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Charles Darwin and The Origin of Species: Reception and Reactions in 19th Century Nova Scotia Darwin on HMS Beagle 1831-1836 http://darwin-online.org.uk/ Establishing a respectable career • 1838-43 Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle (5 parts) • 1839 Journal of Researches (Voyage of the Beagle) • 1842 The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs • 1844 Geological Observations of Volcanic Islands • 1846 Geological Observations of South America • 1851-54 Monograph on Cirripedia (Barnacles) 4 vols. all the while being more and more convinced of a heresy…Transmutation Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802) 1794 Jean Baptiste de Lamarck (1744-1829) 1809 Robert Chambers (1802-1871) • Vestiges of the History of Natural Creation (1844), Anonymous • ‘A Victorian Sensation’ Secord (2001) http://pages.britishlibrary.net/phrenology/images/ch ambers.jpg Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) “The Development Hypothesis” (1852) “Progress: Its law and cause” (1857) Establishing a respectable career • 1838-43 Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle (5 parts) • 1839 Journal of Researches (Voyage of the Beagle) • 1842 The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs • 1844 Geological Observations of Volcanic Islands • 1846 Geological Observations of South America • 1851-54 Monograph on Cirripedia (Barnacles) 4 vols. Working on a big book, ‘Natural Selection’, when suddenly… Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913) “On the tendency of varieties to depart indefinitely from the original type” (1858) Darwin’s Key Supporters Lyell (1797-1875) Hooker (1817-1911) Huxley (1825-1895) Darwin http://darwin-online.org.uk/ • • • • • • • Nov. 24, 1859 1st edition 1860 2nd ed. 1861 3rd ed. 1866 4th ed. 1869 5th ed. 1872 6th ed. 1876 6th ed. with additions and corrections (final version) http://darwin-online.org.uk/ T Origins, 1st edition Ch. 9 “Imperfection of the geological record” Sir John William Dawson (1820-1899) • Born Pictou, NS http://jogginsfossilcliffs.net/ • Mentored by Lyell (and Darwin!) • Described with Lyell: • Ancient fossil trees Joggins (Origins 1st ed.) • Earliest fossil land snail (Origins 2nd ed. 1860) • Early vertebrate fossils, Dendrerpeton Acadianum, Hylonomus Lyelli • Champion of Eozoon Canadense (Origins 4th ed. 1866) Hylonomus Lyelli (1859[1851]) http://jogginsfossilcliffs.net/ Dawson • Acadian Geology – 1855; 1868; 1878 http://jogginsfossilcliffs.net/ • Review of Darwin’s Origin of Species, Canadian Naturalist and Geologist V(2), April 1860: 100-120 • Adherent of Special Creation; rejected transmutation Eozoon Canadense ‘The dawn animal of Canada’ (1858) found in Azoic (pre-Cambrian) deposits http://cgc.rncan.gc.ca/paleochron/04_e.php?p=1 http://geology.com A focus on geology and paleontology • “…the finest example in the world of a natural exposure in a continuous section ten miles long, occurs in the sea cliffs bordering a branch of the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia.” Sir C. Lyell • “In no part of the world are the coal measures better developed, or more fully exposed, than in the coast sections of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton.” J.W. Dawson (1893) • “the Galapagos of the Coal-Age” http://museum.gov.ns.ca/fossils/sites/coal/index.htm Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science founded 1862 • The Transactions: • P.C. Hill, President. 1867. Inaugural Address. x • T. Belt. 1867. Some recent movements of the earth’s surface. = • W. Gossip. 1867. Enquiry into the Antiquity of Man. x • G. Lawson. 1867. Notice on the occurrence of Heather (Calluna vulgaris) at St. Ann’s Bay, Cape Breton Island. √ • T.F. Knight. 1870. Natural History, and its place in the Sciences. x • A. Ross. 1874. Evolution. √ • A. Dewar. 