss who ran illegal alcohol rings (networks) during Prohibition.
37) Presidents Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge: Presidents from 1921-1929 who followed capitalist and free market ideas and policies of
isolationism
Questions:
1. The "clear and present danger" ruling of the Supreme Court in Schenck
v. United States illustrates the continuing conflict between
1. free speech and governmental authority
2. the use of search warrants and the rights of the accused
3. state powers and Federal powers
4. religious freedom and separation of church and state
2. President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points were intended to
1. make the United States, Great Britain, and France into leading world
powers
2. redistribute Germany’s colonies among the Allied nations
3. prevent international tensions from leading to war
4. punish Germany for causing World War I
3. A major reason for the isolationist trend in the United States following
World War I was
1. a desire to continue the reforms of the Progressives
2. the public’s desire to end most trade with other nations
3. the failure of the United States to gain new territory
4. a disillusionment over the outcomes of the war
4. What was a major reason for United States entry into World War I?
1. to overthrow the czarist government of Russia
2. to keep Latin America from being attacked by Germany
3. to maintain freedom of the seas
4. to break up the colonial empires of the Allies
5. Which situation was the immediate cause of the United States entry into
World War I in 1917?
1. The League of Nations requested help.
2. The Maine was blown up in Havana Harbor.
3. Nazi tyranny threatened Western democracy.
4. German submarines sank United States merchant ships.
6. During World War I, many American women helped gain support for the
suffrage movement by
1. protesting against the war
2. joining the military service
3. lobbying for child-care facilities
4. working in wartime industries
7. The Harlem Renaissance of the 1920’s was a period when African
Americans
1. left the United States in large numbers to settle in Nigeria
2. created noteworthy works of art and literature
3. migrated to the West in search of land and jobs
4. used civil disobedience to fight segregation in the Armed Forces
8. The 1920’s are sometimes called the "Roaring Twenties" because
1. foreign trade prospered after World War I
2. the United States assumed a leadership role in world affairs
3. political reforms made government more democratic
4. widespread social and economic change occurred
9. In the United States, the decade of the 1920’s was characterized by
1. a willingness to encourage immigration to the United States
2. increased consumer borrowing and spending
3. the active involvement of the United States in European affairs
4. major reforms in national labor legislation
10. The 1925 trial of John Scopes reflects the conflict between
1. science and religion
2. isolation and international involvement
3. traditional roles and new roles for women
4. Prohibition and organized crime
11. Which factors were the major causes of the Red Scare and the Palmer
Raids, which followed World War I?
1. success of the Communist Party in congressional and Presidential
elections
2. race riots in Los Angeles and the revival of the Ku Klux Klan
3. failure of the United States to join the League of Nations and the
unpaid German war debts
4. the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 in Russia and workers’ strikes in the
United States
12. “The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man
in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic."-Justice Oliver
Wendell Holmes
Which interpretation of the Bill of Rights does this statement illustrate?
1. The needs of the government are more important than civil liberties.
2. Constitutional protections of liberty are not absolute.
3. The Supreme Court can eliminate freedoms listed in the Bill of Rights.
4. The Bill of Rights does not safeguard individual liberties.
13. After World War I, the opposition of some Members of Congress to the
Versailles Treaty was based largely on the idea that the Treaty
1.
2.
3.
4.
did not punish the Central Powers harshly enough
did not give the United States an important role in world affairs
would require the United States to join the League of Nations and
might result in a loss of United States sovereignty
would require the United States to assume the cost of rebuilding the
war-torn European economies
14. Which pair of events illustrates an accurate cause-and-effect relationship?
1. Sacco and Vanzetti trial ---> ratification of the woman suffrage amendment
2. rebirth of the KKK ---> formation of the Populist Party
3. Red Scare ---> demand for limits on immigration
4. high food prices ---> start of the Great Depression
15. What do headlines such as these from the 1920s illustrate?
“Public Ignores Prohibition Restrictions”
“Evolution and Creation Debated in Scopes Trial”
“Women Bring Change to the Industrial Workforce”
1.
2.
3.
4.
conflict between traditional and modern values
trend toward mass consumption of consumer goods
hostility of certain groups toward ethnic minorities
debate over the role of government in the economy
16. Data from this graph support the conclusion that World War I
1.
2.
3.
4.
caused the United States trade deficit to increase
cost the United States many billions of dollars
was a significant benefit to the American economy
created an unfavorable balance of trade
# 8 Great Depression (1930-1945), FDR and the New Deal (1930s-), WWII (1941-1945)
8A. The Great Depression
The economy was booming in the early 20s due to new inventions and the birth of modern advertising. Also, for the first time in history, people
could buy products without having the cash to pay for them. Consumers were offered credit and installment plans, which let them buy now and pay later.
The more people bought, the better the economy did. But eventually, people couldn’t afford all the items that they bought and the economy collapsed. This
happened with the stock market too. Stock Market Speculation and buying on margin led to “Black Tuesday” when the stock market crashed in 1929.
The Stock Market Crash of 1929 signaled the beginning of The Great Depression. A depression is when the economy is not producing, but shrinking.
There is also very high unemployment. The Stock Market Crash was the main cause, but this led to other problems such as the run on the banks where
5,000 banks closed when people panicked and started taking their money out. There were underlying problems that led to the Depression and led to it
getting worse such as over-production and under-consumption, businesses taking advantage of laissez-faire policies and a growing income gap –
less and less were able to afford all of the consumer products of the Roaring ‘20’s. All of these problems combined together to form the worst economic
period in our nation’s history – unemployment hovered around at least 15% for 12 years and reached as high as 25% in 1933.
During the depression, 1 out of every 4 Americans was out of a job. In the cities people waited on lines for bread. In the countryside, farmers lost
their land during The Dust Bowl – when farmland turned to dust due to drought and abusive farming practices (over producing). President Herbert Hoover
didn't believe the government should get involved in trying to fix the economy. He thought that government involvement in the economy was similar to
socialism or communism and believed in rugged individualism instead. The people who lost their home and lived in the streets and parks in newspaper
and cardboard tents called their new dwellings “Hoovervilles” at their anger of Hoover. It wasn’t until the election of 1932, when new President Franklin
Deleanor Roosevelt (FDR) that the US government spent money to help Americans get back to work. FDR’s created policies, which he called his New
Deal to provide Relief, Recovery and Reform and to pump and prime the economy. FDR’s relief policies like the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
and the Works Progress Administration (WPA) were designed to provide people with emergency jobs and income. FDR also created benefits to help
people such as Social Security Act, unemployment benefits and early Medicare programs. To fix the banking and stock market he instituted a bank holiday
and approved the creation of the Security Exchange Commission to monitor stock trading. To restore calm he spoke to the nation weekly through his
fireside chats. FDR was so popular that he broke tradition and ran and won a 3rd and 4th term as President.
However, there was much controversy to the New Deal – the Supreme Court challenged many of the programs Constitutionality stating the
government was overstepping its limits and regulating business. In response, FDR tried to “pack” the Supreme Court – changing the Constitution to add 7
more judges (who would agree with him), but this failed to pass through Congress. Women and African Americans also did not benefit from many of the
New Deal Programs. Although the New Deal did much to fix the economy, it wasn’t until the start of World War II that many American were hired for war
related jobs and the Great Depression came to an end.
Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary…
Explain the impact of this events / people in “America”?
8B. World War II
In 1938, Adolf Hitler, Chancellor of Germany annexed Austria. Britain and France first responded through appeasement by letting Hitler take the
country in order to prevent war. In 1939, Hitler continued to try to take over Europe by invading Poland. Fearing that Hitler intended to dominate all of
Europe and maybe the world, Britain and France declared war on Germany officially beginning World War II.In the early 1930s, after the end of World War I,
the American public wanted to remain isolationist and out of world problems. Many Americans believed that Europe and the newly formed League Of
Nations should attempt to bring about a peaceful solution to this European conflict. This didn’t work.
The American government first foreign policy was to pass Neutrality Acts, which prevented Americans from selling weapons to countries at war. America
would only sell non-military weapons on a cash and carry basis. By 1940, France was conquered by Germany and the US feared that without arming Great
Britain all of Europe could be under Hitler’s control. Roosevelt proposed the Lend Lease Act to lend war materials to any country fighting Germany. The
US also refused to sell weapons and materials to Japan, an ally of Germany. On the morning of December 7, 1941 Japanese airplanes sneak attacked the
US navy in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The day after the attack, President Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan making the US officially part of
WWII. The attack on Pearl Harbor made Americans fearful of Japanese immigrants living in America. Many Americans thought Americans of Japanese
heritage might be spies or loyal to the Japanese Emperor. In the Supreme Court Case Korematsu v. US (1944), the court agreed to relocate Japanese
Americans to prison like areas called Internment Camps. America fought both against Germany in Africa and Europe and Japan in the Atlantic, but new
Hitler was the toughest enemy and we sent most of our army against Germany and Italy. The war against Germany was difficult, but slowly America
invaded Italy and then France (D-Day invasion). By May 1945, Allied Forces (America, England and Russia) were outside of Berlin. Hitler committed
suicide and Germany surrendered. After Hitler was defeated, the leaders of the Allied Powers, new President Harry Truman, British Prime Minister Winston
Churchill and Soviet Secretary General Joseph Stalin (known as “the Big Three”), met at the Potsdam Conference. This conference determined how
Germany and Europe would be divided after the war – Berlin would be split into sections – America, France and England controlling the West and the Soviet
Union the East. The Soviet Union would also be given control of Eastern Europe to use as future protection. This agreement helped to set up The Cold
War where Germany and Europe would be divided into a free and capitalist West and a communist controlled East. After the war, Nazi war criminals who
were responsible for The Holocaust were put to trial at The Nuremburg Trials. The war in the Pacific was equally difficult. General Douglas MacArthur
developed the strategy of “Island Hopping” – moving from one island to the next, getting closer and closer to Japan. However, each battle had many
casualties – the Japanese usually always fought to the last man. In the Battle of Midway, we destroyed most of the Japanese ready and by 1945, we were
ready to invade Japan. However, FDR died in 1945 and the new American President Harry Truman believed that an invasion of Japan could take a long
time and lead to millions of American deaths. In August 1945, the American military dropped two atomic bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
in Japan. Japan surrendered shortly after the second explosion. This action possibly saved the lives of millions of American soldiers but resulted in the
deaths of over hundreds of thousands of Japanese.World War II had many positive effects for America on the homefront. US entry into World War II
helped the US economy out of The Great Depression, expanded women’s rights as women were encouraged to work in factories and improved relations
between blacks and whites that fought in integrated units in the army. The saving and rationing that took place at home for the war set up a culture that was
ready to buy after the war. The US attack on Hiroshima and Nagasaki has been the only time in history to date that atom bombs have been used in war
and changed war forever. The war also stressed the need for a better peace-keeping organization than the League of Nations which clearly failed. During
the Yalta Conference (February 1945), the leaders of the Allied Powers decided a new organization had to be made, which would become the United
Nations. However, World War II, the Yalta Conference and the Potsdam Conference set up the Cold War between the only two superpowers remaining –
America and the U.S.S.R vying for control over a divided capitalist and communist Europe.
Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary…
Explain the impact of this events / people in “America”?
Key Vocabulary Words
1) Great Depression (1929-1940) - when many businesses and banks failed, and unemployment became as high as 25%.
2) President Herbert Hoover- Believe the government should not get involved in hiring people during the Great Depression. Believed this would be like
socialism/communism.
3) Stock Market Speculation- the buying stock in an irresponsible fashion. Lead to the Stock Market Crash of 1929 (which starts the Great Depression
on Black Tuesday – October 29, 1929)
4) Run on Banks – when people panicked and started removing their money from banks forcing banks to close and thousands to lose money.
5) Overproduction and Under consumption – businesses were overproducing goods but no one was buying them.
6) Widening Income Gap – Fewer people were earning more money but an increasing amount of people were earning less.
7) The Dust Bowl- a series of droughts that turned the fertile Great Plains of middle-America into a dust wasteland
8) Hoovervilles- makeshift homes where homeless people lived (named after Hoover because they believed he did not help them).
9) Bonus Army – WWI Veterans who camped out on the White House lawn to demand their pensions from Hoover, who sent out the army to drive them
away.
10) Rugged Individualism – Hoover’s belief that people need to individually work hard without government help or interference in the economy.
11) Franklin Demeanor Roosevelt (FDR) – President during the Depression who increased employment and government involvement in the economy
through his New Deal.
12) The New Deal – FDR’s policies that provided Relief, Recovery and Reform and pump and priming to the American economy. This was a major
change to capitalism as there was now much more government involvement and spending in the economy.
13) Relief – programs to bring immediate relief – Civilian Conservation Corps, Tennessee Valley Association, Public Works Administration and Works
Public Administration, Works Progress Administration are 4 famous ones.
14) Recovery – Programs to start increasing production and regulating business to keep distribution fair – such as the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
and National Recovery Administration (NRA).
15) Reform -- Programs to fix the American economy so problems that started the Great Depression would not happen again, along with creating
entitlement programs to help people who need it. These included The Bank Holiday, Social Security Act and Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation (F.D.I.C.) which regulated banks and insured peoples’ deposits in them.
16) FDR’s Alphabet Soup -- Nickname gave to all of the New Deal Programs because of their initials.
17) Fireside Chats – FDR’s weekly radio address to the nation to build confidence.
18) Butler v. U.S. – Supreme Court case which said the AAA was illegal because it was over-regulating farmers.
19) Schecter Poultry v. U.S. Supreme Court case which said the NRA was illegal because it was over regulating businesses and the government cannot
set prices.
20) Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) – New Deal program that hired young men to build schools and create parks during The Depression
21) Works Progress Administration (WPA) - New Deal program that hired artists, musicians and architects during The Depression.
22) FDR’s Court Packing Plan – President Roosevelt’s unconstitutional plan to hire Supreme Court Justices that agreed with his New Deal. This violated
checks & balances and failed.
23) World War II ends the Depression—The massive production needed by WW2 and employment of millions of soldiers and factory workers, along with
forced savings and rationing helped bring America out of the Depression.
24) Appeasement – the idea to let Hitler take land that didn’t belong to Germany so Europe could avoid war before WWII
25) Isolationism - the US foreign policy of not getting involved in European problems at the beginning on WWII.
26) League Of Nations - an organization that promoted world and peace. However, since the U.S. did not join, the League had less power to prevent
World War II.
27) United Nations – the new “League of Nations” which was created after WWII ended. Its headquarters is in NYC.
28) Neutrality Acts – US isolationist policies, which prevented Americans from selling weapons to countries at the beginning of WWII.
29)
30)
31)
32)
33)
34)
35)
36)
37)
38)
39)
40)
41)
42)
43)
44)
45)
46)
47)
48)
49)
50)
51)
Lend Lease Act/ cash and carry – US policies which allowed the US to sell weapons to Britain, France and Russia at the middle of the war.
Pearl Harbor Attack - December 7, 1941, when Japanese airplanes sneak attacked the US navy in Hawaii
Korematsu v. US – Supreme Court case that required Japanese Americans being relocated to restricted prison like areas called Internment Camps.
The Draft/Selective Service – lotteries that selected US men to register for the army to fight in WWII
The Manhattan Project – secret US programs to help build the atomic bomb used on Japan to end the war.
President Harry Truman – US President after FDR died. Made the decision to drop atomic bombs on Japan.
Nuremberg Trials – Nazi war crimes trials that took place after WWII. Nazi leaders convicted of killing innocent people were imprisoned or executed.
Rosie The Riveter - cultural symbol representing the American women who worked in factories during WWII
GI Bill – US law that gave all US soldiers involved in WWII a way to buy a home and attend college after the war
Ration Cards – coupons that were needed to buy goods during WWII in order to save materials for war
War/Victory Bonds – money given to the government as an investment so the US could pay for war
Potsdam Conference – Conference in which Truman, Churchill and Stalin (Big Three – leaders of Allied Powers) met to decide how to divide up
Germany and Europe after the war. Helps set up Cold War.
Hiroshima and Nagasaki: The two cities that America dropped the Atomic bomb on to end the war in the Pacific against Japan.
End of Great Depression – the massive spending on military items, employment of people in the army and at home and the saving and rationing done
by people at home helped lead to the end of the depression.
Propaganda – when different forms of media are used to influence people. This was done in the U.S. to recruit people to fight, buy war bonds and ration.
Yalta Conference – Conference in which Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin (also known as Big Three – leaders of Allied Powers) set up idea for United
Nations and how to divide up Europe after the war.
Homefront – Everything that takes place back in the United States.
Women and WWII – Women once again worked in wartime factories and industries to support the men fighting the war. Propaganda like Rosie the Riveter
motivated many.
Integration of the Army – When the U.S. army allowed all races to serve together and not in separate units.
Holocaust – The systematic elimination of Jews and other races by the Nazis. Many German officers were convicted at the Nuremberg Trials of war crimes.
DDay – The invasion of France by the Allied powers and turning point in the war against Germany.
Island Hopping – Strategy of slowly conquering islands to get closer to Japan.
Allied vs. Axis Powers – The Allied Powers were America, England and the Soviet Union vs. the Axis powers of Germany, Italy and Japan.
Questions:
1. During the second half of the 1920s, which economic trend was a major
cause of the Great Depression?
1. deficits in the federal budget
2. reductions in tariff rates
3. creation of national and state sales taxes
4. overproduction and under consumption
2. A significant cause of the Great Depression of the 1930’s was that
1. some banking policies were unsound and had led to the
overexpansion of credit
2. a decrease in protective tariffs had opened American business to
competition from abroad
3. a wave of violent strikes had paralyzed the major industries
4. consumer goods were relatively inexpensive
3. Which New Deal program was chiefly designed to correct abuses in the
stock market?
1. Federal Emergency Relief Act
2. Civilian Conservation Corps
3. Works Progress Administration
4. Securities and Exchange Commission
4. What were two basic causes of the Dust Bowl during the early 1930s?
1. strip mining and toxic waste dumping
2. overfarming and severe drought
3. clear-cutting of forests and construction of railroads
4. overpopulation and urban sprawl
5. During the Great Depression, expressions such as Hoovervilles and
Hoover blankets showed that President Hoover
1. was seen as a role model
2. used the military to aid the unemployed
3. was blamed for the suffering of the poor
4. supported relief and public housing for the needy
6. National Prohibition, as authorized by the 18th Amendment, stated that
1. Americans must be 18 years old to purchase alcoholic beverages
2. only imported alcoholic beverages would be sold
3. alcoholic beverages could be sold only in government-run stores
4. the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages was banned
7. One of the major causes of the stock market crash of 1929 was
1. excessive buying of stocks on margin
2. overconsumption of goods and services
3. failure of international banking systems
4. low prices of stocks and bonds
8. New Deal programs such as the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and
the Works Progress Administration (WPA) were primarily intended to help
1. farmers
2. homeowners
3. businesses
4. unemployed workers
9. Which precedent was established by the Nuremberg war crimes trials?
1. National leaders can be held responsible for crimes against humanity .
2. Only individuals who actually commit murder during a war can be
guilty of a crime.
3. Defeated nations cannot be forced to pay reparations.
4. Defeated nations can be occupied by the victors.
10. In 1944, Congress enacted the GI Bill of Rights in order to
1. provide economic aid to veterans
2. reduce military expenditures
3. ban racial segregation in the armed forces
4. create government jobs for returning soldiers
11. President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s response to Supreme Court decisions
that declared several New Deal laws unconstitutional was to
1. ask Congress to limit the Court’s jurisdiction
2. propose legislation to increase the size of the Court
3. demand the resignation of several justices
4. ignore the Court’s rulings
12. "The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is, in
extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little political
connection as possible."
This quotation supports a foreign policy of
1. imperialism
2. appeasement
3. neutrality
4. economic sanctions
13. Which action best illustrates the policy of isolationism followed by the
United States before it entered World War II?
1. signing of a collective security pact with Latin American nations
2. passage of neutrality legislation forbidding arms sales to warring
nations
3. embargo on the sale of gasoline and steel to Japan
4. President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s exchange of American destroyers
for British naval and air bases
14. An immediate effect of the Lend-Lease program was that
1. Western Europe recovered from the damage caused by World War I
2. the Soviet Union formed the Warsaw Pact
3. Japan declared war against the United States
4. the United States provided critical aid to Great Britain and the Soviet
Union
15. The United States became involved in World War II primarily because
1. Germany refused to pay its debts from World War I
2. European democracies supported United States policies toward
Germany and Japan
3. President Franklin D. Roosevelt did not enforce the Neutrality Acts
4. Germany and Japan achieved important military successes in Europe
and Asia
16. The United States Supreme Court decision in Korematsu v. United
States (1944) concerned
1. restricting freedom of the press
2. the president’s right to use atomic weapons
3. limiting civil liberties during wartime
4. the right of women to serve in military combat
17. During World War II, women and minorities made economic gains
mainly because
1. a shortage of traditional labor created new opportunities in the
workplace
2. more educational opportunities increased the number of skilled
workers in these groups
3. labor unions successfully demanded equal opportunities for these
groups
4. new civil rights legislation forced businesses to change their hiring
practices
18. A major cause of the internment of Japanese Americans during World
War II was
1. national segregation policies
2. immigration quotas
3. racial prejudice
4. economic depression
19. President Harry Truman justified using atomic bombs on Japan in 1945
on the grounds that the
1. world was ready for a demonstration of nuclear power
2. Axis powers deserved total destruction
3. early ending of the war would save many lives
4. American public demanded that the bombs be used
20. What was one result of World War II?
1. The arms race ended.
2. The Cold War ended.
3. Communism was eliminated.
4. Two superpowers emerged
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Section #3
USE THE INFORMATION FROM UNIT #7 and #8 to answer the Thematic essay from January 2008
Theme: Change- War
United States participation in wars has resulted in political, social, and economic
changes for various groups of Americans. These changes have had varying impacts
on American society both during and after each war.