1875. Spontaneous Generation, or Predestinated Generation. √ Baconian Inductive Science • • • • empiricist stick to facts eschew speculation and hypotheses a rhetorical device to criticize evolution and other unorthodox (religious) ideas • Natural Theology of Bishop Paley • Natural History: proper role for a young and largely uncatalogued colony/country – “Inventory Sciences” Suzanne Zeller (1987) • 1838-43 Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle (5 parts) • 1839 Journal of Researches (Voyage of the Beagle) • 1842 The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs • 1844 Geological Observations of Volcanic Islands • 1846 Geological Observations of South America • 1851-54 Monograph on Cirripedia (Barnacles) 4 vols. • 1859 On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life • 1862 On the Various Contrivances by which British and Foreign Orchids are Fertilised by Insects • 1868 Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication • 1871 The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex • 1872 The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals • 1875 Movement and Habits of Climbing Plants • 1875 Insectivorous Plants • 1876 The Effects of Cross and Self-Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom • 1877 The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species • 1879 The Life of Erasmus Darwin • 1880 The Power of Movement in Plants • 1881 The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms • Ultimately ‘Darwinism’ provided a theoretical and unifying basis which raised the status of the natural history disciplines (geology, paleontology, botany, zoology) in the new organization of university faculties and curricula around the end of the 19th century Personal photo, Dept. of Zoology, Cambridge “Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution.” T. Dobzhansky (1973) Personal photo, Museum of Natural History, London Acknowledgments • Prof. Paul Bogaard, Dept. of Philosophy, Mt Allison University, Sackville, NB • Lou Duggan, Cape Breton University (CBU) Library • Dave McAulay, (volunteer research assistant) • Prof. David McCorquodale, Dept. of Biology, CBU • Prof. Sean Modesto, Dept. of Biology, CBU • Prof. Andy Parnaby, Dept. of History, CBU References Atlantic Geological Society. (2001). The Last Billion Years: A Geological History of the Maritime Provinces of Canada. Nimbus Publishing. Berger, C. (1983). Science, God, and Nature in Victorian Canada. University of Toronto Press. Bogaard, P. (1997).“The Presbyterian Contribution to Higher Education: Teaching science in Maritime Universities.” In C.H.H. Scobie and G.A. Rawlyk (eds.). The Contribution of Presbyterianism to the Maritime Provinces of Canada. McGillQueen’s University Press. Bogaard, P. (1996). “Science within the Liberal Arts: Mount Allison and the Maritime Universities.” In C. Storm (ed.). Liberal Education and the Small University in Canada. McGill-Queen’s University Press. Bogaard, P. (ed.) 1990. Profiles of Science and Society in the Maritimes prior to 1914. Acadiensis Press. Brown, J. Darwin’s Origin of Species: A Biography. Douglas & McIntyre. Cook, R. (1985). The Regenerators: Social Criticism in Late Victorian English Canada. University of Toronto Press. McKillop, A.B. (1979). A Disciplined Intelligence: Critical Inquiry and Canadian Thought in the Victorian Era. McGill-Queen’s Press. O'Brien, C.F. (1970). ”Eozoon canadense ‘The dawn animal of Canada’”. Isis, 61: 206-223. Secord, J. (2001). Victorian Sensation: The Extraordinary publication, Reception, and Secret Authorship of Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation. University of Chicago Press. Zeller, S. (1987). Inventing Canada: Early Victorian Science and the idea of a Transcontinental Nation. University of Toronto Press. Zeller, S. (1996). Land of Promise, Promised Land: The Culture of Victorian Science in Canada. Canadian Historical Society Association Historical Booklet No. 56. Sir William Logan (1798-1875) • Director Geological Survey of Canada • Theory of coal formation (1840) Source: Natural Resources Canada/KGS-709 © Public Domain. Photo: Courtesy of Natural Resources Canada. nlc-10595 Cambridge University Library Darwin Archives and http://jogginsfossilcliffs.net/ http://jogginsfossilcliffs.net/