Task:
Identify two different groups of Americans that were affected by United States
participation in a war and for each
• Describe a social, political, or economic change the group experienced because of
the war
• Discuss the extent to which that change affected American society
You may use any appropriate group from your study of United States history. Some suggestions you might wish to
consider include enslaved persons during the Civil War, Native American Indians during the Indian Wars, women
during World War I or World War II and Japanese Americans during World War II.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------#9 The Cold War, Civil Rights Movement, Modern Presidents
9A. The Cold war
After World War II, America and the Soviet Union (Russia) were the only two superpowers left in a devastated world. However, America, a capitalist and
democratic country and Russia (known as The Soviet Union – U.S.S.R) a Communist country, wanted to shape the post-war world in a way that would benefit
them the most – either spreading capitalism or communism. This started The Cold War – a war in which the two sides never fought each other, but fiercely
competed in the arms race, space race and to protect and spread their ideologies across the world. As World War II was ending, the Soviets were marching
Germany from the East, and the Americans from the West. At the Yalta Conference (Feburary 1945), the Big Three (America, Great Britain and Russia) agreed
to let all of the countries they liberated from the Nazis stay free. However, after Franklin Roosevelt died, Stalin broke the deal and at the Potsdam Conference
(May 1945) he told British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and new U.S President Harry S. Truman that he will keep his soldiers in the Eastern European
countries and they will become part of the new Soviet Empire. World War II was over, but Europe was split in two – the West being capitalist, democratic and
free, but the East becoming Soviet Satellite States behind what was now known as the Communist “Iron Curtain.”
To stop the spread of Communism, U.S. President and The National Security Council developed NSC-68 or The Containment Policy – stating that
America will help other countries’ stop communism from spreading into them. President Truman gave a speech known as The Truman Doctrine, which
emphasized this. His Secretary of State George Marshall developed The Marshall Plan to give financial aid to countries. Germany was the center of the Cold
war. Berlin the capital of Germany, was split into a free west and a Communist East. Russia tried to starve West Berlin by blockading it (Berlin Blockage), but
America helped west Berlin with The Berlin Airlift. The U.S. also developed The North Atlantic Treaty Organization to protect European countries from
Communism. In response the, USSR formed the Warsaw Pact with its satellite nations.
President Deight D. Eisenhower began a policy known as The Domino Theory – this followed the containment policy; warning that if America did
not stop Russia from spreading communism, neighboring countries would fall. Eisenhower’s presidency also saw the start of The Space Race, with Russia
launching The Sputnik Satellite. America would win the space race under President Richard M. Nixon, when America landed on the moon first (1969). On the
home front during Eisenhower’s Presidency, there was another Red Scare and wave of McCarthyism, where many Americans were suspected of being
Communist and Russian spies. People also became conformist to fit in and show they were true Americans.
In 1959, China became Communist when Chairman Mao Zedong overthrew the Democratic Government. To avoid a Communist Dominion effect in all
of Asia, the United States needed to make a stand in Asia. From 1950-1953, America fought The Korean War, protecting capitalist South Korea, from
Communist North Korea. This was one of two proxy (side) and limited wars (limited objectives America fought to protect its Democratic friends from
Communism. In 1954, America began getting involved in Vietnam (which, like Korea, was split into a Communist North and Capitalist South), when the North
tried to unite the country under Communism. From 1965-1975, America fought The Vietnam War, trying to protect capitalist South Vietnam from Communist
North Vietnam, but unfortunately failed to do so, and Vietnam and eventually most of South East Asia became Communist. Many protested against the Vietnam
War. They did not like the draft, the numerous lives lost, and felt the U.S should not be the international police. Both the Korean War and Vietnam War were
not officially declared wars by Congress!
Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary…
Explain the impact of this events / people in “America”?
9B. The Civil Rights Movement
For almost a hundred years after Reconstruction, African Americans in the South were living in fear and oppression as second-class citizens. Segregation,
racial separation, was the law of the land. The Segregated South existed unchecked by the federal government until the Civil Rights Movement exploded in
the 1960s.
The first response to segregation came as The Great Migration (1916-1930). During this time seven million African-Americans from the
Segregated South fled to large cities in the North (New York, Chicago, Detroit) in search of a better, desegregated life. The Great Migration had a
tremendous cultural effect on the North as black performers and artists expressed themselves in theatre, dance and jazz music. The Harlem Renaissance
was a cultural movement started by artists living in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City. The movement impacted urban centers and challenged white
racism.
In 1954, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) won a landmark Supreme Court Case called Brown V.
The Board of Education, which ruled that segregation was unconstitutional and that The South would have to desegregate “with all due deliberate speed.”
Although the government told The South to do away with Segregation, many whites resisted fiercely. As whites resisted integration, many African American
leaders like Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. began the march to equality during the Civil Rights Movement through civil disobedience and non-violent protests.
Rosa Parks began a 13-month strike of Alabama’s segregated buses (The Montgomery Bus Boycott) after refusing to give up her seat to a white
passenger.
In 1964, President Johnson created The Great Society Program to fight poverty and racism. In 1964, he signed The Civil Rights Act which
prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion or ethnic origin. Shortly after the Civil Right Act, The Voting Rights Act (1965) passed which ended
poll taxes and literacy tests, allowing African Americans to vote in The South.
Civil Rights continue to be a major issue today as racism still exists in America. In 1965, President Johnson signed the first Affirmative Action
program, which allows colleges and professions to increase minority representation. Some critics have challenged these programs as a form of reverse
discrimination, which unfairly hurts whites. Although affirmative action was upheld by the Supreme Court in California v. Bakker (1987), affirmative action
faces an uncertain future.
During this time, the Warren Court (the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren) also ruled on many cases that affected the rights of
the accused and the rights of all citizens. These Supreme Court cases changed how law enforcement can find evidence and prosecute the accused.
Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary…
Explain the impact of this events / people in “America”?
9C. The Cold War and Domestic Changes
The 1960’s and 1970’s in America was a time of great controversy. In 1953, President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed Earl Warren as Chief
Justice of the Supreme Court. During this time, the Warren Court (the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren) also ruled on many cases that
affected the rights of the accused and the rights of all citizens. Supreme Court cases such as Miranda v. Arizona, Escobedo v. Illinois, Mapp v. Ohio and
Gideon v. Wainright changed how law enforcement can find evidence and prosecute the accused. Engel v. Vitale made it illegal to force students to pray
in school, separating Church and State. The Warren Court’s most famous and impactful decision, though, was Brown v. Board of Ed, which helped to start
the Civil Rights Movement by declaring segregation illegal.
To try to help the Civil Rights Movement, President John F. Kennedy launched his “New Frontier Program” which tried to pass civil rights laws,
end segregation and help blacks with job opportunities. The New Frontier program also put money towards winning the Space Race with Russia and
helping impoverished Americans. While Kennedy did try to help America, the failed Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba to overthrow Fidel Castro made him look
very bad, although he was able to avoid nuclear war with Russia during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Kennedy also began to get America deeper involved in
Vietnam. Kennedy was unfortunately assassinated in November 1963. His vice-president, Lyndon B. Johnson took over for him. Johnson continued
domestic and foreign policies. Domestically, Johnson continued both Kennedy’s New Frontier and FDR’s New Deal as he spent lots of government money,
on his Great Society Program which wanted to help blacks (such as through his Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Affirmative Action) and all impoverished
groups through his “War on Poverty” (creating Medicare, Medicaid and other spending).
Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary…
Explain the impact of this events / people in “America”?
9D. Modern Presidents
President Johnson also increased America’s involvement in Vietnam (which began under Eisenhower and increased under Kennedy), and with the Gulf of
Tonkin Resolution, he received permission from Congress to use force in Vietnam (although Vietnam was an undeclared war with no formal declaration of
war) to protect South Vietnam from Communist North Vietnam. The War lasted from 1965-1975. The Vietnam War was very unpopular because many did
not understand the need to go there to stop Communism from spreading and there was a draft, which many rich people were able to buy their way out of.
There were many protests, which were especially led by college students. In the worst incident which occurred at Kent State, 4 students were killed by the
Ohio National Guard. High School students even protested; in a high school in Des Moines, students were suspended for wearing black armbands to
protest the war, however, they sued and in the case of Tinker v. Des Moines, the Supreme Court said that the school violated their first amendment right.
Along with students, Civil Rights leaders and even Veterans (Vietnam Veterans Against the War) protested.
President Johnson did not run for re-election and when President Richard M. Nixon won, he began the process of Vietnamization – withdrawing
from Vietnam. However, when America left, South Vietnam fell to Communism along with neighboring Cambodia and Laos. Nixon also tried to create a
policy of détente (reduction of nuclear arms) with Russia and open diplomatic talks with Communist China.
There was several legal backlash from the Vietnam War. Congress passed the War Powers Act to limit how long the President can use soldiers
without a declaration of war (although future Presidents will ignore this rule since they are Commander-in-Chief). The worst controversy came when papers
showing the secret history of the Vietnam War were stolen from the Pentagon (military command center of U.S.) and then leaked to and published by the
New York Times. In Nixon v. N.Y. Times, the Supreme Court sided with the New York Times citing the First Amendment’s Freedom of Speech and Press.
Yet for all Nixon’s good work on foreign policy, he will probably go down as one of America’s most controversial Presidents for The Watergate
Scandal. Nixon was accused of covering up a break-in at the Democratic Headquarters at the Watergate Hotel. Nixon tried to withhold evidence (claiming
executive privilege), but in the case of U.S. v. Nixon, the Supreme Court ruled that no President was above the law. Instead of facing an impeachment trial,
President Nixon resigned (and is the only President to do so).
Tensions in the Middle East also began to come about. In the 1970s, the Middle East did not want to recognize Israel as a nation because they
claimed that Israel stole the land that belonged to them. With the support from Egypt, they fought with Israel. Carter wanted to make peace because he
supported Israel between the two nations, so he invited both to his vacation home, Camp David. Carter helped the two sides come up with an agreement
called the Camp David Accords. This was a treaty in which Egypt recognized Israel’s right to exist and promised to stop making war against Israel. Issues
in Iran began as well, known as the Iran Contra Affair. Iranians hated their Shah (leader) that was put into power by the U.S. The Shah got sick and got
care in the U.S. Iranians were mad because they wanted to kill him. Iranians took control of the U.S. embassy in Iran, where 66 Americans were held as
hostages until their demands were met to have to Shah return to Iran. Carter did not give in and placed OPEC oil embargos (oil from Iran would not be
allowed in the U.S.). The embargo caused a shortage of oil in the U.S. and the prices of gas to rise (inflation). The hostages were not released until
Reagan’s presidency.
The Reagan administration secretly sold weapons to Iran in exchanged for the release of U.S. hostages who were being held in Lebanon by
pro-Iranian groups. The weapons were used to support rebel groups (“contras”) who were fighting the communist government in Nicaragua. This went
against the laws made by Congress that said that the government could not give weapons to “contras”. The American public lost respect for these
government leaders, who were convicted of lying to Congress and went to prison. Reagan was cleared from any wrongdoing. The economy was not good in
the 1980s. Regan cut federal taxes on businesses and individuals, especially for those who were rich. He believed by doing this it would stimulate
business growth. This means that if businesses had money, they would hire more workers, more goods would be made, and services would be more
available. Due to supply side economics, government programs got cut or less money, such as Medicare and food stamps. This was similar to Hoover’s
Trickle Down Theory.
A Recession hit the U.S. in the 1990s. The U.S. was in a lot of debt and was costing the U.S. taxpayers billions of dollars in money they had to
pay back to countries that the U.S. borrowed money from. This pushed the economy into a recession (a time when the economy slows down and
unemployment rises). Many companies went bankrupt and people lost their jobs. At the same time, President George Bush was trying to free Kuwait. Iraq’s
dictator, Saddam Hussein, ordered his army to invade Kuwait and take control over the oil and expand Iraq’s border. The United Nations and the U.S.
launched an attack against Iraq to liberate (free) Kuwait. This was to assist nations against repelling aggressors (Iraq). A few days after the invasion,
Hussein agreed to withdraw Iraqi troops and pay damages.
During Clinton’s administration, tensions between ethnic groups in the former Yugoslavia led to war in Bosnia in the early 1990’s. The United
States helped win an agreement between the two sides in 1995. In 1998, violence erupted in Kosovo, where Serbian forces massacred ethnic Albanian
civilians. A brief bombing by NATO forced the Serbs to withdraw. Many Serbian leaders then were arrested for war crimes and tried. The U.S. got
involved in both events because the U.S. the actions taken in these countries violated human rights. Domestically, the U.S., Canada, and Mexico signed
an agreement to limit taxes to trade between these countries—North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). This made these 3 countries
economically interdependent on each other and opened up the U.S. to globalization, exchanges of national and cultural resources. In 1998, a special
prosecutor accused President Clinton of several offenses, including lying under oath about his relationship with a White House Intern Monica Lewinsky. On
December 19, 1998, the House impeached (placed on trial) President Clinton on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice. The Senate acquitted
(found not guilty) the President two months later. The Middle East issues arose more when George W. Bush became president. The U.S. fought a War on
Terrorism and still continues. Bush focused largely on foreign policy after the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City and
the Pentagon in Washington, D.C. Bush called the attacks “acts of war” and committed the country to a campaign against terrorists. American forces
attacked military sites and terrorists training camps in Afghanistan. Bush also warned Saddam Hussein to eliminate Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction.
The United Nations sent an inspection team, which reported little success in finding these weapons. More than 200,000 American troops were sent into
that area. The Patriot Act because of the attacks on September 11, 2001 on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. This increased the authority
(control) given to the federal, state, and local police agencies to investigate crime. Critics argue that this law gives the government too much power and
limits civil liberties (people’s freedom). However, the government says this protects national security.
Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary…
Explain the impact of this events / people in “America”?
Key Vocabulary Words
1) Appeasement – the idea to let Hitler take land that didn’t belong to Germany so Europe could avoid war before WWII
2) Isolationism - the US foreign policy of not getting involved in European problems at the beginning on WWII.
3) League Of Nations - an organization that promoted world and peace. However, since the U.S. did not join, the League had less power to prevent World
War II.
4) United Nations – the new “League of Nations” which was created after WWII ended. Its headquarters is in NYC.
5) Neutrality Acts – US isolationist policies, which prevented Americans from selling weapons to countries at the beginning of WWII.
6) Lend Lease Act/ cash and carry – US policies which allowed the US to sell weapons to Britain, France and Russia at the middle of the war.
7) Pearl Harbor Attack - December 7, 1941, when Japanese airplanes sneak attacked the US navy in Hawaii
8) Korematsu v. US – Supreme Court case that required Japanese Americans being relocated to restricted prison like areas called Internment Camps.
9) The Draft/Selective Service – lotteries that selected US men to register for the army to fight in WWII
10) The Manhattan Project – secret US programs to help build the atomic bomb used on Japan to end the war.
11) President Harry Truman – US President after FDR died. Made the decision to drop atomic bombs on Japan.
12) Nuremberg Trials – Nazi war crimes trials that took place after WWII. Nazi leaders convicted of killing innocent people were imprisoned or executed.
13) Rosie The Riveter - cultural symbol representing the American women who worked in factories during WWII
14) GI Bill – US law that gave all US soldiers involved in WWII a way to buy a home and attend college after the war
15) Ration Cards – coupons that were needed to buy goods during WWII in order to save materials for war
16) War/Victory Bonds – money given to the government as an investment so the US could pay for war
17) Potsdam Conference – Conference in which Truman, Churchill and Stalin (Big Three – leaders of Allied Powers) met to decide how to divide up
Germany and Europe after the war. Helps set up Cold War.
18) Hiroshima and Nagasaki: The two cities that America dropped the Atomic bomb on to end the war in the Pacific against Japan.
19) End of Great Depression – the massive spending on military items, employment of people in the army and at home and the saving and rationing done
by people at home helped lead to the end of the depression.
20) Propaganda – when different forms of media are used to influence people. This was done in the U.S. to recruit people to fight, buy war bonds and
ration.
Yalta Conference – Conference in which Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin (also known as Big Three – leaders of Allied Powers) set up idea for United
Nations and how to divide up Europe after the war.
21) Homefront – Everything that takes place back in the United States.
22) Women and WWII – Women once again worked in wartime factories and industries to support the men fighting the war. Propaganda like Rosie the
Riveter motivated many.
23) Integration of the Army – When the U.S. army allowed all races to serve together and not in separate units.
24) Holocaust – The systematic elimination of Jews and other races by the Nazis. Many German officers were convicted at the Nuremberg Trials of war
crimes.
25) DDay – The invasion of France by the Allied powers and turning point in the war against Germany.
26) Island Hopping – Strategy of slowly conquering islands to get closer to Japan.
27) Allied vs. Axis Powers – The Allied Powers were America, England and the Soviet Union vs. the Axis powers of Germany, Italy and Japan.
28) Potsdam Conference – Meeting between Big Three where Stalin stated he will keep soldiers in Eastern Europe and make them satellite nations
(nations under Soviet control).
29) Cold War - where the Superpowers of America and Russia competed with each other for global dominance and to spread capitalism vs. communism.
30) Arms Race - Competition between America and the Soviet Union to build their armies and nuclear weapons arsenal
31) Space Race – Competition between America and the Soviet Union to send satellites and space ships into space and to land on the moon (U.S. wins)
32) National Security Council – special Congressional/military panel to advise the president on military matters.
33) NSC-68/Containment Policy – American foreign policy to contain the spread of Communism.
34) Marshall Plan – Secretary of State George C. Marshall’s Plan to send financial aid to limit the spread of Communism (used to help Greece and Turkey).
35) Berlin Airlift – America and its Allies efforts to help Western Berlin from Soviet Berlin Blockade.
36) Berlin Blockade -- when the Soviets blockaded West Berlin to try to control entire city.
37) The Truman Doctrine – President Truman’s speech (and new foreign policy) announcing that America will stop Communism wherever it tries to
spread.
38) The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) – Military Alliance between America and democratic Western European countries to protect each
other from a Russian attack.
39) Warsaw Pact – Military Alliance between USSR and its Eastern European Satellites to protect each other against a Western attack.
40) Iron Curtain – the division between Western and Eastern Europe. All communist nations were considered “behind the iron curtain.”
41) The Domino Theory – Foreign Policy (mostly applied to Middle East and South East Asia) under Eisenhower that said that if one country falls to
Communism, other countries will as well.
42) McCarthyism – when Senator McCarthy led a committee that found and persecuted possible Communists and accused many of being communists.
43) Second Red Scare – When people were scared of Russian/Eastern European immigrants of possibly being Communist spies.
44) House of Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) – Congressional committee to try to find communists and Russian spies.
45) Conformity – adjusting your lifestyle to fit in with “what is normal.” Heavily done during the 1950’s.
46) Korean War – Limited War (war with specific objectives) and Proxy War (not a direct war between America and Russia) where America stopped
Communist North Korea from invading capitalist South Korea.
47) 38th Parallel – Latitude line that divided North from South Korea.
48) Vietnam War – Proxy War when America tried to stop North Vietnam (Communist) from conquering South Vietnam. America lost the war and 58,000
soldiers.
49) The Civil Rights Movement – the movement to end segregation and gain equality for African Americans which exploded in the 1960s.
50) N.A.A.C.P - (Nation Association for the Advancement of Colored Persons) a legal organization which fights for African American rights in court.
51) The Great Migration – (1916-1930) seven million African-Americans from the Segregated South fled to large cities in the North in search of a better life
52) The Harlem Renaissance - a cultural movement started by artists living in the Harlem. The movement challenged white racism in art and music.
53) Brown V. The Board of Education (1954) - the Supreme Court Case that ruled that segregation was unconstitutional and that The South would have
to desegregate schools and public facilities.
54) Integration - desegregation, blacks & whites together. Federal Soldiers had to be called in to enforce integration.
55) The Little Roc k Nine – 9 courageous black high school students that were integrated into Little Rock High School and faced much opposition from the
south
56) Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. – African American leader who fought for equality through civil disobedience, non-violent protests and boycotts.
57) Malcolm X - African American leader who argued for black supremacy and violent resistance movements
58) Rosa Parks – an African American leader who began a boycott of Alabama’s segregated buses
59) Civil Rights Act – (1964) law that banned discrimination on race, color, religion or ethnic origin.
60) Freedom Riders (1961)—When African Americans tested segregation on buses by riding on buses all over Alabama. They often faced protests and
attacks.
61) Civil Disobedience – using peaceful, non-violent protest to achieve goals
62) March on Washington (1963)– When 400,000 African Americans marched to Washington, D.C. to demand rights.
63) Selma March (1965)– When African Americans marched 57 miles to Selma, Alabama to fight for voting rights. They met protest and were even
attacked by people and state police (Bloody Sunday).
64) Greensboro Sit-ins (1960)– When African Americans sat in and refused to leave restaurants, department stores and colleges. They often met protest.
65) Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)– When African Americans refused to ride buses in Montgomery Alabama to protest segregation of buses.
66) The Voting Rights Act - (1965) law that ended poll taxes and literacy tests, allowing African Americans to vote in The South.
67) California v. Bakke (1978) – A Supreme Court case which established Affirmative Action
68) Affirmative Action – a controversial program that allow colleges and professions to increase minority representation
69) The Great Society Program – President Lyndon B. Johnson’s series of acts to fight racism, poverty and inequality in American Society.
70) Miranda vs. Arizona (1966)– Establishes police cannot violate a persons 5th Amendment right to no self incrimination (confession) without being read
their rights (become known as Miranda Rights)
71) Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) – Establishes people have the right to a lawyer in court (6th and 14th Amendment rights)
72) Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) – Establishes people have the right to speak to a lawyer when arrested (5th and 14th Amendment right)
73) Mapp v. Ohio (1961) – Establishes Police cannot violate a persons 4th Amendment right to no illegal searches and seizures. Police need a warrant.
74) New Jersey v. TLO (1985) – Establishes that students have 4th Amendment rights to no illegal searches and seizures.
75) Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) – Students wore black arm bands to school to support the Vietnam War. The Supreme Court upheld their First
Amendment (freedom of speech) right to do so.
76) New Frontier Program: President John F. Kennedy’s program to help civil rights, impoverished citizens and win the space race with Russia.
77) Bay of Pigs: Failed invasion of Cuba by America to overthrow Fidel Castro.
78) Cuban Missile Crisis: 14 days in October when Russia put missiles in Cuba and America and Russia became dangerously close to nuclear war.
Kennedy and Russia had secret talks and Kennedy was able to avoid war by withdrawing missiles from Turkey and Italy.
79) Great Society Program: multi-purpose program by President Lyndon B. Johnson to create Civil Rights laws, affirmative action programs, Medicare,
Medicaid and a “War on Poverty.”
80) Civil Rights Act of 1964: Act which ends segregation.
81) Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: When Congress gives President Johnson permission to use U.S. soldiers in Vietnam.
82) Vietnam War: 1965-1975. controversial undeclared war where America tries to stop Communist North Vietnam from conquering South Vietnam.
Costs 58,000 American lives. There were many protests (mostly lead by students) against the war.
83) Kent State Massacre: When 4 Ohio students are killed protesting the Vietnam War.
84) Tinker v. Des Moines (1969): Supreme Court rules that children’s first Amendment rights were violated when they were suspended for wearing black
arm bands to protest the Vietnam War.
85) Vietnamization: President Richard M. Nixon’s policy of withdrawing American soldiers and letting South Vietnam fight war by itself.
86) Détente: President Nixon’s foreign policy with Russia to try to reduce nuclear tension and weapons arsenal.
87) S.A.L.T. I: Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty I. America and Russia’s agreement to reduce nuclear arms.
88) War Powers Act: Congress’s limiting the amount of time a President can send soldiers overseas without a declaration of war.
89) Nixon v. New York Times: After Pentagon papers were stolen then leaked to the New York Times and published by them, Nixon tried to stop it, but
the Supreme Court said that it was Constitutional because of the First Amendment Freedom of Speech and Press.
90) Watergate Scandal: Scandal where President Nixon was accused of covering up a break-in of the Democratic headquarters. President Nixon
resigned instead of facing an impeachment trial.
91) U.S. v. Nixon: Supreme Court ruled that the President does not have executive privilege to withhold evidence. No one is above the law.
92) Miranda vs. Arizona (1966)– Establishes police cannot violate a person’s 5th Amendment right to no self incrimination (confession) without being read
their rights (become known as Miranda Rights)
93) Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) – Establishes people have the right to a lawyer in court (6th and 14th Amendment rights)
94) Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) – Establishes people have the right to speak to a lawyer when arrested (5th and 14th Amendment right)
95) Mapp v. Ohio (1961) – Establishes Police cannot violate a person’s 4th Amendment right to no illegal searches and seizures. Police need a warrant.
96) New Jersey v. TLO (1985) – Establishes that students have 4th Amendment rights to no illegal searches and seizures.
97) Engel v. Vitale (1962) – it is illegal to have an official school pray
98) Camp David Accords: Under president Carter, he held a meeting for Egypt to recognize Israel as a country
99) Iran Contra- Iran took over the U.S. Embassy in Iran and held Americans hostage. They were not released until Reagan’s presidency
100) Supply Side Economics- Reagan wanted to cut federal taxes to stimulate business growth
101) NAFTA- the U.S., Canada, and Mexico opened up trade between each other.
Questions:
1. President Harry Truman supported a containment policy after World War
II in an attempt to
1. limit the use of atomic bombs and other nuclear weapons
2. end colonialism in Africa and Asia
3. bring German and Japanese war criminals to justice
4. reduce the influence of the Soviet Union in European countries
9. The United States experience in the Vietnam War supports the idea that
the outcome of a war
1. is determined mainly by technological superiority
2. is dependent on using the greatest number of soldiers
3. is assured to countries dedicated to democratic ideals
4. can be strongly affected by public opinion
12. After World War II, the Marshall Plan was proposed as a way to
1. improve diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union
2. help European nations recover economically
3. remove nuclear weapons from Western Europe
4. bring Nazi war criminals to justice
10. Issuing the Truman Doctrine, defending South Korea, and sending
military advisors to Vietnam were actions taken by the United States to
1. encourage membership in the United Nations
2. promote American business in Asia
3. limit the spread of communism
4. gain additional overseas colonies
3.In the 1950’s, Senator Joseph McCarthy was most closely associated with
issues related to
1. Communist infiltration and the denial of civil liberties
2. farm problems and taxation
3. military preparedness and foreign aid
4. collective bargaining and the rights of unions
11. Which development is most closely associated with the belief in the
domino theory?
1. military involvement in Vietnam
2. construction of the Berlin Wall
3. signing of the nuclear test ban treaty
4. end of the Korean War
4. The successful launching of Sputnik by the Soviet Union in 1957
signaled the beginning of
1. American fears that the Soviets had achieved technological superiority
2. the Cold War with the United States
3. Soviet aggression in Afghanistan and China
4. disarmament discussions between the superpowers
12. The major goal of the civil rights movement of the 1960’s was to
1. establish a separate political state for African Americans
2. gain passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution
3. end segregation based on race
4. permit unlimited immigration to the United States
5. Most Americans who opposed sending United States troops to fight in
the Vietnam War believed that
1. nuclear weapons should be used to end the war
2. the war should be extended into China
3. the United States should not police the world
4. international trade would be interrupted
6. In the years just after World War II, the United States attempted to
prevent the spread of communism in Europe mainly by
1. taking over the governments of several Western European nations
2. increasing opportunities for political refugees to settle in the United
States
3. holding a series of summit meetings with leaders of the Soviet Union
4. establishing policies of economic and military aid for European nations
7. A constitutional issue that was frequently raised about United States
involvement in the Korean conflict and the Vietnam conflict was the
1. right to regulate commerce with foreign nations
2. use of deficit spending to finance wars
3. lack of a formal declaration of war by Congress
4. Supreme Court’s role in foreign policy decision-making
8. Which is a valid conclusion based on United States involvement in the
Korean War?
1. The policy of containment was applied in Asia as well as in Europe
2. United Nations economic sanctions are more effective than military
action.
3. The American people will support United States participation in any
war, whether declared or undeclared.
4. United States cooperation with a wartime ally ends when the war
ends.
13. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed in an effort to correct
1. racial and gender discrimination
2. limitations on freedom of speech
3. unfair immigration quotas
4. segregation in the armed forces
14. Martin Luther King, Jr. first emerged as a leader of the civil rights
movement when he
1. led the bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama
2. refused to give up his seat on a bus to a white man
3. challenged the authority of the Supreme Court
4. was elected as the first black congressman from the South
15. The main goal of affirmative action programs is to
1. enforce racial segregation laws
2. secure equal voting rights for African Americans
3. provide affordable child care
4. promote economic gains for minorities and women
16. The decisions of the United States Supreme Court in Miranda v.
Arizona, Gideon v. Wainwright, and Escobedo v. Illinois all advanced the
1. voting rights of minorities
2. guarantees of free speech and press
3. principle of separation of church and state
4. rights of accused persons
17. President John F. Kennedy supported the 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion of
Cuba as an effort to
1. remove a communist dictator from power
2. stop the flow of illegal drugs to the United States
3. support Fidel Castro's efforts for reform
4. rescue hostages held by Cuban freedom fighters
18. The Great Society programs of the 1960’s used the power of the Federal Government to bring about
1. an all-volunteer military
2. antipoverty reforms
3. deregulation of business
4. reduced defense spending
19. President Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society programs were similar to Progressive Era programs in that both
1. strictly enforced antitrust laws
2. focused on expanding civil rights for African Americans
3. used federal government power to improve social conditions
4. made urban renewal their primary concern
20. The main significance of the Watergate affair was that it
1. led to the impeachment and conviction of President Richard Nixon
2. showed that the laws of the United States are superior to the actions of a President
3. was the first time a President had disagreed with Congress
4. proved that Presidential powers are unlimited
21. The easing of Cold War tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union during the 1970s was called
1. containment
2. détente
3. neutrality
4. isolationism
22. The main purpose of the War Powers Act of 1973 was to
1. expand the power of Congress to declare war
2. limit the president’s ability to send troops into combat abroad
3. allow people to vote on the issue of United States commitments overseas
4. end the Vietnam War on favorable terms
23. In the Camp David Accords (1978), President Jimmy Carter succeeded in
1. returning the Panama Canal Zone to Panama
2. suspending grain sales to the Soviet Union and China
3. providing a foundation for a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel
4. freeing hostages being held in Iran
24. Which situation in the 1970s caused the United States to reconsider its dependence on foreign energy resources?
1. war in Afghanistan
2. oil embargo by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
3. meetings with the Soviet Union to limit nuclear weapons
4. free-trade agreements with Canada and Mexico
25. One way in which the Watergate controversy and the Iran-Contra affair are similar is that each led to
1. the addition of new amendments to the Constitution
2. the impeachment of a President
3. a loss of respect for government leaders by the American public
4. convictions of several military leaders for sexual harassment
26. The "trickle down" economic theory of President Herbert Hoover and the "supply side" economic policies under President Ronald Reagan were based on the
idea that
1. balanced budgets are essential to economic success
2. the Federal Government needs to assume more responsibility for solving economic problems
3. economic growth depends on making increased amounts of capital available to business
4. economic stability is the responsibility of Federal monetary agencies
27. President Ronald Reagan used the concept of supply-side economics when he proposed
1. reducing income taxes to stimulate growth
2. providing direct payments to people living in poverty
3. creating government jobs to keep people working
4. increasing regulations on business to promote competition
28. One direct result of the Persian Gulf War was that the United States
1. gained control of oil resources in the Middle East
2. liberated Kuwait from Iraqi control
3. brought about peaceful relations between Israel and its neighbors
4. obtained overseas colonies in the Middle East
29. Evidence that the United States has become more economically interdependent since 1990 is shown by its
1. participation in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
2. change from a service economy to a manufacturing economy
3. increased dependence on domestic farm products
4. policy of restricting imports
30. Which event of Bill Clinton's presidency best illustrates the use of checks and balances?
1. hosting peace talks between Israelis and Palestinians
2. reelection to a second term
3. selection of Al Gore as vice president
4. impeachment for alleged perjury and obstruction of justice
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Section 4: USE THE INFORMATION FROM UNIT #9 to answer the Thematic essay from August 2013
Theme: Foreign Policy (Cold War)
Following World War II, the threat of communist expansion led the United States to take diplomatic, military, and economic
actions to limit the global influence of the Soviet Union and China. These Cold War actions met with varying degrees of success.
Task:
Select two specific actions taken by the United States to limit the expansion of communism during the Cold War
and for each
• Describe the historical circumstances that led to the action
• Discuss the extent to which the action was successful in limiting the expansion of communism
You may use any action taken by the United States to limit the expansion of communism during the Cold War. Some suggestions you
might wish to consider include the implementation of the Marshall Plan (1947–1952), the establishment of the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization [NATO] (1949), intervention in Korea (1950–1953), the blockade of Cuba (1962), the escalation of the Vietnam War
(1964–1973), the visit of President Richard Nixon to China (1972), and the pursuit of the Strategic Defense Initiative [SDI] (1983–
1989)
#10 Geographic and Imperialism
10A. Geographic Theme
1) Different geography
of 13 colonies
Impact on American History
 New England Colonies = cold weather, rocky soil and good harbors = based on trade and manufacturing
 Middle Colonies = harbors = based on trade
 Southern Colonies = hot weather, good farmland = plantations, cash crops and slave labor
2) Northern vs.
 Northern states are factories and industries and don’t need slavery
Southern States
 Southern states are farms and plantations and economy relies on slavery
 Creates sectionalism between the two sides and eventually leads to Civil War
3) Appalachian
 First boundary (border) of the colonies that limited (blocked) westward expansion. It established by the
Mountains
Proclamation of 1763 which was unpopular with colonists
4) Louisiana Purchase
 Doubles size of country, gain Mississippi River, Ohio River Valley, Gulf of Mexico, Port of New Orleans
 Creates manifest destiny (desire to expand entire continent) and starts Westward Expansion
5) Great Lakes and
 First major trade network between New York and Ohio River Valley (Chicago, Cleveland)
Eerie Canal
 Steamboats provided trade
6) Westward Expansion
 Settling the entire continent from Atlantic to Pacific Ocean. The major treaties which completed and
encouraged the United States are the Louisiana Purchase, Louis and Clarke Expedition, Indian
Removal, Trail of Tears, Mexican-American War, Mexican Cession, Homestead Act, Settling the
Great Plains, Texas Annexation, Oregon Territory, California Gold Rush
 Transcontinental Railroad unites East and West
7) Canada and Mexico
 Canada is to the North of America, Mexico is to the South of America and the Rio Grande is the border
and Rio Grande
between Mexico and America
8) Oceans
 Atlantic Ocean = East (New York) Pacific Ocean = West (California).
 This keeps us isolated and neutral from rest of World.
 Japan breaks this isolation when they attack Pearl Harbor (in Pacific) which starts WW2 (1941)
9) New York
 Centers of trade, close to Eerie Canal. New York has natural harbors (ports for commerce – which
means trade)
10) Urban
 Cities = New York, Chicago
11) Rural
 Farms and agriculture = Virginia, Montana
12) Suburban
 Outside of cities = Levittown, Long Island. 1950’s, highways, Private houses, use of cars, malls.
13) Dustbowl
 Great Depression, massive drought (dry, dusty farms), caused by over production, takes place in Great
Plains,
14) Latin American and
 Latin America is South of United States. Late 1900’s we take economic control of many of their countries
Pacific Imperialism
(Cuba, Panama, Panama Canal, Roosevelt Corollary, Dollar Diplomacy, Big Stick Policy, Guam,
Puerto Rico, Spanish American War, Yellow Journalism, Good Neighbor Policy).
 China (other side of Pacific) – Open Door Policy, Spheres of Influence
 Japan (other side of Pacific) – Matthew Perry, Gentleman’s Agreement, Inspire Japan to Westernize
15) Natural Resources
 Coal, Copper, Oil, Iron, Cotton, Tobacco, Cash Crops
Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary…
Explain the impact of this events / people in “America”?
#10B Imperialism Unit Review Overview
America's first foreign policy was set by President George Washington who favored neutrality while the U.S. was still young and weak.
However, as early as 1823, when the Monroe Doctrine (the State of the Union by President James Monroe) declared Latin America off limits to
further European colonization, the U.S. had begun to move away from neutrality. By the late 1800s many factors (especially industrialization and
the settling of the frontier) began to push the U.S. further away from neutrality and towards imperialism.
The US had long wanted control of the Spanish colony of Cuba that lay only 90 miles south of Florida for both military and economic
purposes. A Cuban uprising against Spanish rule led the U.S. to send the U.S.S. Maine battleship to Cuba. When the ship mysteriously exploded,
yellow journalists were quick to blame Spain so the U.S. would have a reason to declare war on Spain. The U.S. emerged from the Spanish
American War with the colonies of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. The U.S. also annexed (absorbed) Hawaii in 1898 and expanded
business opportunities into China. President Theodore Roosevelt wanted America and the European powers to share China and they all agreed on
an Open Door Policy in which they would divide China into Economic Spheres of Influence.
America was now ready to expand both into Latin America and Asia. In Latin America, Theodore Roosevelt issued The Roosevelt
Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine which was an addition to the Monroe Doctrine that gave America the power to intervene in Latin American
affairs and protect our economic and political interests there. To protect our interests, Roosevelt practiced a Big Stick Policy, threatening force
when necessary. Using this policy, we used the military several times in different Latin American countries. Roosevelt also began production on
the Panama Canal to connect our Latin American and Asian/Pacific Empires. After Roosevelt, President William Taft did not want to use military
force so practiced Dollar Diplomacy, using America’s economy to control the smaller economies of Latin America.
Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary…
Explain the impact of this events / people in “America”?
Vocabulary Words:
1) Foreign Policy - a country's plan on how to deal with other countries (neutrality, imperialism, isolationism)
2) Imperialism- the policy of a country maintaining colonies or control over distant lands.
3) Big Stick Policy/Roosevelt Corollary (1904-1909) - declared that the U.S. could "police" the Caribbean and Far East to ensure U.S. economic
interests were protected.
4) Open Door Policy - U.S. policy that stated that they had rights to operate and profit from business in China.
5) Panama Canal - a man made water way that was built to increase the power of the US navy and connect America’s growing Empire.
6) Yellow Journalism - propaganda or exaggerating news stories to make something exciting and convincing.
7) William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer - reporters who used yellow journalism to help provoke the Spanish American War by blaming the
sinking of the USS Maine on Spain.
8) Spanish American War (1898) – a war in which the U.S. easily defeated Spain and became a world power with control of Puerto Rico, Guam, and
the Philippines.
9) Dollar Diplomacy – President Taft’s policy to use money to control Latin America.
10) Physical features: things that are naturally found and can be touched. Examples: rivers, mountains, lakes
11) Southern Colonies- growing seasons, Plantations, tobacco, indigo, rice, farm products, furs
12) Middle Colonies- soil, grain, livestock, iron, furs
13) New England Colonies- dry rocky soil, lumber, fish, furs, ships, livestock
14) Terrain- layout of the land
15) Mississippi River- used to transport goods, gained during the Louisiana Purchase
Questions:
1.
Which city is paired with the geographical feature that directly
contributed to its growth?
1. San Francisco – Rocky Mountains
2. New Orleans – Mississippi River
3. Pittsburgh – Hudson River
4. Cleveland – Atlantic Coastal Plain
2.
Which geographic advantage did the United States gain by
purchasing the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803?
1. warm-water ports on the Atlantic coast
2. rich fishing areas in the Great Lakes
3. full control of the Mississippi River
4. vast coal reserves in the region west of Pennsylvania
3. Which group benefited most from the United States acquisition of
the port of New Orleans?
1. farmers in the Ohio River Valley
2. Native American Indians in the Southwest
3. fur trappers in the Columbia River Valley
4. gold miners in northern California
4. Which type of map shows the most detailed information about
Earth’s natural features, such as rivers, lakes, and mountain ranges?
1. political
2. demographic
3. weather
4. physical
5. Which region of the United States is correctly paired with an
industry that is dominant in that region?
1. Southwest — timber
2. Pacific Northwest — citrus crops
3. Great Plains — grain crops
4. Atlantic Coastal Plain — iron mining
6. Which United States foreign policy action resulted from the close
geographic relationship between the United States and Latin
America?
1. Monroe Doctrine
2. Truman Doctrine
3. Marshall Plan
4. Open Door policy
7. In the United States, regional differences in economic development
are primarily due to
1. settlement patterns of immigrant groups
2. pressure from various religious groups
3. state and federal election laws
4. Geographic factors in various parts of the nation
8. Because of fertile land and a long growing season, plantations in
the thirteen colonies developed in
1. New England
2. the Middle Atlantic region
3. the South
4. the upper Mississippi River valley
9. The principle that the United States has the right to act as the
"policeman of the Western Hemisphere" and intervene in the internal
affairs of Latin American nations was established by the
1. Good Neighbor policy
2. Open Door policy
3. Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
4. Marshall Plan
10. As a result of the establishment of the Monroe Doctrine
(1823), the United States was able to
1.
acquire parts of South America as land for settlement
2.
expand its influence in the Western Hemisphere
3.
increase its trade with Asia
4.
form military alliances with European nations
1 11. The practice of yellow journalism most directly influenced the
1. purchase of Alaska
2. acquisition of the Mexican Cession
3. start of the Spanish-American War
4. end of the Russo-Japanese War
112. The annexation of Hawaii, the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe
Doctrine, and Dollar Diplomacy are all associated with United States
efforts to
1.
meet the demands of antiwar movements
2.
isolate itself from international problems
3.
expand its power and influence in certain regions of the
world
4.
implement policies of global cooperation throughout Asia
113. As a result of the Spanish-American War, the United States saw the
need to build the Panama Canal because
1.
new colonies had been acquired in Africa
2.
Spanish opposition to the canal had ended
3.
the United States navy could then move more quickly between
oceans
4.
United States railroads could not transport enough
manufactured goods
114. During the first half of the 1800s, geographic factors influenced the
economy of New England by
1.
encouraging the establishment of large plantations
2.
promoting the growth of trade and manufacturing
3.
increasing the region’s reliance on slave labor
4.
supporting rice and indigo farming
115.The Big Stick policy and Dollar Diplomacy were attempts to
1.
increase United States power in Latin America
2.
contain the spread of communism in eastern Europe
3.
protect free trade on the Asian continent
4.
strengthen political ties with western Europe
116. A goal of President Theodore Roosevelt's Big Stick policy and
President William Howard Taft's Dollar Diplomacy policy toward Latin
America was to
1.
join Western Hemisphere nations in a military alliance
2.
protect American economic and political interests
3.
encourage foreign nations to establish colonies
4.
raise Latin America's standard of living
117. The Dust Bowl experiences of the Oklahoma farmers during the
Great Depression demonstrated the
1.
effect of geography on people's lives
2.
success of government farm subsidies
3.
limitation of civil liberties during times of crisis
4.
result of the Indian Removal Act
118. The Mississippi River system was an important economic resource
during the first half of the 1800s because it was used to
1.
irrigate desert lands
2. transport farm goods to market
3. move immigrants to the Northeast
4. produce hydroelectric power
19. Base your answer on the accompanying map and on your knowledge of social studies.
Each letter on the map represents a specific geographic feature. Which geographic feature most limited the westward movement of American colonists
before 1750?
F
1.
2.
3.
4.
H
I
C
F
20. Base your answer on the accompanying map and on your knowledge of social studies.
A conclusion supported by the information on the map is that slavery in the American colonies was
1. declining by the start of the Revolutionary War
2. concentrated in areas suitable for large plantations
3. becoming illegal in the northern colonies
4. growing fastest in the New England colonies
21. Base your answer on the accompanying map and on your knowledge of social studies. The states
the largest percentage of land used for agriculture are located in areas with
1. relatively flat terrain
2. the warmest year-round climate
3. easy access to the West Coast
4. ocean ports
with
22. Base your answer on the accompanying map and on your knowledge of social studies. Which geographic feature was used to establish the Proclamation
Line of
1763?
1. Great Lakes
2. Rocky Mountains
3. Appalachian Mountains
4. Mississippi River
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SECTION #5
USE THE INFORMATION FROM UNIT #10 to answer the Thematic essay from January 2007
Theme: Influence of Geographic Factors on Governmental Actions
Actions taken by the United States government have often been influenced by geographic
factors. Some of these factors include location, climate, natural resources, and physical
features.
Task:
Identify two actions taken by the United States government that have been influenced by
geographic factors and for each
• State one reason the United States took the action
• Describe how a geographic factor influenced the action
• Discuss the impact of the action on the United States
You may use any action taken by the United States government that was influenced by a geographic factor. Some
suggestions you might wish to consider include the Lewis and Clark expedition (1804–1806), issuance of the Monroe
Doctrine (1823), Mexican War (1846–1848), Commodore Perry’s opening of Japan (1853), passage of the Homestead
Act (1862), purchase of Alaska (1867), Annexation of Hawaii (1893), Spanish American War (1898), Roosevelt
corollary (1904), construction of the Panama Canal (1904–1914), entry into World War II (1941), passage of the
Interstate Highway Act (1956), and involvement in the Persian Gulf War (1991).
#11 The Supreme Court
#11A Supreme Court Background
The Supreme Court is one of the three branches of the Federal Government. It is the highest court in the United States; its job
is to settle legal disputes and interpret the law when a ruling from a lower court (local state or district – group of states) is appealed
(challenged). The Supreme Court is comprised (made) of 9 judges who rule on majority opinion. These 9 judges are appointed by the
President with Senate approval serve for life and can only be removed from office on bad behavior. During the early history of
America the Supreme Court heard few cases and had little power. When John Marshall became chief justice (the head judge of the
Supreme Court) in 1801 he had an agenda and wanted to use the Supreme Court to achieve it; he wanted to increase the powers of
the national/central government wanted to limit the power of the states and promote business.
In the case of Marbury v. Madison the court said the Constitution gave the implied power (not specifically in the
Constitution but meant to be there and becomes precedent) of judicial review – that the Supreme Court has the power to rule if a
city state or national law or action is constitutional or unconstitutional. Marshall used this new power to carry out his agenda. In
McCullough v. Maryland (1819) upheld the right of Congress to charter (create) a national bank and did not allow the states to tax
the national government. In Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) the court gave the national government undisputed control over interstate
commerce (businesses trading between two or more states).
Many people disagreed (and still disagree today) with Marshall’s actions; stating that the Supreme Court is creating laws
without going through the democratic process (legislating from the bench). Thomas Jefferson called the Supreme Court an
“oligarchy of tyrants” (strict rule by a group of people with total power) The first President to challenge the power of the Supreme Court
was President Andrew Jackson. In the case of Worcester v. Georgia (1832) the Cherokees sued in the Supreme Court saying that
they cannot be removed by President Jackson. The Supreme Court sides with the Cherokees but Andrew Jackson ignores the
Supreme Court’s ruling and moves the Indians onto reservations anyway. Jackson famously stated “Marshall made his ruling
now let him enforce it!”
Over the course of our history the Supreme Court has used the power of judicial review to rule laws both constitutional and
unconstitutional and to even adjust laws to make them Constitutional. The Supreme Court has even made decisions in which it
reversed (overturned) previous decisions it made. Overall some rulings have benefited America but some have not.
Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary…
Explain the impact of this events / people in “America”?
#11B Cases
1. Schenck v. United States (1919): Charles Schenck had mailed pamphlets encouraging people not to serve in WWI. He wanted
Americans to resist the draft. Schenk was arrested because the government said he was encouraging people to break the law and
resist the draft. This would hurt the war efforts. Schenck was arrested and went to Supreme Court. He argued that he was allowed to
protest and speak out against the draft because of his First Amendment Rights. He said he was denied his freedom of speech. The
Supreme Court ruled that Charles Schenck did not have the First Amendment Right of freedom of speech against the draft during
WWI. This is because if Schenck spoke out against the war, it would cause a “clear and present danger”.
2. Koresmatsu v. United States (1944): Fred Korematsu, a Japanese American did not want to go to the internment camp. Internment
camps were set up by the U.S. government. FDR signed an executive order saying that Japanese Americans must go to the camps
during WWII. Korematsu refused to go and was arrested. This went to Supreme Court. Korematsu argued that he was a U.S. born
citizen and he should have the same rights as other American citizens. The Court ruled that civil liberties (people’s rights/freedom)
can be limited in times of war. He was a “clear and present danger”. Korematsu had to go to the internment camp.
3. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954): Oliver Brown of Topeka, Kansas, decided to challenge the Kansas law. He asked
the school board to let his daughter, Linda, attend a nearby white school rather than a distant black school to which she had been
assigned. When board members refused, Brown filed a suit against the school board with the help of the NAACP. The case reached
the Supreme Court arguing that they wanted schools to be integrated (blacks and whites ARE not separated, but together) not
segregated. The Court ruled in favor of integration, stating that segregation created feelings of inferiority. This overturned the Plessey
v. Ferguson case of 1896, which said segregation was allowed in the ruling that separate is equal.
4. United States v. Nixon (1974): President Richard Nixon was accused of taking part in the Watergate scandal. Nixon officials broke
into Democratic Party office at the hotel. They took information from files and bugged the phones to find out what the democrats were
planning for their campaign. Nixon lied and pretended he did not know about the break in. Officials in the White House began to
admit that they knew about the break in and that Nixon had taped conversations about the break in. Nixon was investigated and was
told to turn over the tapes, but did not want to. This went to the Supreme Court. They told Nixon he had to turn over the tapes and
when he did they noticed that one a piece of the tape was erased. Congress wanted to impeach Nixon because he tried to cover up
the scandal. In 1974, the tapes proved Nixon was aware of the break in at the Watergate Hotel and broke the law. Before Nixon
could get impeached, he resigned, meaning he gave up his job as president. This showed that no person, even the president is above
the law.
5. Miranda v. Arizona (1966): Ernesto Miranda was a poor Mexican immigrant living in Arizona. Miranda was arrested for rape and
kidnapping when a victim identified him in a police lineup. He was questioned for two hours while in police custody. The police officers
questioning him did not tell him of his right against self-incrimination or his right to the assistance of an attorney. As a result of the
interrogation, he confessed, in writing, to the crime. Miranda’s attorney argued that his confession should have been kept out of trial
because he was not told his rights and did not have an attorney been present when questioned. The police officers admitted that they
had not given Miranda any explanation of his rights. The Supreme Court ruled that Miranda was denied due process of the law (14th
Amendment). Miranda must be told “You have the right to remain silent and that anything said can and will be used against you in
court. They also needed to tell him of the consequence if he did speak and that he has the right to meet with a lawyer and have the
lawyer with him when questioned.
Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary…
Explain the impact of this events / people in “America”?
Vocabulary Words
1) Supreme Court – Third branch of government and highest court in the United States. Responsible for interpreting the Constitution.
2) Judicial review – implied power (not specifically written in the Constitution, but becomes precedent) that gives the Supreme Court the power to
rule laws and actions Constitutional or Unconstitutional
3) Marshall Court (1801-1832) – uses his decisions to strengthen federal government power over the states
3a) Marbury v. Madison (1803, Early Republic) – gives the Supreme Court the power of judicial review
3b) McCulloch v. Maryland(1812, Early Republic) -- supremacy of the federal law in taxation
3c) Gibbons v. Ogden (1812, Early Republic) -- supremacy of federal law in interstate commerce
3d) Worcester v. Georgia (1832, Age of Jacksonian Democracy) – Cherokees sue to stop their removal to reservations. Supreme Court
sides with Cherokees, but President Jackson moves them anyway.
4) Dred Scott Decision (Scott v. Sanford) (1857, Pre-Civil War) -- slaves are property; slavery cannot be banned in U.S.; overturns Missouri
Compromise
5) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896, Post-Reconstruction) -- separate but equal; legalizes segregation (forced separation of races)
6) Schenck v. U.S. (1919, WWI) -- clear and present danger -- limits 1st Amendment rights; limitation of rights during wartime
7) Scopes "Monkey" Trial (1925, Roaring 20’s) – not a Supreme Court case, but still important -- no evolution in Tennessee schools; example of
religious fundamentalism dominating a society
8) Schecter Poultry v. U.S.; Butler v. U.S.; Carter v. Coal (1935-36, New Deal) -- Company -- Supreme Court rules parts of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s
New Deal Unconstitutional (too much business regulation). This leads to FDR trying to “pack the court” with 6 additional judges and remove judges
over 70 years old.
9) Korematsu v. U.S. (1944, WWII) - interment of Japanese Americans; limitation of rights during war
10) Brown v. Board of Education (1954, Start of Civil Right Era): separate but equal is illegal; segregation is illegal; overturns (reverses) Plessy v.
Ferguson; starts the Civil Rights Movement
11) The Warren Court (1953-1969, Chief Justice Earl Warren, Civil Rights Era) – Under this court, Chief Justice Warren greatly increases the right
of the accused in rulings of cases such as Miranda v. Arizona, Escobedo v. Illinois, Mapp v. Ohio, Gideon v. Wainwright
11a) Miranda v. Arizona (1966, Civil Rights Era) – Criminals must be read their 5th and 6th Amendment Rights. These are now nicknamed
“Miranda Rights” because of this case.
11b) Escobedo v. Illinois (1964, Civil Rights Era) – criminal suspects have right to a lawyer (6th Amendment)
11c) Mapp v. Ohio (1961, Civil Rights Era) – protects against unreasonable searches and seizures (4th Amendment)
11d) Gideon v. Wainwright (1963, Civil Rights Era) – States must provide attorneys for criminal suspects (6th Amendment) and give all suspects due
process (fair treatment – 14th Amendment) under the law
11e) Engele v. Vitale (1962, Civil Rights Era) – States cannot enforce prayer in school.
11f) Tinker v. Des Moines (1969, Vietnam, Civil Rights) - 1st Amendment rights are allowed in school as long as speech is not dangerous
12) New Jersey v. T.L.O (1985) – 4th Amendment rights are not absolute in school; students have less rights in school.
13) California v. Bakke (1978) -- affirmative action is legal but quotas are not
14) President Richard M. Nixon's Constitutional Issues
14a) The New York Times v. U.S. (1971, Vietnam) - Pentagon Papers (top secret files) are leaked and printed by New York Times and President
Nixon tries to stop it; Supreme Court says 1st Amendment allows printing of pentagon papers
14b) Watergate Scandal (1972, Vietnam) -- Nixon allegedly has people sneak into Democratic HQ and steal documents. Entire administration is
implicated.
14c) U.S. v. Nixon (1971, Vietnam) - Nixon tries to claim executive privilege to not allow evidence in, but Supreme Court says no one is above the
law
14d) Nixon’s Resignation(1974, Vietnam) -- Nixon resigns instead of facing Impeachment Trial New President Gerald Ford -- gives Nixon a
Presidential Pardon (Nixon is forgiven, doesn't face any trial)
15) Roe v. Wade (1973, Post-Vietnam)-- right to privacy for women for abortion; right to choose
16) Bush v. Gore (2000, Modern America) – Supreme Court prevents a continued recount in Florida, ending the election of 2000, finalizing that George W.
Bush wins the Presidency
Questions:
1. Judicial review is most accurately described as the power of the
1) president to override a decision of the Supreme Court
2) state courts to overturn decisions of the Supreme Court
3) Senate to approve all presidential appointments to federal courts
4) Supreme Court to determine the constitutionality of laws
2. The Supreme Court decision in Marbury v. Madison (1803) was
important because it
1) established the principle of judicial review
2) led to the reelection of President Thomas Jefferson
3) showed that the states were stronger than the federal government
4) proved that the legislative branch was the most powerful branch of
government
3. The power of judicial review allows the Supreme Court to
1) repeal amendments to the Constitution
2) determine the constitutionality of a law
3) break tie votes in the electoral college
4) impeach the president and other high-level officials
4. The Supreme Court has the power to
1) control the federal budget
2) vote to end a tie in the Senate
3) approve presidential appointments
4) interpret the Constitution
5. What was one result of the Supreme Court's decision in Gibbons v.
Ogden (1824)?
1) The power of the federal government over interstate commerce was
strengthened.
2) The rights of accused individuals were expanded.
3) The power of the judicial branch was limited.
4) The Court declined to hear cases involving disputes between states.
6. In both Schenck v. United States (1919) and Korematsu v. United
States (1944), the Supreme Court ruled that during wartime?
1) civil liberties may be limited
2) women can fight in combat
3) drafting of noncitizens is permitted
4) sale of alcohol is illegal
7. How did Supreme Court decisions under Chief Justice John Marshall
affect government in the United States?
1) Federal power increased at the expense of the states.
2) Strict limits were placed on congressional use of the elastic clause.
3) The impeachment of federal judges was declared unconstitutional.
4) State powers under the 10th Amendment were expanded.
8. A decision of the United States Supreme Court can be overturned by?
1) an amendment to the Constitution
2) the appointment of a new Chief Justice
3) a national referendum
4) a Presidential veto
4) rights guaranteed by the 1st amendment
11. These three Supreme Court decisions are similar in that each ruling?

Mapp v. Ohio, 1961

Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963

Miranda v. Arizona, 1966
1)
2)
3)
4)
expanded the rights of the accused
reduced presidential powers
shifted more power to the states
limited campaign contributions
12. As a result of the Supreme Court ruling in Miranda v. Arizona (1966),
a person accused of a crime is entitled to
1) a speedy trial
2) reasonable bail
3) a reading of his or her rights at the time of arrest
4) protection against cruel or unusual punishment
13. Which group benefited most directly from the Supreme Court
decision in Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)?
1) abolitionists
2) immigrants
3) slave owners
4 ) enslaved persons
14. Which constitutional principle was tested in the cases of
Plessy v. Ferguson and Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka?
1) separation of powers
2) popular sovereignty
3) equal protection of the law
4) separation of church and state
16. "We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of
'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are
inherently unequal."
This quotation expresses the Supreme Court decision in the case of?
1) Plessy v. Ferguson
2) Engel v. Vitale
3) Tinker v. Des Moines, Iowa
4) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
17. The Supreme Court rulings in Roe v. Wade (1973) and Planned
Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania, et al v. Casey (1992) are
similar in that both cases dealt with a woman's right to?
1) privacy
2) medical insurance
3) equal pay for equal work
4) participate in school sports
18. Which Supreme Court decision is most closely associated with the
Trail of Tears?
1) McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) 2) Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
3) Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
4) Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
9. In Schenck v. United States (1919), the Supreme Court upheld the right
of government to protect national security during wartime by?
1) nationalizing important industries that supported the war effort
2) limiting speech that presented a clear and present danger to the nation
3) suspending the writ of habeas corpus for illegal aliens
4) expelling enemy aliens who had favored the Central
Powers
19. In the United States Supreme Court case Engel v. Vitale (1962),
concerning the separation of church and state, the Court banned
1) state-required student prayer in public schools
2) the study of religions in public schools
3) released time for religious instruction for public school students
4) transportation of students to parochial schools at public expense
10. The decisions of the United States Supreme Court in Tinker v. Des
Moines and New York Times Co. v. United States were based on
interpretations of the?
1) meaning of a republican form of government
2) powers delegated specifically to Congress
3) president’s right to executive privilege
20. In New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985) and Vernonia School District v. Acton
(1995), the United States Supreme Court ruled that
1) student rights may be limited in school
2) school locker searches are unconstitutional
3) public schools have the right to promote school prayer
4) schools must obtain a court order to implement drug testing
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SECTION #6
USE THE INFORMATION FROM UNIT #11 to answer the Thematic essay from June 2014
Theme: Change-The Supreme Court
Throughout United States history, the Supreme Court has dealt with many controversial
issues. The Court’s decisions in these cases have had a significant impact on the United
States and/or on American society
Task:
Select two United States Supreme Court decisions that have had a significant impact
on American society and for each:
• Describe the historical circumstances surrounding the case
• Explain the Court’s decision in the case
• Discuss the impact of the decision on the United States and/or on American society
You may use any Supreme Court decision from your study of United States history. Some suggestions you might wish to
consider include Marbury v. Madison (1803), McCulloch v. Maryland (1812), Gibbons v. Ogden (1812), Worcester v. Georgia
(1832), Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857), Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), Schenck v. United States (1919), Korematsu v. United States
(1944), Brown v. Board of Education (1954), Mapp v. Ohio (1961), Engel v. Vitale (1962), Gideon v. Wainwright (1963),
Escobedo v. Illinois (1964), Miranda v. Arizona (1966), Tinker v. Des Moines (1969), New York Times v. United States (1971),
Roe v. Wade (1973), and United States v. Nixon (1974), California v. Bakke (1978), New Jersey v. T.L.O (1985), Bush v. Gore
(2000).
ANSWER KEY
Colonies and
Revolutionary
War
1-3
2-3
3-4
4-3
5-2
6-2
7-2
8-3
9-1
10- 4
11 - 1
12 - 2
13 - 3
14 - 1
15 - 1
16 - 4
17 - 2
18 - 2
19 - 1
20 - 4
The
Progressive Era
1 -- 1
2–2
3–2
4–1
5–3
6–3
7–3
8–1
9–3
10 – 1
11 – 3
12 – 1
13 – 1
14 – 1
15 – 1
16 – 1
17 – 1
18 – 3
19 – 1
20 – 1
21 – 3
22 – 1
Creating a New
Government
1-1
2-4
3–4
4–4
5–3
6 –2
7–3
8–1
9–4
10 – 1
11 – 3
12 –2
13 –3
14 – 2
15 – 2
16 – 1
17 – 2
18 – 4
19 – 2
20 – 2
21 – 4
22 – 2
World War I and
the Roaring ‘20’s
1–1
2–3
3–4
4–3
5–4
6–4
7–2
8–4
9–2
10 – 1
11 – 4
12 – 2
13 – 3
14 – 3
15 – 1
16 – 3
17 – 4
Building a New
Nation and the
Age of Jacksonian
Democracy
1-3
2-4
3-1
4-1
5-1
6–2
7–4
8–4
9–2
10 – 2
11 – 2
12 – 2
13 – 3
14 – 4
15 – 3
16 – 2
17 – 3
18 – 3
19 – 4
20 – 4
Great Depression,
New Deal and
WW2
1–4
2–1
3–4
4–2
5–3
6–4
7–1
8–4
9–1
10 – 1
11 – 2
12 – 3
13 – 2
14 – 4
15 – 4
16 – 3
17 – 1
18 – 3
19 – 3
20 – 4
The Road to Civil
War and
Reconstruction
1–2
21-1
2–2
22-3
3–4
24-4
4–3
25-3
5–4
26-2
6–4
7–3
8–1
9–3
10 – 3
11 – 2
12 – 3
13 – 1
14 – 2
15 – 2
16 – 2
17 – 3
18 – 1
19 – 2
20 – 3
Cold War, Civil Rights,
Warren Court
1–4
26-3
2–2
27-1
3–1
28-2
4–1
29-1
5–3
30-4
6–4
7–3
8–1
9–4
10 – 3
11 – 1
12 – 3
13 – 1
14 – 1
15 – 4
16 – 4
17 – 1
18 – 2
19 – 3
20 – 2
21 – 2
22 – 2
23 – 3
24 – 2
25 – 3
The Gilded Age
1–2
2 -- 1
3–1
4–4
5–1
6–2
7–4
8–4
9–3
10 – 4
11 – 4
12 – 1
13 – 1
14 – 2
15 – 4
16 – 2
17 – 3
18 – 2
19 – 1
20 – 3
Geography
1-2
2–3
3–1
4–4
5–3
6–1
7–4
8–3
9–3
10 – 2
11 – 3
12 – 3
13 – 3
14 – 2
15 – 1
16 – 2
17 – 1
18 – 2
19 – 1
20 – 2
21 – 1
22 – 3
Supreme Court
1-4
2-1
3-2
4-4
5-1
6-1
7-1
8-1
9-2
10-4
11-1
12-3
13-3
14-3
1516-4
17-1
18-3
19-1
20-1